环境安全与可持续发展

本文已经提出了如果将环境安全作为人类安全被实现。那就需要较好的环境治理。环境安全可以被理解为一系列的价值观、原则、政策、技术、体制和程序,由此,社区与社会管理环境和自然资源以透明、负责任的参与和公平的方式克服可持续发展的障碍。可持续发展与环境安全是否相互依存、相互促进还需要进一步论证。环境安全和可持续发展之间的关系也常常解释为实际的产出。社会性学习对于应对有关的不安全环境,并导致不可持续发展的挑战至关重要。社会必须利用信息共享、传播和共同的理解改进决策而发展适应改变的能力。这只有通过发展学习型社会才能成为可能。环境安全和可持续发展是社会性学习的产出,而且所有相关方利用创新方法的环境友好政策,是基于环境安全和环境治理的原则为基础的,大大地推动了生态系统的管理、性别公平、尊重人权、解决冲突、建立社区信任为应对未来的意外或潜在风险和新的挑战需要适应性管理,建立社会和生态系统恢复。应集中努力改进人们的生活质量,不要使用超过环境所能承受的自然资源能力。     

我国自然资源核算的实践进展与理论体系构建

加强自然资源核算理论研究与实践工作是完善自然资源治理体系和提升治理能力的基础。基于WSR“物理、事理、人理”方法论,对自然资源核算理论和文献开展研究,探索构建我国的自然资源核算体系。研究结果表明：WSR系统方法论适宜于自然资源核算分析;基于WSR系统分析,自然资源核算体系结构包括宏观的以服务于宏观经济规划和经济决策为目的的自然资源国民经济核算,中观的以服务于政府资产管理为目的的自然资源资产管理核算,微观的以服务于企业自然资源资产经营和市场要素配置为目的的企业经营性自然资源会计核算;基于WSR方法构建的自然资源核算体系有助于明晰各层次核算目的、核算框架、实现途径、核算方法上的选择。     

农村水环境治理的内生机制研究

农村水环境内生治理机制是外源治理力量"嵌入"的前提和运行保障,加强农村内在要素的水环境治理参与对于农村生态社区建设具有重要意义.内生治理效用的高低不仅取决于农村社区成员的组织化程度还较多受到环境政策执行效果的影响,细致分析时下农村水环境治理的内部结构,农户参与不足、民间组织承接能力不高、社区公共性消减和政策执行偏差等问题在较大程度上制约着农村内生秩序与农村生态社区建设的和谐共进.进一步厘清农村水环境内生治理的强化进路,可从参与渠道拓展、民间组织培育、内生秩序转型以及治理规范制定四个方面加以调整,不断促进农村水环境治理的内外互动.     

Exploring CCS community acceptance and public participation from a human and social capital perspective

The delay or cancellation of energy infrastructure projects, such as wind farms and nuclear power plants and more recently carbon capture and storage (CCS) because of community resistance and poor public participation processes are well known. Yet, some communities accept these projects with relative ease. The term acceptance implies passivity and as such does not necessarily reflect community approval or support. If acceptance is passive, what are the characteristics of a community in which the acceptance of CCS is achieved with relative ease; and what best-practice public participation processes are most appropriate for it? This paper attempts to answer these questions through a case study of Australia's Otway Project. Qualitative research methods were used to conduct a human and social capital analysis of the Otway community. An assessment of the project's public participation process was made in light of that analysis. The study found that the community needed capacity-building to enable it to become well-informed about CCS; and to help it develop the negotiation skills necessary to have the proponent address its concerns about the project in a timely manner. An assessment of the Otway public participation process found that while it implemented the majority of best practice principles in public participation, it lacked an adherence to three: transparency, fairness and capacity. A mindfulness of all principles of best practice in public participation would have ensured a fairer and more transparent process.     

