唐家河保护区主要植被类型景观格局的梯度分析

在遥感图像基础上，利用GIS技术从景观指数方面定量分析了唐家河自然保护区主要植被类型在东西、南北和西北至东南3个方向上的梯度变化。结果表明：次生落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林与针叶林的梯度变化明显，并且在各方向上具有不同的变化特征。其中，常绿落叶阔叶混交林从西北至东南方向的梯度变化最为复杂， 斑块数量与面积分别呈“升—降—升—降”与“升—降—升”的波动变化趋势，而边界密度与平均最近距离呈先升后降的变化趋势，两端破碎度高但连接性好，中部相反。针叶林从北至南的梯度变化最为简单，斑块面积减少，破碎度与复杂度降低，南北两端分布较多，中部较少。唐家河自然保护区植被景观格局在不同方向上的梯度变化研究为地震后该地区的植被保护与管理提供重要指导意义。     

Trans-jurisdictional River Basin Water Pollution Management and Cooperation in China: Case Study of Jiangsu/Zhejiang Province in Comparative Global Context

The deterioration of water pollution drainage in China is caused by poor administrative capabilities as well as natural forces. Low efficiency, even inefficacy in trans-jurisdictional water pollution management by local governments, has resulted in environmental damage accompanying economic development, conflicts between people living up- and down-stream, and potential hidden problems for social stabilization. By examining the process of policy evolution and reform of water pollution management and cooperation between Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, this paper tries to learn from successful global experiences in domestic trans-boundary water management. The study shows that resolution of the conflict between watershed management and regional management based on “Tiao-Kuai-System” (China's system of vertical and horizontal relations between central and local government and within government) is the highest priority. The integrated reform of trans-jurisdictional water pollution management of river basin in China should include insitutional and law reforms.     

Crossing technology and sustainability in cities’ development

This paper deals with sustainability in cities and the role technology plays in furthering sustainable results. Recently, many interventions have been implemented in cities to propose paths and models promoting the sustainability of cities from an overall perspective. Technologies are favouring the achievement of aims recalling the three spheres of sustainability as proposed by Arcadis (2017), namely “planet”, “profit”, and “people”. The ties between technology and the three spheres are investigated through a content analysis of reports issued by the 10 cities with the most significant advances in terms of becoming sustainable cities, as indicated in the Arcadis Report 2016. The results highlight technology as an element crossing sustainability, as processes and models in cities management and service provisions to citizens are significantly changing. New tools are innovating the processes addressing environmental issues, thus leading to cost efficiency and better economic conditions. Parallel to this, new models for city management and the provision of public services are addressing the need for a better quality of life for citizens and cities’ other stakeholders. Technology itself is thought of as sustainable because it should lead to efficiency and being efficient itself. A qualitative cluster analysis and a focus on excerpts from reports are proposed to highlight the ties between technologies and the elements representing key issues in managing and leading a city towards more sustainable conditions.     

Community-based forest management in the Yungas biosphere reserve, Northern Argentina

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a methodology for the implementation of a participative plan for forest use and management in a rural community. We present an experience carried out in an aboriginal community located in the “Yungas biosphere reserve” in Northern Argentina. We developed a methodology to work with the community to assess the quality of the forest resources and to find out the causes of degradation. We worked at three levels: the community council, the community, and the school. The community has a very short-term vision. The setup, the feasibility, and the implementation of the plan is highly dependent on the willingness of the community to participate. It is so far the first attempt, in Yungas region, to develop a multi-level methodology to work with local communities to implement a forest-management plan. Findings and recommendations could be useful for others who would like to work in similar contexts.     

三峡库区建坝前后森林生态系统服务动态

基于六期Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像数据，利用生态系统服务功能评估规范及GIS空间统计方法，对三峡库区1990~2015年间森林生态系统服务价值动态变化进行分析。结果表明：三峡库区森林面积与森林覆盖率逐年增加，森林面积增长率71.04%，森林覆盖率由31.27%增加到53.48%。库区整体的森林类型结构比较稳定，表现为针叶林>混交林>灌木林>阔叶林。时间上，三峡库区森林生态系统服务价值呈上升趋势，具体表现为快-慢-快的增长特征。三峡库区单位面积森林生态系统服务价值在总体增长趋势下出现局部负增长趋势，各森林类型的单位面积价值与三峡库区整体的单位面积价值有着相同的变化趋势，均表现为增加-减少-增加的变化特征。三峡库区各类型服务价值的贡献表现为：涵养水源>固碳释氧>生物多样性保护>保育土壤>净化大气环境>积累营养物质>森林防护。空间上，1990~2015年，三峡库区森林生态系统服务价值的地域分布大致以巫溪至武隆一线为界，呈现出东南高、西北低的特征。1990~2015年三峡库区森林生态系统服务价值变化幅度呈现出“西增加快，东增趋缓”的格局特点。     

