溶解性有机质对芘在土壤中吸附解吸的影响

从腐解不同阶段的水稻秸秆提取溶解性有机质(DOM),用DAX-8树脂分组的方法分析了其亲疏水性,并研究了提取到的DOM对芘在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响.结果表明,随秸秆腐解时间的延长,产生DOM中亲水性组分减少,疏水性组分增多.在本试验所研究的吸附解吸实验条件下,芘在土壤中的吸附解吸均可用线性方程进行描述.加入DOM后,芘的吸附受到显著抑制(p0.01),并且随腐解时间延长,抑制作用增强;芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象,加入DOM后迟滞现象减弱,促进了芘在土壤中的解吸.随腐解作用的进行,DOM促进芘解吸的作用增强,解吸迟滞系数减小.这是由于随秸秆腐解作用的进行,产生DOM中疏水性组分含量增多,其对芘的增溶作用增强所致.     

表面活性剂Tween80及DOM对土壤中菲、芘解吸的影响

采用室内序批试验研究了水溶性有机物（DOM）及表面活性剂Tween80对污染土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的影响.结果表明,DOM能够增加土壤中菲、芘的解吸率,且猪粪堆肥的DOM作用效果较好;随着体系中Tween80浓度的增加,土壤中菲、芘的解吸率也明显地增加,当Tween80浓度为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率分别是对照的1.7倍（菲）和6.2倍（芘）;DOM与Tween80联合作用时受Tween80浓度的影响,低浓度时联合作用效果不明显,当Tween80为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率显著增加且大于两者单独作用的结果之和.试验结果还表明,同等条件下高相对分子质量DOM组分（>25000）对土壤中菲、芘的解吸作用大于低相对分子质量DOM组分（<1 000）.     

微生物对芘和苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复

将枯草芽孢杆菌、白腐真菌和分离筛选菌群分别用于芘和苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复,比较其修复性能,并对表面活性物剂Tween80和葡萄糖对修复效果的影响规律做了初步探讨.结果表明,60 d时,枯草芽孢杆菌和分离筛选菌修复芘污染的土壤,芘的残留率分别为7.58%±0.59%和8.69%±61.35%,空白残留率为48.18%...     

芘在土壤中的长期吸附和解吸行为

研究了芘在6种不同性质土壤中长期吸附解吸及不可逆吸附行为.实验结果表明:长期实验中芘在土壤中的吸附和解吸都存在快过程和慢过程2个阶段.不同吸附平衡时间下,有机质含量高于1%时,不同土壤的吸附平衡常数随有机质含量的增加而增加;有机质含量低于1%时,黏粒含量对土壤的吸附能力有着重要影响;平衡时间由2d增加到180d后,6种土壤的Kd值增加了35.1%～557.9%,其中土壤有机质对Kd值有不同程度的影响,而黏粒对Ka值影响最大,平衡时间对部分土壤Kd值影响不容忽视.长期解吸过程中,6种土壤慢解吸部分占总解吸量的12.05%～41.00%,有机质含量越高,慢解吸对解吸过程的贡献越大.不考虑老化的影响,有机质含量对不可逆吸附容量的贡献明显高于黏粒的贡献,与有机质对慢解吸过程的影响有一致性.     

微生物对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、苯并［a］芘过程的影响.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与苯并［a］芘都可进行吸附或生物降解,48h液相PAHs浓度达到平衡时,微生物对菲消除了98％,对苯并［a］芘消除85％;接种的样品48h吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程;在接种微生物情况下,沉积物与土壤对菲和苯并［a］芘吸附特征均发生较大变化,对菲的吸附量增大约35倍,而对苯并［a］芘的吸附量却降低了2/3左右;未接种微生物的土壤和沉积物对菲解吸率为20％,接种的样品组为2.9％,而对苯并［a］芘的解吸结果与菲相反,未接种的对照组为4％,接种的样品组为13％.微生物在土壤与沉积物吸附PAHs的过程中起主导作用.     