Water policy implementation in the state of São Paulo,Brazil: Key challenges and opportunities

Challenges in implementing water planning and management are common, and the effective implementation of integrated water policies is yet to occur. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo enacted a Water Act in 1991 to ensure water availability for current and future generations based on the principles of decentralization, participation and integration. This research addresses water policy implementation issues by conducting an exploratory case study in the state of São Paulo. Factors affecting the water policy implementation process were analyzed, together with some water resources management practices. The findings indicate four dimensions of key challenges: institutional and governance, political, financial and technical. The stakeholders believe the political and the institutional and governance challenges are more important than the technical and financial ones. Additionally, the results show different levels of involvement in the areas of water policy strategy, the planning and decision-making process, and implementation by the different stakeholders groups. Stakeholders external to the water sector and from local government were considered to be less involved in water-related issues, when compared with stakeholders from the water sector. The study recommends a change in current institutional and governance arrangements in order to influence decisions and investments in different levels and sectors.     

自然资源适应性管理研究综述

自然资源适应性管理是随着对自然资源开发、利用与保护认识的不断深化,在自然资源管理研究不断推进的背景下,产生的一种新的资源管理模式。适应性管理在充分认识自然资源管理系统复杂性和不确定性的前提下,强调在资源管理的实践中不断增进人们对自然资源系统规律的认识,进而提升自然资源管理水平。研究系统论述了自然资源适应性管理的内涵,要素与组织形式,认为目前自然资源适应性管理中存在的主要问题包括尺度效应、自然资源管理的模拟与监测、制度欠缺灵活性、协调困难、研究与管理机构的利己主义、传统资源管理思维的局限、成本和管理风险以及生态价值之间的取舍等。通过分析,总结出自然资源适应性管理研究的发展趋势,包括适应性规划、适应性结果监测、协同适应性管理、适应性风险管理等。建议国内研究应进一步提升对适应性管理的认识,推进适应性管理的理论与实践研究。     

中国新时代自然资源治理体系的理论构想

基于生态文明、高质量发展和国家治理新时代的战略需求,以及国内外自然资源治理发展趋势,对中国新时代自然资源治理的指导思想、基本理念、理论体系、基本原则和目标体系等进行系统解析,对包括调查勘查评估、统计监测核算、开发利用治理、保护修复治理、保障储备治理、市场交易治理、安全预警治理和国际合作治理等在内的中国新时代自然资源治理框架体系进行系统刻画,对包括公平正义制度、资产产权制度、节约集约制度、有偿使用制度、保护修复制度、市场交易制度、统计核算制度、多元储备制度、国际合作制度和治理监督制度在内的中国特色自然资源治理制度体系进行系统解构。研究结论与观点对于提高中国自然资源治理体系与能力现代化建设水平具有重要参考价值。     

Participation in devolved commons management: Multiscale socioeconomic factors related to individuals’ participation in community-based management of marine protected areas in Indonesia

Management of common-pool natural resources is commonly implemented under institutional models promoting devolved decision-making, such as co-management and community-based management. Although participation of local people is critical to the success of devolved commons management, few studies have empirically investigated how individuals’ participation is related to socioeconomic factors that operate at multiple scales. Here, we evaluated how individual- and community-scale factors were related to levels of individual participation in management of community-based marine protected areas in Indonesia. In addressing this aim, we drew on multiple bodies of literature on human behaviour from economics and social science, including the social-ecological systems framework from the literature on common-pool resources, the theory of planned behaviour from social psychology, and public goods games from behavioural economics. We found three key factors related to level of participation of local people: subjective norms, structural elements of social capital, and nested institutions. There was also suggestive evidence that participation was related to people’s cooperative behavioural disposition, which we elicited using a public goods game. These results point to the importance of considering socioeconomic factors that operate at multiple scales when examining individual behaviour. Further, our study highlights the need to consider multiscale mechanisms other than those designed to appeal to self-interested concerns, such as regulations and material incentives, which are typically employed in devolved commons management to encourage participation. Increased understanding of the factors related to participation could facilitate better targeting of investments aimed at encouraging cooperative management.     