Multi-stakeholder process of co-designing small-scale fisheries policy in South Africa

In 2005, a group of researchers, community-based organizations and lawyers got together with small-scale fishers to launch a class action law suit against the government of South Africa in its allocation system of Individual Transferable Quotas, on the ground that the system was unfair to small-scale fishing communities and threatened their right to practise their livelihoods. This effort resulted in the cabinet adoption of a new small-scale fisheries policy in 2014, with amendments being made to fisheries law (the Marine Living Resource Act 18 of 1998) to accommodate the issues and concerns of small-scale fisheries. Draft regulations and an implementation plan have recently been released, paving the way for the implementation of small-scale fisheries allocations in 2016. These legal and policy shifts are of great significance for small-scale fisheries, both in South Africa and elsewhere, and deserve careful examination. This paper discusses the processes leading to the development of a new small-scale fisheries policy and what has followed since. Specifically, the analysis focuses on a variety of collaborations between scholars from different disciplines; researchers from multiple fields; community practitioners representing diverse professional and community perspectives; and community organizations across local, state, national and international levels. The paper uses a model of change that crosses research and practitioner boundaries based on three key strategies: getting noticed; organizing at scale; and getting a seat at the negotiation table. It also considers the “transdisciplinary” process of involving all relevant actors in strategic, collective, reflection–action–reflection–action “from below”, which was crucial in the co-designing of this small-scale policy formulation in South Africa.     

Stakeholder perceptions of grassland ecosystem services in relation to knowledge on soil fertility and biodiversity

The concept of ecosystem services is increasingly being used by scientists and policy makers. However, most studies in this area have focussed on factors that regulate ecosystem functions (i.e. the potential to deliver ecosystem services) or the supply of ecosystem services. In contrast, demand for ecosystem services (i.e. the needs of beneficiaries) or understanding of the concept and the relative ranking of different ecosystem services by beneficiaries has received limited attention. The aim of this study was to identify in three European mountain regions the ecosystem services of grassland that different stakeholders identify (which ecosystem services for whom), the relative rankings of these ecosystem services, and how stakeholders perceive the provision of these ecosystem services to be related to agricultural activities. We found differences: (1) between farmers?? perceptions of ecosystem services across regions and (2) within regions, between knowledge of ecosystem services gained by regional experts through education and farmers?? local field-based knowledge. Nevertheless, we identified a common set of ecosystem services that were considered important by stakeholders across the three regions, including soil stability, water quantity and quality, forage quality, conservation of botanical diversity, aesthetics and recreation (for regional experts), and forage quantity and aesthetic (for local farmers). We observed two contrasting stakeholder representations of the effects of agricultural management on ecosystem services delivery, one negative and the other positive (considering low to medium management intensity). These representations were determined by stakeholders?? perceptions of the relationships between soil fertility and biodiversity. Overall, differences in perceptions highlighted in this study show that practitioners, policy makers and researchers should be more explicit in their uses of the ecosystem services concept in order to be correctly understood and to foster improved communication among stakeholders.     

