乡村生活空间网络结构特征与优化——以江汉平原典型乡建片区为例

乡村生活空间网络是一定地域乡村居民依托社区节点,通过日常生活实践彼此联系而形成的社会空间系统,探究其空间结构与优化策略对认识乡村生活空间内涵、重塑乡村日常生活秩序具有重要意义。以江汉平原典型乡建片区培育的9个节点社区为研究对象,基于乡村生活空间网络三元系统,构建社区生活质量指标体系,运用改进引力模型与社会网络分析法描述网络结构总体与节点特征,提出乡村生活空间网络优化策略。研究表明：区域乡村生活空间网络结构处于发育阶段,网络兼具整体松散与局部集聚特征,社区间联系正在加强;乡村生活空间网络节点质量有待提升,网络呈现层次清晰的3级节点体系,核心节点虽具有无法替代的网络地位但本身质量不高,次级节点的结构具有相似性需要择优培育,边缘节点需要丰富网络内外联系;基于此,必须构建“1心、8点、1轴、3区”的乡村生活空间网络结构。为评估并识别区域网络节点特征,预测并构建区域网络化发展体系提供了新思路,为平原农区的乡建片区提供了网络化发展的新模式。     

农村居民生活垃圾合作治理参与行为研究:基于心理感知和环境干预的分析

在农村生活污染日趋严重的背景下,加快推动合作化治理,引导农村居民选择合适的生活垃圾处理方式,是实现建设“美丽乡村”目标的有效手段。基于湖北省的调查数据,利用Logistic回归探讨心理感知与环境干预对农村居民生活垃圾合作治理参与行为的影响。结果表明：（1）心理感知是影响农村居民生活垃圾合作治理参与行为的重要因素,对环境的容忍程度越低、自身环保意识越强的农村居民参与生活垃圾合作治理的可能性越大;（2）环境处罚制度对农村居民参与生活垃圾合作治理有促进作用;（3）交互效应分析表明,环保政策宣传和环境处罚制度在农村居民自身环保意识对其生活垃圾合作治理参与行为的影响中发挥正向调节作用。政府应加强宣传和引导,切实推动农村居民选择环保的生活垃圾处理方式,以推进农村环境污染治理,进而实现“农村美”的目标。     

Rural Poverty Reduction through Business Partnerships? Examples of Experience from the Forestry Sector

At the Earth Summit in Johannesburg in 2002, partnerships were touted as one of the key routes to sustainable development. But can partnerships really deliver improvements to rural livelihoods? This paper reviews one set of claimed partnerships, those between forestry companies and local individuals or communities, to assess the benefits, and the costs, to local livelihoods. Most arrangements between forestry companies and local communities are not equitable enough to be called partnerships, so the term “deal” is preferred. Positive local impacts of company–community deals include sharing of risks, better returns to land than otherwise possible, opportunities for income diversification, access to paid employment, development of new skills, upgrading of local infrastructure and environmental improvement. However, company–community deals have not yet proved sufficient to lift people out of poverty. They remain supplementary rather than central to income generation. Furthermore, while some deals have resulted in greater cohesion and organisation among community groups, there is as yet little evidence of substantial increases in community bargaining power. Ways forward to increase returns to communities (and to their counterpart companies) centre on moving towards more equal partnerships, by raising community bargaining power, fostering the roles of brokers and other third parties, and developing equitable, efficient and accountable governance frameworks.     

Does community resilience decrease social–ecological vulnerability? Adaptation pathways trade-off in the Bolivian Altiplano

Worsening climate change impacts and environmental degradation are increasingly supporting policies and plans in framing a linear understanding of resilience building and vulnerability reduction. However, adaptations to different but interacting drivers of change are unclear in the mix of opportunities and threats related to increasing connections, emerging technologies, new patterns of dependency and possible lock-in effects. This paper discusses a more open-ended understanding of the relationship between resilience and vulnerability, highlighting emerging trade-offs among adaptive capacities and exposures to different (and new) threats as they relate to social–ecological sustainability. The transition of the Southern Bolivian Altiplano, from being a remote rural area of subsistence farming to a global leader in quinoa production and exportation, has been taken as a study case. Results from 18 workshops organised within different communities provide insights about a range of trade-offs between community resilience attributes and social–ecological vulnerability induced from land use changes, livestock strategies, communities’ behavioural change and institutions’ emerging policies. The main theoretical advances of the paper relate to the need for critically framing multiple threat exposures and adaptive capacity trade-offs, contributing to arguing the usually positive meaning of resilience, and taking into account “to whom or to what is positive which adaptation” and “which trade-off should be accepted, and why”. Framing adaptive pathways through these questions would serve as a tool for addressing sustainable development goals, while avoiding lock-ins or unsustainable path dependencies.     