耐冷腐殖酸吸附态PAHs降解菌筛选及其降解特性

为了寻找自然环境中高效PAHs降解菌,并应用于北方寒冷地区PAHs污染土壤修复,从沈抚灌渠冻融土壤中筛选出一株以腐殖酸(HA)吸附态PAHs为碳源和能源且生长良好的耐冷菌株,结合其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定此菌株为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.SDR4),并研究了其对冻融土壤中HA吸附态PAHs的降解性能.结果表明:Pseudomonas sp.SDR4对冻融土壤中Phe、Pyr和Ba P均具有一定的降解能力,42 d降解率分别为73.88%、64.88%和49.39%.加入HA能够提高其对Phe、Pyr和Ba P的降解率,42 d降解率分别提高15.9%、13.8%和8.6%;在降解初期加入HA可显著提高Phe、Pyr和Ba P的降解速率,第1周,降解速率分别提高37.8%、28.4%和39.1%,但在后期促进效果减弱.若要在寒冷地区选择Pseudomonas sp.SDR4作为固定化菌株,可添加HA提高其修复效果.本研究为北方寒冷地区PAHs污染土壤修复提供了新的固定化菌种.     

冻融作用对土壤镉动力学吸附解吸的影响

为了研究冻融作用对土壤镉吸附解吸过程的影响,采用人工控温、室内培养方法对土壤进行冻融处理,并通过土壤镉动力学吸附解吸试验,分析了土壤对镉的吸附解吸量、吸附解吸率及吸附解吸速率.结果表明,冻融作用能够促进土壤对外源镉的吸附,镉的吸附量、吸附率和吸附速率均随着冻融次数的增加而增加.同时,冻融作用能减缓土壤对镉的解吸,随着冻融次数的增加,土壤对镉的解吸速率和解吸率降低,土壤镉解吸速率的下降率随冻融次数的增加而增大.     

土壤中多环芳烃的SPMD辅助解吸行为研究

为了开发一种表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的新方法,建立了半透膜被动采样装置（SPMD）研究土壤中有机污染物解吸行为的方法,利用SPMD分析了多环芳烃菲、芘和苯并［a］芘在3种不同性质土壤中的辅助解吸行为.结果表明,SPMD是一种很好地表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的手段. SPMD辅助解吸多环芳烃的效率与土壤有机质及多环芳烃性质有关.随着土壤有机质含量的降低,土壤中菲和芘的SPMD解吸率逐渐升高,对于10 mg/kg染毒水平,当土壤有机质含量由18.68%降低到0.3%时,2种化合物的解吸率分别由56.45%和48.28%上升到接近100%;但是对于苯并［a］芘,粘土表现出明显的滞留能力,在有机质含量（0.3%）很低、粘土含量（39.05%）较高的3号土壤中,苯并［a］芘的解吸率仅有66.97%.不同多环芳烃SPMD辅助解吸率差别很大,随着土壤有机质含量的降低,以及污染物浓度的提高,菲和芘的解吸差异逐渐缩小,而苯并［a］芘与上述2种多环芳烃的差异很大,主要是由于苯并［a］芘具有高度亲脂性,并且分子较大,造成其容易滞留在粘土的微孔及有机质的致密结构中.     

巯基化膨润土对As~(3+)的吸附解吸性能研究

水体及土壤砷污染已引起社会的广泛关注。本研究从7种改性膨润土中筛选出1种对As3+吸附能力较强的材料,即巯基化膨润土。其对As3+的吸附解吸研究显示,吸附在120min后达到平衡;在材料投加量达到0.1 g后,As3+的吸附率基本不变;巯基化膨润土对As3+的吸附受p H、温度及离子强度影响较小,其对As3+的解吸受pH及离子强度影响也较小,且解吸率均小于1%。巯基化材料对As3+的饱和吸附量达到了1.18 mg/g,比钙基膨润土提高了12倍以上;其比表面积比钙基膨润土提高了6倍以上。因此,巯基化膨润土是一种较理想的As 3+吸附材料。     