长江流域国家级保护地空间分布特征及其国家公园廊道空间策略研究

长江流域国家级保护地数量庞大、保护类型多样，为了实现对长江流域自然资源的整体保护和管理的目的，从全域尺度分析其空间分布特征是梳理长江国家公园廊道构建的重要基础。通过数理统计与ArcGIS空间分析，结合中国自然地理表征和人文地理表征，对长江流域现有8类共计996处国家级保护地空间的分布特征进行了研究，结果表明：（1）长江流域国家级保护地总体呈集聚分布，并形成三江源区域、三江并流区域、川西高山高原区域、秦岭中段区域、渝西盆地区域、环洞庭湖区域、环鄱阳湖区域、黄山区域、环太湖区域9个集聚区；（2）长江流域国家级保护地主要集中在中切割高山区和中下游低山丘陵平原区，覆盖了河网密布、水资源丰富、植物种类繁多、土壤肥沃、可达性较高、人口密度适中及经济发展水平较高的东部和中部区域。基于其国家保护地空间分布特征，提出构建“长江源头—入海口”重要保护节点、“洞庭湖—鄱阳湖—巢湖—太湖”重要保护片区、“武当山—华釜山—大凉山、巫山—武陵山—药山”重要保护带的“三重要”模式与“国家公园先行区—国家级保护地聚集区—自然、社会、经济优势区—原生动植物本底”的“四层次”体系相结合的长江国家公园廊道空间策略     

基于MODIS数据的安徽省植被水分利用效率时空变化及影响因素

水分利用效率是衡量生态系统碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标。基于MODIS数据、土地覆盖类型数据和气象数据，估算安徽省植被水分利用效率(WUE），采用趋势分析法和相关分析法对安徽省2000~2014年植被WUE的时空格局、变化趋势及影响因素进行研究。研究表明:（1）不同植被类型的WUE年均值差异明显，常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林的WUE均值较高，分别达到1.66和1.69 gC?mm-1?m-2，而耕地的年均WUE最低，各植被类型的年均WUE按照“常绿针叶林>常绿阔叶林>灌木>草地>落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林>耕地”的顺序递减。植被年均WUE具有较强的空间分异性规律，整体上呈现南北高中间低的趋势，植被WUE的高值区主要分布在大别山区和皖南山区，分布范围与常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林的分布范围基本一致。（2）安徽省2000~2014年植被WUE年内变化呈现出“增加-减小-增加-减小”的M状“双峰型”趋势，具有明显的季节差异，呈现出春季＞秋季＞夏季＞冬季的特征，各季节植被WUE的均值分别占植被WUE的32.58%、24.91%、29.27%、13.24%。（3）安徽省植被WUE动态变化受到降水影响显著的区域占比3.88%；气温显著影响的区域占比2.19%；降水显著影响的地区主要分布在林地范围内，温度显著影响的地区则位于耕地范围内，降水和气温综合显著影响所占面积最小，为0.11%；而植被WUE受气温和降水影响均不显著占比为93.82%；整体上，安徽省大部分地区的植被WUE变化主要受非气候因素影响。     

退耕还林政策的激励机制缺陷

运用公共经济学中中央政府与地方职能划分的原则、土地竞租原理和产权经济学理论。分析了退耕还林中地方政府和农民承担的成本和收益损失。认为中央政府在退耕还林中忽视了地方政府的利益需求。不仅对地方政府在退耕还林中的生态贡献补偿不足。而且加重了地方政府的工作负担和财政负担。对地方政府缺乏激励；对农民的补偿较之于其在退耕还林中承担的直接成本、间接成本和林业经营的巨大风险。现有补偿数量不足。时间短；林地承包经营权限制性强、缺乏可交易性又使产权激励功能弱化。退耕还林要实现“退得下、稳得住、不返弹”的目标，必须加大对退耕还林地区地方政府和农民补偿额度。并建立长期、稳定、合理的生态补偿机制。     

川西北民族地区保护区建设与生态移民问题研究

四川省西北部地区是以藏羌民族集居为主的民族地区,也是四川省的生态资源中心。区域内自然保护区数量多、密度大,民族文化浓郁,经济发展落后,居民城市化率低。由于早期建立保护区指导思想的制约,现已建立的多数保护区的规划缺乏系统科学性,依然存在来自区域内部居民和外部经济活动对其的破坏。研究认为,要实现为区域社会经济可持续发展创造条件的保护区设立终极目的,必须对现有的保护区管理系统实施调整与完善,建立具有政府管理职能的资源保护特区,选择以城镇化为主要方式的保护区内就近生态移民,构建科学的自然保护区层次,形成政府（资源保护特区）与民族居民的资源保护利益共同体。     

Residents’ Attitude to Pay for Urban River Restoration: Empirical Evidence from Cities in Yangtze Delta