Community-based forest management in the Yungas biosphere reserve, Northern Argentina

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a methodology for the implementation of a participative plan for forest use and management in a rural community. We present an experience carried out in an aboriginal community located in the “Yungas biosphere reserve” in Northern Argentina. We developed a methodology to work with the community to assess the quality of the forest resources and to find out the causes of degradation. We worked at three levels: the community council, the community, and the school. The community has a very short-term vision. The setup, the feasibility, and the implementation of the plan is highly dependent on the willingness of the community to participate. It is so far the first attempt, in Yungas region, to develop a multi-level methodology to work with local communities to implement a forest-management plan. Findings and recommendations could be useful for others who would like to work in similar contexts.     

Assessment of the hunting of mammals using local ecological knowledge: an example from the Brazilian semiarid region

The hunting of wild animals remains a common activity in various parts of the world, especially in rural communities with poor socioeconomic conditions. To investigate patterns of mammal hunting, this study adopted a rural community located in semiarid Brazil as a model to test whether variables such as perceived abundance, activity period (day or night) and animal biomass could influence the consumption potential of mammal taxa. For this study, a checklist/interview technique using 32 photographs of mammals recorded in the region and two photographs of species that did not occur in the region, which acted as “control” species, was used, in addition to other visual stimuli and free lists. All species presented in the photographs, with the exception of the “control” species, were recognized as occurring in the region. Fourteen species were cited as being those most hunted locally. The species cited as most hunted had an average perceived abundance higher than the group of the least-hunted species. However, there was no significant relationship between hunting of a species and its locally perceived abundance. No significant difference in hunting pressure between diurnal and nocturnal species was found, nor was a relationship between animal biomass and hunting pressure observed. Our findings suggest that perceived abundance is an important factor for choosing a resource fauna, but other factors such as intended use, meat flavor and vulnerability to hunting, among others, may influence the potential use of a species.     

“三生”视角下的城市空间功能变化及调控路径——以长沙市为例

认知快速城镇化背景下城市空间生产、生活和生态功能的变化规律既是人文-经济地理学研究的重要内容，也是城市国土空间开发及其格局优化的内在依据。以长沙都市区为实证区，以遥感影像、城市土地利用调查数据等为主要数据源，选取2000、2009、2016年为研究时间节点，基于土地主体功能的差异构建“三生”功能评价体系，采用空间自相关、冷热点分析和样带分析等方法，探究长沙市“三生”功能的变化特征并提出调控路径。结果表明：（1）长沙都市区整体的生产、生活功能持续强化，但生态功能有所减弱；（2）长沙都市区内部“三生”功能强弱亦发生变化，不同功能空间重组，“三生” 功能的均衡性提高；（3）长沙都市区“三生”综合功能水平持续提升，高水平区域逐渐向城市中心集聚，呈现单核集聚→单核集聚-多核分散→网络均衡化的城市功能空间结构发展模式，但“三生”功能空间单元变化模式各异；（4）应从“三生”功能用地结构的“质”与“量”两方面对长沙都市区空间格局进行综合调控。     

景区依托型乡村聚落用地格局与功能演变研究——以黄果树镇石头寨村为例

以毗邻黄果树瀑布风景区旅游村落石头寨村为典型案例,运用空间分析和参与式评估方法,利用聚落用地现状与多时相遥感影像数据,分析了34年来石头寨村聚落用地格局的变化规律。研究发现:(1)石头寨村聚落用地格局演变经历了缓慢起步、加速扩张及扩张回落3个阶段;土地利用实现了从村落中心区到外围区,从平面到立体的空间拓展过程;空间上呈现较为显著的沿河、沿路扩张模式;(2)"旅游化过程"促使石头寨村乡村聚落用地功能的转变,乡村单一的村民居住型用地比例降低,旅游住宿、旅游餐饮、旅游服务等非居住用地比例上升,乡村聚落功能由单一的居住生活功能向居住—休闲旅游复合功能转变;(3)自然地理条件是乡村聚落空间扩展的基础,旅游资源开发是乡村用地扩展的支撑动力,黄果树瀑布景区旅游市场需求快速增长是乡村功能转化的重要推动力,政府调控是乡村用地变化的引导动力,这些因素相互作用,共同驱动景区依托乡村聚落用地格局的变化。当前石头寨村进入以特色旅游发展为导向的转型升级阶段。对其乡村旅游发展而言,原有用地模式具有不可持续性。因此,要促进乡村旅游可持续发展,必须针对旅游型乡村聚落用地特点和要求,充分考虑现有乡村聚落旅游用地需求,加强乡村用地规划设计和建设管理,并完善相配套的制度体系。     