硫酸盐还原条件下多环芳烃在土壤中的迁移转化

为研究硫酸盐还原条件下多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)类有机污染物在土壤中的污染分布规律和迁移转化过程,设计了室内土柱淋溶试验,选择菲、蒽和芘作为PAHs的代表,模拟硫酸盐还原条件下PAHs在土壤中的迁移转化过程.监测土壤中PAHs的垂直分布、淋出液中ρ(PAHs)和ρ(SO₄2-)、淋出液的氧化还原电位(E_h)和总体积,并通过质量平衡计算出PAHs的降解率.结果表明:①菲和蒽的相对淋出率总体都不超过2%.120 d后菲和蒽在土壤中的残留率分别为51.87%和51.21%,而芘有90%以上吸附在土壤中,在淋出液中未检出.②随着淋溶时间的延长,土壤中的氧气逐渐被消耗,淋出液中ρ(SO₄2-)和E_h逐渐降低,并趋于稳定,硫酸盐还原作用发生.③3种PAHs在硫酸盐还原条件下都存在一定程度的降解.菲和蒽的降解率相差不大且随淋溶时间的延长逐渐增大,120 d后菲和蒽的降解率分别为47.41%和48.10%,而4环的芘降解速率非常低,120 d后降解率仅为3.61%.      

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

贵州石漠化土壤中菲和芘解吸行为的研究

为了探明典型多环芳烃(PAHs)在石漠化土壤中的迁移行为,揭示石漠化土壤理化性质对PAHs迁移的影响机制,选取贵州省不同石漠化等级区域的石灰土,采用批解吸法结合Pearson相关系数分析,研究菲和芘在不同溶液中的解吸行为。结果表明:石漠化等级越高,菲和芘的解吸越容易,菲和芘的解吸滞后系数(HI值)分别从无石漠化土壤的0.73和0.46降至重度石漠化土壤的0.54和0.28,菲和芘的非线性指数(N值)分别从无石漠化土壤的0.514和0.557增至重度石漠化土壤的0.606和0.637。解吸动力学研究表明:随着石漠化等级升高,菲和芘的快解吸组分(F_rap)含量增加,增幅分别为24.14%和18.14%,快解吸速率(K_rap)分别从6.56,1.26 h-1增至8.16,7.98 h-1。土壤有机质含量、孔隙度、比表面积和阳离子交换量是影响贵州石漠化土壤解吸菲和芘的4个主要因子,均与菲和芘的解吸能力呈负相关。不同解吸环境对比实验表明:石漠化土壤的富钙特性是影响菲和芘解吸的重要因素,电解质溶液中Ca2+会促进菲和芘的解吸。在石漠化等级越高的土壤中菲和芘解吸越容易,这与土壤的富钙特性紧密相关。     

Enhanced and irreversible sorption of pesticide pyrimethanil by soil amended with biochars

Biochar derived from partial combustion of vegetation is ubiquitous and potentially effective in sequestration of environmental contaminants.Biochars were prepared by burning of red gum(Eucalyptus spp.) woodchips at 450 and 850°C(labeled as BC450 and BC850).These two biochars were found to possess markedly different properties in terms of surface area and porosity.Short-term equilibration tests(24 hr) were conducted to assess the sorption-desorption behavior of pyrimethanil in the soil amended with various amounts of biochar of each type,with a special focus on the desorption behavior of the sorbed pesticide through four times successive desorption by dilution.Sorption coefficient and isotherm nonlinearity of the amended soils progressively increased with the content of biochar in the soil.Biochar BC850 with higher surface area and microporosity showed a stronger effect on the reversibility of sorption pesticide.The soils amended with 5% BC450 and 1% BC850 had nearly the same sorption capacity for pyrimethanil;however,their desorption processes were very different with 13.65% and 1.49% of the sorbed pesticide being released,respectively.This study suggested that biochar in soil could be an important factor for immobilization of a pesticide and thus affecting its environment fate in soil.     