Abstract

Public willingness to pay (WTP) for urban rivers restoration was investigated in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou in China with a sample of 1,285. The factors influencing positive WTP against zero WTP are analyzed using a binary logit model. The results indicate that income, Huji (residential registration) status, household size, home property ownership, riverfront access, and attitudes toward current water quality are statistically significant in the likelihood of positive WTP. It is also found that respondents without local Huji are less willingness to pay positively in pooled sample and Shanghai sample. In the group holding property right of house but without local Huji is less willingness to pay positively in Hangzhou. Respondents in Nanjing are more willingness to pay positively than those in Hangzhou. Most common arguments against to pay for the restoration are “government’s duty”, “low income”, “non-local-Huji” and “lack of trust in the government in how it spends money”. The results are generally consistent with the hypothesis and specific situations in China. The findings make some contributions to the non-market valuation studies as well as provide useful information for public policy making in China.     

中国城乡一体化水平的时空特征与门槛效应

基于中国省域2007～2016年面板数据,重构了城乡一体化水平评价指标体系,运用熵值法对中国城乡一体化水平进行了测度,并通过趋势面分析、空间自相关、门槛模型研究了中国各个省市城乡一体化水平的时空格局演变特征与影响因素。研究发现:中国城乡一体化水平在"城乡空间、城乡经济、城乡社会、城乡文化、城乡生态"5个维度中稳步上升,区域差异呈现出"两升一降"的"N"型变化趋势;地区间发展不平衡,即在东西方向上存在较为稳定的"东高西低"的空间趋势,在南北方向上存在"两端低中间高"的空间趋势;城乡一体化水平全局上表现出空间集聚特征,局部上城乡一体化水平热点区和次热点区主要集中在中国的东部地区和东南沿海的省市,冷点区主要集中在中部和西部地区;城乡收入差距和政府行为均对城乡一体化水平具有显著的双门槛效应。     

A pattern for partnership between LMDH and Perhutani to enhance local community prosperity and preserve the forest: a case study at RPH Besowo,Kediri Regency,Indonesia

The deforestation in Indonesia is already alarming. One of the strategies used by the government to overcome forest deforestation is social forestry. This program is called PHBM (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat/Joint Forest Management) which is basically a partnership program. This study aims at describing the partnership program between a local organization (i.e. LMDH) and a government unit (i.e. RPH of Perhutani) within the PHBM program. The objectives of this study are to (a) describe the model of partnerships between LMDH and RPH Besowo for sustainable forest management and local community empowerment; (b) determine the contribution of the forest to the national economy and rural household income; and (c) determine the obstacles commonly found in Besowo forest that have to be faced during the implementation of the partnerships. The study shows that with good partnership between these two units, the prosperity of the local community can be enhanced and the forest preservation can be maintained. The model of the partnerships in this particular area in Indonesia is expected to be applicable as well in other rural areas in Indonesia, as well as in other developing countries.     

川中丘陵区植被遥感动态监测及其驱动力分析

川中丘陵区是长江上游重要的生态屏障,也是国家退耕还林还草和天然林资源保护工程重点实施区。近年来,由于气候变化与人类活动的影响,该区植被覆盖及生态发生了较大变化。利用该地区2000～2015年MODIS NDVI数据、气象和土地利用数据以及研究区统计数据,采用最大值合成法(MVC)、趋势分析法和相关系数法,分析了川中丘陵区经国家生态工程建设后的植被动态变化特征,并探讨了气候变化和人类活动对植被覆盖的影响。研究结果表明:近15年,川中丘陵区植被呈增加的趋势,增速为5. 84/10 a(P0. 01);31. 58%的区域植被NDVI显著增加,主要分布在嘉陵江中游和岷江中下游,2. 90%的区域植被NDVI显著减少,主要分布在城市中心及周边;研究区植被对降水的敏感性较气温更强,22. 08%的区域面积NDVI与降水是呈显著相关的,仅7. 69%区域面积NDVI与气温是显著的;森林、灌木和草地的NDVI增加明显,各自增加比例超过60%,而建设用地和湿地是NDVI减少最明显的土地利用类型;退耕还林还草和天然林资源保护工程的建设,对川中丘陵区植被覆盖的增长起到了积极作用。     

Vegetation of Northeast China during the late seventeenth to early twentieth century as revealed by historical documents

