基于源头分类和资源回收的城市生活垃圾管理指标体系设计

现有城市生活垃圾管理指标体系偏重末端治理,主要考虑物质流,未反映生活垃圾管理全过程。构建了基于源头分类与资源回收的城市生活垃圾管理指标体系,覆盖生活垃圾生命周期全部环节的关键环节、区分统计指标与绩效指标、区分物质流指标与资金流指标、明确指标的一致界定。提出了政府按设计的指标体系实施、国家及各级地方政府根据绩效指标进行考核、统计部门建立具体统计体系及信息平台、建立污染者付费的责任机制等建议。     

城市固体废物管理源头政策调控系统动力学模型

把城市居民固体废弃物源头调控政策、居民的废弃物分类行为与固体废弃物处置管理系统看成动态演化的反馈系统.在固体废弃物从量收费政策和法规政策影响下,采用系统动力学模型分析居民参与废弃物管理的行为对整个废弃物管理系统的动态影响.用开发的昆明城市同体废弃物系统动力学模型对3种设定的政策情景进行了仿真.结果表明:要实现同体废弃物处置与管理的可持续发展,必须在源头上通过收费和法规等政策促使居民参加到废弃物管理系统中,注重提高资源化和无害化能力的同时,要加强源头减量和回收的力度,减少废弃物的非法处置.     

韩国清垃圾之绝招

为了回收资源和减轻城市垃圾的压力，韩国政府于１９９５年起，正式实施垃圾袋收费制度。按规定，居民必须购买政府规定的垃圾袋装垃圾，否则将罚款１００万韩元。同时，在许多住宅区设置了资源回收站收集旧报纸、瓶罐以及塑料包装袋等，并且建立了配套的资源回收再生工厂。该制度实施两年来，韩国各大城市的垃圾量减少了３７％以上，资源回收量增加了４０％。因此，这一做法不失为清垃圾之绝招。韩国清垃圾之绝招@丹人     

居民生活垃圾分类意愿及其影响因素对比研究 ——以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例

以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区的先行启动区为例,以家庭为单位进行入户调查,运用主成分分析法,探索居民参与垃圾分类的意愿及其影响因素的区域差异.结果表明:上海青浦区居民对垃圾分类的满意度、参与意愿和环境意识显著高于浙江嘉善和江苏吴江两地.总体而言,居民生活垃圾分类意愿主要受年龄、便利性认知、社区垃圾管理满意度和奖惩机制...     

上海市试点小区湿垃圾源头减量前后垃圾处理处置全链条碳足迹分析

上海市于2019年7月率先开始实施垃圾分类工作,湿垃圾的分类与处理是垃圾分类的痛点问题。在小区垃圾分类站,采用食物垃圾粉碎处理器对湿垃圾进行固液分相处理是实现湿垃圾源头减量处理的试点措施。为了进一步探究在不同模式下垃圾源头减量处理前后的碳排放情况,根据联合国气候变化政府间专家委员会(IPCC)制定的《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》(简称IPCC指南(2006)),并通过生命周期法对上海市普陀区甘泉街道3个试点小区(2365户)进行传统混收混运处理和湿垃圾源头减量2种处理模式下为期1年的对比评估与分析。结果表明,与传统混收混运处理模式相比,湿垃圾源头减量模式处理1 t原生垃圾可多发电7.8 kWh,减少固体清运量0.3 t,减少净碳排放量(CO_2)1.57×10~(-2) t。以上海市垃圾产量2.1×10~4 t·d~(-1)计,该模式可多发电1.64×10~5 kWh·d~(-1),减少固体清运量6 300 t,减少净碳排放量330.5 t CO_2。基于固液分相的湿垃圾源头减量处理模式,对降低生活垃圾处理处置全链条碳排放具有重要作用。以上研究结果可为我国垃圾分类与处理提供必要的数据支撑。     

基于集装化外运与综合型处理的上海城市生活垃圾管理对策

分析了上海市区生活垃圾收运处理现状与问题,借鉴国外特大城市生活垃圾收运处理管理经验和教训,提出了将现有垃圾水运系统升级改造为集装化水陆联运系统、将现有老港废弃物处置场扩建为生活垃圾分类、生化处理、焚烧发电、填埋等多种技术有机组合的综合型处理基地的方案,为改善上海市生活垃圾收运与处理处置系统提出可行的对策建议.     

城市垃圾能的利用途径

一、垃圾的潜能 世界城市垃圾同人口的增长一样,达到创记录的水平。如何处理堆积如山的垃圾以及利用其资源和能源,是市政建设中的重要问题。 以前,垃圾处理主要靠填坑或堆置,但是,在城市附近,适于这样处置的场所越来越少。目前,为了减量和进行无害化处理,垃圾的焚烧方法用得越来越广。随着生活水平的提高,垃圾的发热量也在逐步提高,更适于进行焚烧处置。例如,1964年时,日本     

北京市生活垃圾分类处理体系:Ⅰ.问题诊断

通过建立评价指标体系的方法对北京市生活垃圾分类处理体系中存在的问题进行诊断.首先,简要分析了北京市生活垃圾处理现状,在此基础上提出了北京市生活垃圾分类处理评价指标体系,进而运用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重.并通过计算这些评价指标的权重与其未达标率之积,得出北京市垃圾分类处理体系中存在问题的严重程度排序为垃圾分类运输车配置率＞垃圾回收率＞垃圾分类收集率＞居民垃圾分类参与率＞垃圾处理设施运转率＞垃圾填埋、堆肥、焚烧所占比例＞居民垃圾分类知晓率＞垃圾分类收集容器配置率＞回收站设置的便利度＞垃圾运输能力＞垃圾无害化处理率.     

中国西北典型城市西宁生活垃圾产生及回收

预测了中国西北典型城市西宁的生活垃圾清运量,同时分析了西宁的生活垃圾物料流向,从而估算西宁未来的生活垃圾产生量,为西宁生活垃圾管理规划提供依据。研究发现,西宁未来生活垃圾清运量和产生量均呈增长状态,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾产生量分别为240.33万、334.04万t,2020—2035年的平均年增长率为3.71%。在考虑分拣率的条件下,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾人均日产生量分别为1.72、2.21kg/(人·d)。目前,西宁生活垃圾分两级分拣回收,一级分拣率为35.11%,二级分拣率为0.18%,填埋率为64.71%。为提高资源化利用率,建议西宁加强一级分拣能力,特别是加大对纸类和塑料的回收能力;在末端处置上,建议规划考虑建设生活垃圾焚烧发电设施。     

上海市居民生活垃圾支付意愿的调查研究

基于支付卡式问卷调研,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)结合二元Logistic回归模型、多元线性回归模型,分析上海市居民对生活垃圾治理的支付意愿(WTP)和影响因素。调研发现:(1)54.5%的受访者暂无WTP,主要原因是认为生活垃圾治理费用不应该由自己支付;(2)受访者的WTP与其文化程度呈正相关关系;(3)WTP的金额与年龄负相关,与在上海市居住年数、月收入正相关;(4)上海市居民生活垃圾治理的WTP金额为54.3元/月,占受访者人均月收入的0.72%。调研结果可为上海市未来制定垃圾收费政策提供参考。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.