Maize bushy stunt in native corn: implications for Mexican “subsistence farmers”

Native corn in Mexico can be affected by maize bushy stunt disease (MBS), which can negatively impact maize-farming operations. Maize bushy stunt symptoms in native corn were linked to the presence of phytoplasmas through molecular analysis of symptomatic native corn plants in Mexico. These findings motivated a socioeconomic characterization and identification of the management strategies developed by the “subsistence farmers” of those communities to answer the questions: What elements of farming affect the presence of MBS disease in “subsistence farmers” fields? What do “subsistence farmers” know about MBS disease and the pathogen associated with MBS disease? How best can MBS disease be managed in small farming communities in Mexico? Through face-to-face interviews with growers and the corresponding analyses of their responses, we identified a widespread lack of knowledge about MBS disease, its causal agent and its vector(s). This study highlighted factors useful to guide future management decisions and education programs, as well as further research to transmit information about MBS disease among “subsistence farmers” in rural communities in Mexico.     

后现代旅游理念下的乡村旅游产品开发——以长沙县开慧镇为例

后现代旅游理念源于后现代主义思潮,是一种新型的旅游观。在回顾国内外相关文献基础上,采用实地研究与问卷调查方法,以长沙县开慧镇为例进行了实证研究。研究发现：（1）后现代旅游是对现代旅游的继承性发展,后现代旅游需求是多样、复杂、甚至矛盾的,目前很难统一界定;（2）总体来看,后现代旅游产品开发应该秉持绿色自然、情感体验、个性本我、健康公平等理念;（3）开慧镇乡村旅游资源丰富,但现有产品开发存在游客参与度不高,消费水平偏低,产品认知程度不一,新媒体营销收效甚微等问题;（4）探索性地设立了由13个影响因子组成的指标体系,依据对游客的重要性程度将权重划分为高、中、低3个层级,并以此作为产品开发的参照;（5）提出了加强“大地艺术类”“儿童旅游类”“农家体验类”“户外休闲类”4类后现代乡村旅游产品开发的建议。今后,有必要加强对“后现代”或“跨现代”背景下的乡村旅游研究。     

Conceptualising climate change in rural Australia: community perceptions, attitudes and (in)actions

Public engagement and support is essential for ensuring adaptation to climate change. The first step in achieving engagement is documenting how the general public currently perceive and understand climate change issues, specifically the importance they place on this global problem and identifying any unique challenges for individual communities. For rural communities, which rely heavily on local agriculture industries, climate change brings both potential impacts and opportunities. Yet, to date, our knowledge about how rural residents conceptualise climate change is limited. Thus, this research explores how the broader rural community—not only farmers—conceptualises climate change and responsive activities, focussing on documenting the understandings and risk perceptions of local residents from two small Australian rural communities. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted in communities in the Eden/Gippsland region on the border of New South Wales and Victoria and the north-east of Tasmania. There are conflicting views on how climate change is conceptualised, the degree of concern and need for action, the role of local industry, who will ‘win’ and ‘lose’, and the willingness of rural communities to adapt. In particular, residents who believed in anthropogenic or human-induced factors described the changing climate as evidence of ‘climate change’, whereas those who were more sceptical termed it ‘weather variability’, suggesting that there is a divide in rural Australia that, unless urgently addressed, will hinder local and national policy responses to this global issue. Engaging these communities in the twenty-first-century climate change debate will require a significant change in terminology and communication strategies.     