Evaluation of solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ethyl lactate/water versus ethanol/water mixtures for contaminated soil remediation applications

Solubility data of recalcitrant contaminants in cosolvents is essential to determine their potential applications in enhanced soil remediation. The solubilities of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in ethyl lactate/water and ethanol/water mixtures were measured using equilibrium techniques. The cosolvency powers derived from solubility data were then applied to the model developed from the solvophobic approach to predict the capability of ethyl lactate and ethanol in enhancing the desorption of contaminants from soils. Both ethyl lactate and ethanol cosolvents were shown to be able to enhance the solubilisation of the tested four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by > 4 orders of magnitude above the levels obtained with water alone. However, ethyl lactate demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance PAH solubility than ethanol. The cosolvency powers of ethyl lactate/water system obtained from the end-to-end slope (σ) and the end-to-half slope (σ_0.5) of the solubilisation curve were 1.0--1.5 and 2.0--2.9 higher than ethanol/water system respectively. In line with this, ethyl lactate/water was demonstrated to enhance the desorption of contaminants from soil by 20%--37% and 18%--61% higher compared to ethanol/water system in low organic content and high organic content soils respectively, with a 2:1 (V/W) ratio of solution:soil and with cosolvent fraction as low as 0.4. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the experimental desorption results agreed fairly with the predicted values, under an applied solution:soil ratio that was enough to hold the capacity of released contaminants.     

外源添加剂对富磷餐厨废弃物堆肥磷素活化的影响

针对餐厨废弃物堆肥速效磷含量低、添加低品位磷矿粉的活化效率有限的问题,在富磷餐厨废弃物堆肥(添加磷矿粉处理,CP)基础上,分别添加表面活性剂(CSP)、解磷菌(CMSP)、生物炭(CBMSP),探究不同外源添加剂对餐厨废弃物富磷堆肥磷素转化的影响。结果表明:1)经过35 d的好氧堆肥,CSP、CMSP、CBMSP处理较CP速效磷增量分别提升2.00%、9.00%、39.00%,解磷菌与生物炭、表面活性剂共同添加显著促进难溶性磷活化效率(P<0.05),达到16.00%;2)CMSP处理堆肥产品中细菌数量较CP处理显著提升(P<0.05),增加至CP的1.85倍,生物炭添加进一步提高了餐厨废弃物堆肥产品放线菌和真菌丰度,分别达到CP的1.56,10.66倍,说明表面活性剂、生物炭与解磷菌共同添加有助于改善堆肥微生物生长环境,促进微生物生长;3)相关性分析表明,微生物量磷(MBP)与速效磷、真菌丰度均在CMSP和CBMSP中呈显著相关(P<0.01),表面活性剂、解磷菌接种和生物炭协同添加可通过强化微生物量磷累积促进难溶性磷矿粉的活化。该成果可为提升堆肥养分资源和难溶性磷利用效率提供有效途径。     

表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子∶十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子∶十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS∶非离子,曲拉通100,TX100)对苯并[a]芘(BaP)在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加BaP在黑炭表面吸附的非线性程度.CTAB的存在可以促进BaP在黑炭表面的吸附同时抑制了BaP的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了BaP在黑炭表面的吸附并增加了吸附过程的可逆性.与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX100对BaP在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响取决于其添加浓度.低浓度的TX100(50 mg.L-1)能够促进BaP在黑炭上的吸附并抑制BaP的解吸,吸附能力参数Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1增大到264 179 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数HI从0.44降低到0.39.随着TX100浓度增加到150 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1,TX100对BaP的吸附表现出抑制作用并能够促进BaP的解吸,Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1分别降低到182 751 mL.g-1和178 730 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数从0.44分别升高到0.65和0.70.本研究为预测多环芳烃在表面活性剂污染的环境中的分布特征和最终归趋提供了理论依据.