河南省地质公园开发建设现状、问题及建议

河南省位处中原，地跨华北板块、秦岭中央造山带和华南板块。省内地质遗迹资源丰富，为旅游地质资源的开发和地质公园建设，提供了坚实的资源基础和条件。河南省地质公园建设已走在全国的前列，已经批准不同层次的地质公园10家。地质公园的建设在地质遗迹资源和大众群体之间起到了桥梁作用，是一项既达到保护地质遗产，又服务于地方经济，促进地方经济发展的有利事业。但目前地质公园建设中存在的问题亦不容忽视，要科学规划，合理布局，严格管理，保证地质公园建设的标准和质量，使之可持续健康协调发展。     

从安全防灾到韧性建设——国土空间治理背景下韧性规划的探索与展望

新形势下城市巨系统面临更多不确定性风险与未知扰动,要求安全防灾规划从目标对象、战略定位、技术手段与规划理念等方面做出适应调整,通过韧性城市建设引领区域安全稳定发展。对韧性城市的概念起源、理论发展与实践探索进行了梳理和评述,并结合我国“多规合一”后的国土空间规划体系改革,对空间治理背景下韧性规划的内涵特征、层级类型、流程形式与公共治理进行认识与思考;并从深化韧性城市的理论构建与机理研究、转变规划编制的设计思路和实践流程、完善韧性实践中的规划传导和尺度治理、关注韧性建设中的基层治理和公众参与四个方面,提出韧性规划的实践路径展望,力求有序推进我国城市公共安全现代化治理建设。     

国际海底区域矿产资源开发环境管理规则制定与应对

随着国际海底区域矿产资源开发日益向现实趋近,国际海底管理局开始制订“区域”矿产资源的开发规章,对“区域”矿产资源开发及相关环境保护要求作出规定。开发规章规定了包括环境管理和监测计划以及环境管理系统在内的环境管理规则。但目前,各国围绕环境管理和监测计划的标准、环境管理系统的内涵、独立专家的权限及其意见的效力、开发活动与海底电缆管道保护的关系仍存在明显的分歧与争议。我国应积极参与开发规章环境管理规则的谈判,提出“中国方案”,主张开发规章应体现《联合国海洋法公约》及其《第十一部分执行协定》的有关规定,实现资源开发利用与生态环境保护之间的合理平衡。     

The relationship of social capital and fishers’ participation in multi-level governance arrangements

The need for effective multi-level governance arrangements is becoming increasingly urgent because of complex functional interdependencies between biophysical and socioeconomic systems. We argue that social capital plays an important role in such systems. To explore the relationship between social capital and participation in resource governance arenas, we analyzed various small-scale fisheries governance regimes from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The components of social capital that we measured include levels of fishers’ structural ties to relevant groups and levels of trust in different entities (i.e. cognitive component). We collected data using surveys and interviews with residents of small-scale fishing communities adjacent to marine protected areas. We analyzed the data using a logistic regression model and narrative analysis. The results of our quantitative analysis highlight the multidimensional nature of social capital and reveals complex relationships between different types of social capital and fisher participation in monitoring, rulemaking and MPA design. Furthermore our qualitative analysis suggests that participation in fisheries conservation and management is not fully potentialized due to the social and historical context of participatory spaces in Mexico.     

煤矿社区居民的资源开发态度及其影响因素分析

居民对资源开发的态度是资源开发管理的重要社会与公众基础。基于对煤矿社区居民的调研数据,实证分析了居民资源开发态度的特征及其影响因素差异。结果显示：煤矿社区居民对资源开发总体呈现比较反对的态度。居民社会人口属性方面,受教育水平越高其对资源开发态度的支持程度越高;女性比男性更支持煤矿开采。在社会文化层面,就业机会和社会个人利益正向、显著影响居民资源开发态度;煤矿开采对居民生活和健康的不利影响负向、显著影响居民资源开发态度。在经济交通层面,资源开发的配套设施建设正向、显著影响居民资源开发态度;土地破坏和粮食减产负向、显著影响居民资源开发态度。在生态环境层面,自然灾害和地质灾害发生情况以及水质和水量的下降情况负向、显著影响居民资源开发态度。建议未来应制定针对性政策,改善居民资源开发态度,并着眼于资源开发沟通机制的完善、居民参与资源开发规划的制定和外部管理制度建设能力的提升。     