Using qualitative scenarios to understand regional environmental change in the Canadian North

This paper discusses the application of qualitative scenarios to understand community vulnerability and adaptation responses, based on a case study in the Slave River Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Three qualitative, graphic scenarios of possible alternative futures were developed, focusing on two main drivers: climate change and resource development. These were used as a focal point for discussions with a cross-section of residents from the community during focus groups, interviews and a community workshop. Significant overlap among the areas of perceived vulnerability is evident among scenarios, particularly in relation to traditional land use. However, each scenario also offers insights about specific challenges facing community members. Climate change was perceived to engender mostly negative livelihood impacts, whereas resource development was expected to trigger a mix of positive and negative impacts, both of which may be more dramatic than in the “climate change only” scenario. The scenarios were also used to identify adaptation options specific to individual drivers of change, as well as more universally applicable options. Identified adaptation options were generally aligned with five sectors—environment and natural resources, economy, community management and development, infrastructure and services, and information and training—which effectively offer a first step towards prioritization of “no regrets” measures. From an empirical perspective, while the scenarios highlighted the need for bottom-up measures, they also elucidated discussion about local agency in adaptation and enabled the examination of multi-dimensional impacts on different community sub-groups. An incongruity emerged between the suite of technically oriented adaptation options and more socially and behaviourally oriented barriers to implementation. Methodologically, the qualitative scenarios were flexible, socially inclusive and consistent with the Indigenous worldview; allowed the incorporation of different knowledge systems; addressed future community vulnerability and adaptation; and led to the identification of socially feasible and bottom-up adaptation outcomes. Despite some caveats regarding resource requirements for participatory scenario development, qualitative scenarios offer a versatile tool to address a range of vulnerability and adaptation issues in the context of other Indigenous communities.     

An experiment in strengthening the networks of remote communities in the face of environmental change: leveraging spatially distributed environmental memory

Agrarian communities in different regions develop diverse coping strategies to address the environmental changes they face. In this work, we test how to stimulate farmers’ social learning across diverse regions to promote informed responses to soil degradation. We invited 117 randomly selected members of 16 randomly selected Sumatran communities to three 3-day networking and training events in regions with diverse socio-environmental histories. One event was held in the respondents’ remote rural district (Tanggamus), the second was held in a more densely populated region on Sumatra Island (Kalianda), and the third was held in a heavily populated region on Java Island (Garut and Ciamis). Eighteen months later, we surveyed the information-sharing networks and agricultural practices of 370 members of these communities. The participants had become popular sources of agricultural advice, but the strength of this impact depended on the region in which their networking intervention was conducted. The participants in the event on Java had become the most central members of their communities. Although all the participants received the same formal information, those who interacted with the farmers in a region with the longest history of population pressure and land degradation management were more likely to adopt the recommended practices. The participants in this intervention doubled their odds of adopting organic fertilizers compared with those who networked only with peers in their local environment. Environmental memory of coping with change can be shared between regions through social learning, which can be stimulated by simple interventions.

     

不同情景下的人口迁移及其对农村土地利用影响研究——以重庆市为例

随着我国工业化和城镇化的深入推进,农村人口迁移趋势愈演愈烈。人口迁移导致的劳动力投入减少对农村土地利用存在威胁。运用情景模拟的方法,研究了不同情景下的人口迁移及其对耕地撂荒和宅基地闲置的威胁。研究表明：(1)重庆市未来人口迁移由4部分构成：都市区农村人口向城区迁移;都市区外农村人口向都市区集聚;都市区外农村人口向区域性中心城市和城镇集中;市外人口回流;(2)未来10 a,重庆市总人口流量46445~48481万,而对土地利用有影响的人口流量约36445~42481万;（3）预计到2020年,重庆市存在撂荒威胁的耕地约412~480万hm2;（4）预计到2020年,重庆市农村宅基地闲置潜力为597~611万hm2。建议改革限制农村耕地流转的政策,避免耕地撂荒;探索“复垦+流转”的农村闲置宅基地处置模式     

Subregional differences in Australian climate risk perceptions: coastal versus agricultural areas of the Hunter Valley,NSW

‘Environmental cognitive stress’ a hybrid model combining environmental stress and cognitive determinants of pro-environmental behavior is explored among Australians living in contrasting ‘micro’ climates in the same river catchment system. Peoples’ climate risk perceptions are mediated by their connections to local environment, observations of environmental change and personal weather experiences. A longitudinal study randomly sampled 1,162 Hunter Valley coastal and rural residents in New South Wales. Telephone interviewers (2008) recruited lakeside homeowners ‘at risk’ of sea level rise, nearby ‘control’ residents and a comparable farming area group. Follow-up interviews (2011) located 81.5 % of the original sample. Fifty-six items based on the model asked about climate change observations, concerns, impacts and actions. Statistically significant rural–suburban and time differences were found. The rural sample was attuned to conditions affecting agricultural productivity: They worried about drought and heat, saw trees dying and changes to seasons and natural rhythms. They anticipate the impact of water scarcity, conserve water and value protecting plants and animals. Compared to higher elevation residents, lake dwellers observed marine life loss, worry about sea level rise and predict the decline of property values. Across time, all groups’ perceptions of warming indicators declined. Concerns and impacts were high and generally stayed high, as did actions related to energy use. No differences emerged in beliefs about climate warming. Climate change observations, along with concerns and actions, have important implications for the environmental cognitive stress model. Overall, dynamic changes in residents’ understandings are related to a changing policy environment, the vicissitudes of climate debates and weather experiences, including extreme swings from inundation to drought.     

