水中悬浮物测定影响因素及质量控制措施探讨

重量法是测定水中悬浮物的常用方法。恒重是该法获得有效数据的关键环节。本研究采用重量法测定水中悬浮物,并对滤膜的前处理、冷却时间及称量等操作环节进行了讨论。实验证明严格控制各项影响因素可以有效的提高恒重效率,缩短测定周期。采用空白滤膜作为质量控制措施可减少测定误差。     

SS测定中滤纸水溶物干扰及其较正

用中速定量滤纸为滤料，在使用时，先用蒸馏水冲洗，除去可溶物质，再烘干恒重。在大批样品分析时，需要反复重复，费时，操作过程误差在。以空白滤膜校见系数，进行水中悬浮物的测定，此方法简单，可易操作。     

水质悬浮物测定中滤膜的预处理

本文研究了悬浮物测定中因滤膜所含水溶物性物质而造成的负误差影响。对滤膜使用浸泡-抽洗的方法进行预处理,空白测定值在±2mg/L之间,地表水和废水平行测定的相对标准偏差分别为0.08%和0.03%。浸泡-抽洗的预处理法方便简单,取得明显的效果,解决了滤膜造成的负误差问题。     

湖泊水体悬浮物中痕量砷的测定方法

重金属在悬浮物和水相中的分配是水体重金属形态研究的重要组成部分,对于追踪水体中重金属元素的来源、迁移转化规律以及重金属生态与健康效应具有重要意义.水中砷元素以其极强的毒性严重危害人类的健康,已越来越引起政府和社会的广泛关注.然而,目前关于痕量悬浮物中砷测定的前处理过程及室内分析的方法与质量控制的叙述不够详尽,有必要对此做深入的研究.本文针对悬浮物较少的水域,选用7个滇池水样,采用不同滤膜、不同预处理方法、不同消解用酸及消解时间,测定并比较砷空白值,试图通过改变实验条件降低空白值,探索前处理的最佳条件及步骤.结果表明,对于悬浮物较少的湖泊水域,采用预称重的醋酸纤维膜过滤水样、载有颗粒物的滤膜冷冻干燥、HNO3-HCl O4加热共消解36 h,消解上清液用氢化物发生原子荧光光度计测定砷空白值低于悬浮物一个数量级以上,膜空白砷相对标准偏差为2.80%~11.38%,膜空白加标回收率为83%~103%;与滇池5个实际样品验证误差范围0.27%~6.92%.此方法可以可靠地获得悬浮物中的砷含量,在砷含量较低的水体悬浮物测定方面具有优势.     

水中悬浮物测定质量控制探讨

在监测分析实践中发现,按照国家标准《水质悬浮物的测定重量法》(GB 11901-89)的"6.步骤、6.1滤膜准备"的顺序进行测试时,即"先对滤膜进行恒重,再将恒重后的滤膜以蒸馏水湿润滤膜,并不断吸滤。"发现测定较为清洁的水样经常出现负值现象。通过实验研究提出悬浮物测定的质量控制要求:(1)滤膜准备应采用"先吸滤,后恒重";(2)选择质量好的滤膜,即经过"一次吸滤"就可以达到恒重要求的滤膜;(3)滤膜恒重时与称量瓶一起进行称量恒重,可以减小误差。     

电解铝业无组织排放的氟化物监测实验研究

通过玻璃纤维滤膜与醋酸硝酸纤维滤膜采集的氟化物对比实验、双膜采样梯度实验,对氟化物的监测方法进行了初步探索,实验表明,在测定电解铝业排放的氟化物时使用醋酸硝酸纤维滤膜,其实际工作校准曲线和理论校准曲线相吻合,回收率、空白值均符合要求.     

纳氏试剂光度法测定水质中氨氮影响因素分析

通过实验,分析了纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮的各种影响因素,提出整个测试过程中应注意的问题,以降低空白吸光度,减少分析误差提高测试准确性。     

纳氏试剂光度法测定水质中氨氮影响因素分析

通过实验，分析了纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮的各种影响因素，提出整个测试过程中应注意的问题，以降低空白吸光度，减少分析误差提高测试准确性。     

红外分光光度法测定水中石油类探讨

对红外分光光度法测定水中石油类进行了探讨,通过减少四氯化碳使用量,用玻璃纤维滤膜代替玻璃砂芯漏斗过滤脱水,对样品进行实验分析,结果能保证分析的准确度,表明该方法具有可操作性。     