关于加快完善长江流域生态文明制度的对策建议

长江经济带发展战略把修复长江生态环境摆在压倒性位置。虽然长江流域生态文明制度建设取得了阶段性成效,但还难以满足流域生态环境保护的实际需求。党的十九届四中、五中全会进一步阐述了坚持和完善生态文明制度体系的相关要求,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于构建现代环境治理体系的指导意见》对现代环境治理体系构建提出了系统性的安排。构建现代长江保护治理体系,加快完善生态文明制度,需要以颁布实施长江保护法为契机推动完善生态环境保护法律法规制度,以推进"三线一单"编制为基础建立健全国土空间用途管制制度,以自然资源资产确权管理为抓手建立推行资源高效利用制度,以统筹区域山水林田湖草生命共同体为主线健全生态保护和修复制度,以落实生态环境价值为导向推进完善生态补偿和生态环境损害赔偿制度,以环境治理体系为保障建立健全生态环境保护责任制度。     

The authority of science in sustainability governance: A structured comparison of six science institutions engaged with the Sustainable Development Goals

Over the past decades, numerous science institutions have evolved around issues of global sustainability, aiming to inform and shape societal transformations towards sustainability. While these science-based initiatives seem to take on an ever growing active role in governance for sustainable development, the question arises how they can claim any political authority in the first place. We present here a structured comparison of six international science-based initiatives, all engaged in governance processes related to the recently established Sustainable Development Goals. We focus on the material and rhetorical strategies employed by these science institutions to acquire authority by fostering perceptions of salience, credibility and legitimacy among governance actors. We distinguish three modes of scientific authority: an assessment-oriented mode that combines a strategy of salience through integration, with credibility by formal mechanisms of review, and legitimacy through representation; an advice-oriented mode, which appeals to salience through the promise of independent and timely science advice, to credibility through the credentials of the scientists involved, and to legitimacy through formal recognition by governance actors; and a solution-oriented mode, with science institutions claiming relevance based on the promise to contribute to solutions for global sustainability, while credibility is sought by invoking support of the scientific community, and legitimacy through a strategy of participation. Based on this analysis, we provide a framework for reflection on the claims and strategies of science-based initiatives, and their role and responsibility in governance for sustainable development.This article is part of a special issue on solution-oriented GEAs.     

可持续城市研究进展及其对国土空间规划的启示

可持续城市是很多学科和领域关注的焦点。智能化和网络社会的演进促进了技术与可持续发展的关系研究,可持续城市研究亟需创新理论和方法。国内学界对可持续城市的前沿关注不够,结合国土空间规划的反思和探讨欠缺。因此,借助CiteSpace软件对国内外可持续城市研究进行系统评述,分析其演进脉络和研究热点,并探讨其对国土空间规划的启示。可持续城市研究主要经历了萌芽、兴起、增长、扩散四个阶段。可持续城市应当以自然、社会和技术三者的协调发展为核心。可持续城市的国际研究主要集中在气候变化、城市治理和智慧城市三个方面,并由“可持续”向“可持续智能”转变,大数据辅助城市规划成为趋势,社区多元主体共治逐渐增强。新可持续智能城市研究框架与国土空间规划的结合将是未来研究的关键。中国需要加强可持续智能城市的研究和实践,提出科学的可持续智能城市评价指标体系,结合国情重视城乡共治,并将这些理念渗透在国土空间规划中。     

社区参与在生态旅游管理中的作用

生态旅游追求的是旅游业、自然保护及区域振兴三者之间的协调与统一,它的合理运营与科学管理涉及旅游者、旅游经营者、当地居民、行政部门及研究者等利益主体的最佳配合.生态旅游管理中的社区参与是指当地居民长期参与游览当地自然生态、民俗风情为主要内容的旅游开发、经营和管理,它是影响旅游业能否长期稳定发展的重要因素之一.社区作为生态旅游发展主体,应参与到生态旅游开发、规划、经营、管理、监测和旅游利益分配的全过程,以促进生态旅游和社区的持续发展.基于社区的生态旅游(CBET)被认为是更接近真正意义上的生态旅游,能最大限度地维持自然资源的可持续性、防止经济漏损和保护当地传统文化.     