Dietary overlap among ruminants,geese, and lemmings of Wrangel Island in summer

Trends in the dynamics of herbivore community related to trophic competition in summer have been analyzed on Wrangel Island. The results show that the trophic spectra overlap considerably, resources are partitioned on the principle “weak competitors after strong competitors,” and community dynamics in the absence of extermination depend on specific competitive advantages related to the width of food spectrum. We conclude that the dynamics of this insular community prior to the establishment of nature reserve on the island have been determined by human activities, as well as the structure of arctic herbivore communities in general.     

Seeing the Wind (Farm): Applying Q-methodology to Understand the Public’s Reception of the Visuals Around a Wind Farm Development

This research investigates the reception of the visual representations of a wind farm (WF) development by local stakeholders. Using non-verbal Qmethodology, residents of Lesvos’ island, Greece, sort images according to how these images represented their opinion about the proposed Aegean Link WF project. We found three opinion types. The “Risk Averter” type is focused on the various risks of constructing and operating the Aegean Link wind development. The “Green Developer” type believes that the renewable energy project will benefit both their local community and the environment. The “Realist” type defers to expert knowledge to make decisions about project outcomes and is sceptical of media bias. While the former two types seem to form their visual opinions based on whether they are in favour or against (respectively) of the WF development, the Realist opinion is rather guided by carefully considering whether the visual stimuli are representative of the project’s actual characteristics.     

Community forestry management and livelihood development in northwest China: integration of governance, project design, and community participation

In projects of community development and natural resource management, local residents collaborate with government and NGOs on decisions about forest management and participate in programs designed to improve livelihoods while sustaining natural resources. This paper uses case studies and survey data in Gansu province of northwest China to explore social, ecological, and economic outcomes of community-based co-management (CBCM). Findings show that CBCM appears to have significantly increased livelihoods for local community residents overall. Forest condition and attitudes about forest conservation were also improved. However, economic benefits were not enjoyed uniformly within the communities because, although CBCM projects are nominally available to all, certain subgroups within communities are less likely to participate. Greater education, being married, and access to information are all strongly correlated with participation and thus the economic benefits of CBCM projects. Women, although they frequently participate in household decisions, are infrequent participants in CBCM projects, perhaps because project design does not meet their needs. Future improvements to CBCM project design should include increased access to information, education, and equitable treatment of diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process. Such improvements would likely lead to improvements in livelihoods as well as more sustainable forest management and conservation.     

Anaerobic digestion and community development: A case study from Hainan province,China

Connections and relationships between conservation practices and community development in relation to rural sustainability have received considerable attention in recent years, especially in developing countries. Among many sound practices around the world, anaerobic digestion (AD) technology has long been encouraged as an alternative source of energy, while contributing to resource conservation and economic development initiatives in developing rural areas. Guided by the theme of sustainable development, the study examined the current applications of AD technology in Meiwan Xincun Village (MWXCV) in Hainan Province, China. Employing a self-administered questionnaire survey, face-to-face interviews and on-site observation, the study explored the diffusion process, current operation and local impacts of AD practice. The study identifies that leadership, education, technical support and local economy are key factors affecting the diffusion of AD, and governmental financial incentives are significantly effective measures to make the technology economically viable for local residents. The technology was found to fit into the rural livelihood system of the village, with considerable environmental and socio-economic benefits. Guided by the leaders of the village, the local residents generally accept and support the practice and are willing to contribute to introducing the technology in and out of the village. Suggestions regarding the utilization and diffusion of AD elsewhere are presented to enhance the potential capacity of the practice to generate benefits across rural Hainan.     

Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The migration of rural migrant workers has new characteristics and results in problems in China's “urban diseases” caused by the bad order of migration with a huge number and a high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and new return trend of rural migrants. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services and social security, provide vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.