水中悬浮物测定方法探讨

根据国家测试废水中悬浮物浓度的分析标准,在采用不同生产厂家生产的微孔滤膜（孔径0.45？m,直径50mm）测试煤矿矿井水时,常碰到比较清洁的水样容易出现负值的现象。通过对微孔滤膜的反复实验并深入分析,提出了如何改进＂滤膜准备＂的操作步骤建议,对更加真实反映水体中悬浮物浓度具有一定意义。     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

采油污水对离子交换膜的污染研究

为了缓解油田污水对离子交换膜的污染程度,使电渗析技术更好地用于油田污水处理,从而实现含聚合物采油污水的良性循环,针对含聚采油污水对离子交换膜的污染情况进行了考察.实验考察了相同工况下,淡室溶液电导率下降到0.9mS·cm-1所经历的时间、平均电流和膜面电阻等参数的变化,确定了离子交换膜的污染状况,分别考察了含聚合物采油污水中的固体悬浮物、聚合物和原油对离子交换膜性能的影响.实验结果表明,部分固体悬浮物集聚在阴离子交换膜和阳离子交换膜表面甚至内部从而造成膜污染,但相对于阴膜,悬浮物对阳膜性能的影响更严重;聚合物可聚集在阴膜表面,对于阴膜的透过性有一定的影响;原油在阴膜表面甚至内部形成致密的油膜,对其造成严重污染,但对阳膜的影响较小.利用酸碱液以及非离子表面活性剂(AEO-9)作为清洗剂,并添加少量的助洗剂(如三聚磷酸钠),阴膜过滤能力可以得到有效恢复.     

平板膜在污泥浓缩消化处理中的应用研究

采用中试规模的反应器对平板膜-污泥浓缩消化(MSTD)工艺的污泥消化机制和膜污染机理进行了研究.结果表明,经过15d的运行,MSTD工艺的污泥浓度(MLSS)从最初的3.6g/L上升到约34.2g/L,MLVSS和MLSS的消解率分别达到52%和47%,实现了同步浓缩和消化.由于溶解氧的变化,MSTD工艺的消化机制分为好氧消化和类似的厌氧消化2个阶段,分别降解二价金属离子和铁离子连接的2类生物聚合物.在MSTD过程中,平板膜的截留和污泥消化导致污泥性质剧烈变化,从而造成膜过滤性能剧烈下降.MLSS、胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)均对膜污染有显著的影响.     

Incorporating sorption/desorption of organic pollutants into river water quality model

Preliminary research was conducted about how to incorporate sorption/desorption of organic pollutants with suspended solids and sediments into single-chemical and one-dimensional water quality model of Jinghang Canal.Sedimentation-resuspension coefficient k3 was deduced; characteristics of organic pollutants, concentrations and components of suspended solids/sediments and hydrological and hydraulic conditions were integrated into k3 and further into river water quality model; impact of sorption/desorption of organic pollutants with suspended solids and sediments on prediction function of the model was discussed. Results demonstrated that this impact is pronounced for organic pollutants with relatively large Koc and Kow, especially when they are also conservative and foc of riversuspended solids/sediments is high, and that incorporation of sorption/ desorption of organic pollutants into river water quality model can improve its prediction accuracy.     

Automatic control strategy for step feed anoxic/aerobic biological nitrogen removal process

Control of sludge age and mixed liquid suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. A nonlinear dynamic model for a step-feed activated sludge process was developed in this study. The system is based on the control of the sludge age and mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage by adjusting the sludge recycle and wastage flow rates respectively. The simulation results showed that the sludge age remained nearly constant at a value of 16 d in the variation of the influent characteristics. The mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage were also maintained to a desired value of 2500 g/m^3 by adjusting wastage flow rates.     

池塘悬浮物COD值与灼烧减重燃烧热值的定量关系

为了快速监测水体悬浮有机物的数量,文章采用密封法测定COD,研究了池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间的定量关系。结果表明:池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间存在显著的相关关系。而且池塘水体悬浮物的COD值与燃烧热值之间的线性回归关系极显著,回归方程为,燃烧热值(J/L)=12.34COD(mg/L)+329.9。给定燃烧热值与有机碳的量以及与有机物量之间的换算系数,就可以推算出池塘悬浮有机物的数量。研究提出了一种池塘水体悬浮有机物的间接定量方法。