Advancing urban ecosystem governance in New York City: Shifting towards a unified perspective for conservation management

New York City’s extensive municipal park system is home to forests, wetlands, and grasslands that provide important ecological and social benefits to the city’s population. While efforts and programs exist to restore and protect these spaces, management recommendations are complex due to variable conditions in urban natural areas. To advance the management of urban natural areas, the first comprehensive ecological assessment was conducted through a collaborative effort across 4000 ha of natural areas within New York City parkland. Field and spatial data were collected and analyzed to identify the extent of forests, the types of forests, and their conditions. This approach will help guide decision-making and prioritization of natural area management at the regional level by developing unique quantitative targets for urban forests. This project serves as an example of collaboration between private and public institutions advancing the governance of urban natural areas to achieve citywide conservation and policy goals.     

“国土空间”内涵辨析与国土空间规划编制建议

科学辨析“国土空间”概念内涵是推进国土空间规划编制、完善国土空间规划理论的前提。应根据国土空间治理需求变化和学科理论发展需要,及时更新完善对“国土空间”的理解。本刊邀请15位青年学者研讨“国土空间”的概念内涵及国土空间规划编制建议,主要观点如下：（1）国土空间是复杂的人地耦合系统,具有构成要素多元性、时空尺度嵌套性等特征。需要用山水林田湖草沙是一个生命共同体的思维,进行国土空间的综合开发利用与系统修复保护,提出基于自然的空间治理方案。（2）国土空间是“流”所构建的网络空间,是不同利益主体组成的关系空间和为精细化治理服务的可计算领域。需要通过“流空间”进行国土空间的整合,推动区域之间资源和要素的共享,实现协同发展;也需要重视人地关系和人际关系的重构,协调多元主体的利益诉求,实现和谐发展;还需要完善国土空间开发管控的技术手段,平衡国土空间规划中的灵活性与统一性矛盾。（3）国土空间是有温度的空间。需要充分感知国土空间的风险性、适宜性、约束性、可达性,编制“以人民为中心”的国土空间规划,提升国土空间的人文关怀、生态功能和美学价值。（4）国土空间是国土空间规划和空间治理的对象,是具体的海洋空间、乡村空间、文化空间等,具有载体属性、资产属性、权利属性等,需要在国土空间规划中实现资源资产统一管理,彰显其经济价值、社会价值和生态价值,满足高质量发展和高品质生活对国土空间的多样化需求。     

Woodland conservation in privately-owned cultural landscapes: the English experience

This paper reviews the development of approaches to the conservation of woodland on private lands in England since 1949. In England, the majority of woodland sites important for nature conservation are small, isolated amongst open habitats, with a long history of management. Conservation of wildlife has since 1949 had a strong focus on private lands. Two approaches to protection have been adopted. Firstly about 80,000 ha of English woods are within statutorily protected sites; the degree of protection for these has increased through successive legislation in 1949, 1981 and 2001. Secondly, since 1985 wildlife protection has been achieved on private lands outside the protected sites through general statutory forestry policies. There has also been an increasing trend for active promotion of voluntary nature conservation through forestry incentives and grants, and the setting of targets as part of the government’s biodiversity action plan. The variety of ways in which woodland may be protected (to differing degrees) in England has enabled effective protection to be achieved over a greater area of woodland than would have been possible through nature reserves alone. These approaches may be relevant in other countries where woodland occurs as part of a cultural landscape.