Historical vegetation antedates current anthropogenic land use. It can therefore be used to reveal land use/cover changes due to human activities. We collected 197 records from Chinese historical documents, including gazettes, government files, private literature, and travel notes, to reveal vegetation status during the late seventeenth century to early twentieth century across Northeast China. The results indicate that woodland and grassland were the dominant landscapes, whereas swamps accounted for a small area. Woodland was composed of needleleaf deciduous forest, broadleaf deciduous forest, and mixed needleleaf and broadleaf forest. Mixed forest occupied the largest area. This forest type covered most of the Greater Khingan Range, Lesser Khingan Range, and Changbai Mountains. Grassland occupied the Songnen Plain, Liao River Plain, and Inner Mongolia Plateau, whereas swamps covered nearly the entire Sanjiang Plain. In addition, the data revealed that most current cropland was converted from grassland in the Northeast Plain, whereas a small area of cropland was converted from woodland and swamp.     

“The End of the Ice Age?”: Disappearing World Heritage and the Climate Change Communication Imperative

Rapid environmental change in vulnerable destinations has stimulated a new form of travel termed “last chance tourism” (LCT). Studies have examined the risks of LCT, while leaving potential opportunities within this new tourism market largely underexplored. Results of survey (n?=?399) research in Jasper National Park, Canada reveal that a LCT motivation influences decisions to visit this iconic Canadian destination, and suggest that this motivation is linked to a desire to learn about the impacts of climate change on the Athabasca Glacier. Findings suggest there may be short to medium term opportunities associated with LCT, including promoting climate change ambassadorship through management interventions. This paper discusses a range of possible education, interpretive, and outreach activities that might be employed at LCT destinations. It outlines the relative merits (or what we refer to as “uneasy benefits”) of promoting the glacier and other LCT destinations within a protected areas management and climate change adaptation context.     

Monitoring of firefighters exposure to smoke during fire experiments in Portugal

Forest fires represent a serious threat to public security in Europe due to the large burned area. Moreover, smoke pollution due to forest fire events is an important public health issue for the communities directly affected, and particularly for the personnel involved in firefighting operations. Aiming to contribute to the scientific knowledge concerning firefighters exposure to forest fires smoke, data of individual exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were obtained during experimental field fires for a group of 10 firefighters equipped with portable “in continuum” measuring devices. Measured values are very high exceeding the Occupational Exposure Standard limits, in particular for peak limit thresholds. These are the first measurements and analysis of firefighter's individual exposure to toxic gases and particles in fire smoke experiments in Europe. However, they already indicate that urgent measures to avoid these levels of exposure are needed.     

Specific ecological features of the brown bear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ursus arctos</Emphasis> L. 1758) in Yakutia

In Yakutia, the brown bear inhabits the forest and forest-tundra zones. Compared to bears from other regions of Russia, Yakutian bears have slightly smaller body and skull sizes and are mainly herbivorous, with their wood spectrum being relatively narrow. Their fecundity averages 1.68 cubs per parous female. The bears make their dens at a depth reaching 2.5–3 m. The denning period begins early and is 195–210 days long. An electroencephalographic analysis of the effect of a 1–10 kDa peptide fraction from the bear brain on Wistar rats has shown that wintering bears are in the state of sleep, or “superficial hibernation.”     

Co-Partnership in Forest Management: The Gwira-Banso Joint Forest Management Project in Ghana

The involvement of local communities, as well as the private sector and the government in forest management is now an important principle of tropical forestry policy and practice and a major component of most international forestry aid programmes. This paper present an analysis on the Joint Forest Management Project initiated by two timber companies (Ghana Primewood Products Ltd and Dalhoff Larsen & Horneman) in collaboration with local people in Gwira-Banso of Ghana. Conditions required for enhancing responsibility for and commitment to local forest management, and for an effective local participatory process were also analysed. The study began with the premise that incentives and good communication will enhance participation in joint forest management.The assumption was valid and the results from the survey showed that five broad issues prioritised by respondents to be essential for co-partnership in forest management are communication, financial support, tree planting, multiple land use and benefit sharing. The Project enjoys a great deal of support from the local community, but a number of factors make the continued support of local people a challenging task, including questions of immediate livelihood sources and tenure arrangements. Although this participatory forest management has been implemented over a relatively short period, there is evidence that government and private sectors can successfully involve local people in sustainable management of the forests.