障碍物压力反射特性对瓦斯爆炸传播影响的数值模拟研究*

为了研究不同形状障碍物对瓦斯爆炸传播的影响机理，对直径0.2 m、长6.5 m的密闭直管道内的瓦斯爆炸过程进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:在该实验条件下，对于火焰通过整个管道的时间，方形障碍物时间最长，球形障碍物与无障碍物时间接近，且用时最短；无障碍物时，在反射压力波作用下火焰传播速度存在明显的波动特性；有障碍物时，障碍物的诱导作用要大于反射压力波的作用，火焰传播的这种波动特性得到抑制，提升了火焰前锋向未燃区域传播的能力；压力波的波动频率与气流震荡、压力波反射叠加有关，波幅则主要与正向压力波和反射压力波的叠加效果有关。研究结果为煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故防治及隔抑爆技术应用提供技术支撑。     

长管中立体障碍物对瓦斯爆炸特性影响的研究

管道内可燃气体火焰传播与障碍物相互作用的过程的研究对爆炸场所预估和防爆工程设计具有重要的意义,在实际生产、生活中,火焰传播方向上的障碍物往往具有立体结构,基本没有平面结构,因此,利用长管密闭容器,在立体障碍物存在的条件下,研究了瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度。研究结果表明:随着障碍物数量的增加,瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度随之增大;阻塞率增加,瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度出现先增大后减小的现象,当阻塞率为50%时,其爆炸压力和火焰传播速度达到最大;障碍物的摆放形式对瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度也有一定的影响。     

T型管道不同封闭状态瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特征

为了研究分岔管道不同封闭状态下瓦斯爆燃火焰阵面传播规律,在自制的T型透明分岔管道内,设置支管端口完全封闭、直管左端口弱封闭,采用光电传感器和压力传感器测试了直管右端弱封闭、完全封闭2种情况下,预混甲烷-空气可燃气体爆燃火焰传播过程中速度、超压参数的变化情况。结果表明:由于分岔的存在,2种封闭状态在支管端点火后瓦斯爆燃火焰阵面在支管中的传播速度均先增大后减小;直管右端弱封闭时,经过分岔后火焰加速向直管两端传播速度基本一致,分别达到86.29 m/s和88.07 m/s;直管右端完全封闭时,火焰向弱封闭端传播速度增大至166.67 m/s,火焰向完全封闭端传播时并不断压缩未燃气体产生高压振荡反馈导致火焰振荡传播现象,火焰速度不断减小至4.84 m/s;管道内瓦斯爆燃超压均迅速上升到达峰值,之后受压缩气体的膨胀和冲击后爆燃产物的振荡作用迅速下降。     

障碍物与管道壁面间距比对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的影响

运用自建瓦斯爆炸实验平台,对障碍物与管道壁面间距比变化下的瓦斯爆炸特性进行实验研究。结果表明:随着障碍物与管道壁面间距比的增加,预混气体的爆炸压力和平均火焰传播速度都有一定程度的增大,其中当障碍物与管道两侧壁面间距比相同时,对爆炸火焰传播特性的影响最大;相比于其他阻塞率的障碍物,间距比的改变对阻塞率50%的障碍物爆炸压力增幅比最大,对比间距比为0时的爆燃压力,间距比为0.25和0.5时的爆燃压力分别增加了55.6%,101.8%。研究结果可为工业和井下设备的设计、安装提供实验依据,具有一定的理论和现实指导意义。     

复杂多孔结构对丙烷爆炸的影响

为了揭示复杂多孔障碍物对丙烷/空气爆炸动力学参数的影响，采用小尺寸爆炸管道，运用高速摄像技术和数据采集手段，分析不同试验条件下火焰穿越复杂多孔障碍物前后的形态及管内压力变化。结果表明：受复杂多孔障碍物的影响，爆炸火焰穿过障碍物时，会触发Richtmyer Meshkov不稳定性，火焰失稳，形态复杂；随着障碍物阻塞率的增加，爆炸火焰到达障碍物所在位置的时间减小；复杂多孔障碍物对爆炸火焰有明显的激励作用，火焰传播速度随障碍物阻塞率的增加而增加；在所有试验中，火焰传播速度均在0.4～0.5 m的管段攀升至最大；障碍物阻塞率增加，管道出口端的最大爆炸压力增加，达到最大爆炸压力所需的时间增加，爆燃指数随障碍物上圆孔的间距增加而增加。     

惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性实验研究*

为研究惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性,在自行搭建的中尺度爆炸激波管道上,采用数据采集系统、压电式传感器、火焰传感器、同步控制系统和激光纹影测试系统,通过对比4种不同喷射压力（0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5 MPa）的实验工况,选用N2做为惰性介质时抑制火焰的传播特性与喷射压力密切相关,火焰传播速度随着喷射压力增加呈现先增加后减弱的趋势。研究结果表明:少量N2在管道中扩散,加剧了未反应预混气体的扰动状态,造成火焰阵面褶皱的卷吸能力增强,进而加速化学反应进程,促进预混气体燃烧;喷射压力为1.5 MPa时,火焰阵面拉升、变形最强,火焰传播速度提高,最高可达到250 m/s;喷射压力为3.5 MPa时,火焰阵面出现明显三维凹陷结构,运动发生明显滞后现象,火焰传播速度大幅度降低至5.4 m/s,惰性气体抑制火焰传播效果明显。     

立体结构障碍物对甲烷预混火焰传播影响的研究

使用自行设计的火焰加速试验系统,研究了3种立体结构障碍物对管道内预混火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用长方体、正四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比均为40%。结果表明,管道内障碍物对火焰传播的初始阶段起阻碍作用,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物加速火焰传播过程。有障碍物时管道内最大火焰传播速度和峰值超压比无障碍物时要大。随着点火距离的增大,管道中最大火焰传播速度和超压先变大后减小。当障碍物位于约6倍管径处时,对管道中火焰传播速度和超压影响最大。点火距离的改变对火焰传播速度的影响大于对管道内超压的影响。     

不同封闭情况下T型管道中瓦斯爆炸传播规律实验研究*

为研究不同封闭情况下T型管道中瓦斯爆炸的传播规律,在90°分岔管道中进行瓦斯爆炸实验,管道封闭情况为弱封闭（双PVC薄膜弱封闭）和强封闭（直管封闭或支管封闭）。实验结果表明:在瓦斯浓度为9.5%时,管道中各点处的瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰传播速度和火焰锋面振荡幅度最大,11%次之,8%最小。T型管道中,弱封闭端瓦斯爆炸压力不断减小;火焰传播速度先缓慢增大后减小,随后又快速增大。强封闭端,瓦斯爆炸压力增大;火焰传播速度先缓慢增大后略微下降,随后快速增大后又大幅度下降,甚至出现火焰锋面振荡现象。不同封闭管道中各测点的瓦斯最大爆炸压力和火焰传播速度大小比较可知,直管封闭管道＞双PVC薄膜弱封闭管道＞支管封闭管道。     

Z型管道中气体火焰传播规律的实验研究

本文实验研究了丙烷／氧气／空气的当量比气体燃烧火焰通过两个90°弯管形成的“z”型管道的传播规律,通过改变第一个弯管前加速段的长度和改变气体浓度,实验研究了稳定爆轰波,非稳定爆轰波以及爆燃火焰通过“z”型管道的传播规律。利用光电传感器记录弯管前后的火焰传播速度,运用燃烧理论和爆轰波的理论对实验结果做了分析。结果表明:稳定爆轰波通过“z”型管道时传播速度有明显的下降;但“z”型管道对非稳定爆轰波的传播作用受到非稳定爆轰波自身速度的影响;爆燃火焰通过“z”型管道时火焰传播速度的变化呈现不确定性。     

管道内置障条件下瓦斯爆炸传播规律的综述及展望

对矿井瓦斯爆炸传播机理进行了分析,同时对不同障碍物数量、形状、阻塞率、位置、间距、结构条件下管道内瓦斯爆炸传播规律的研究现状进行综合评述,得出一些结论:障碍物的存在对瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度具有显著的激励作用;不同的障碍物环境对瓦斯爆炸传播激励效应的影响程度是不同的;并提出了目前该研究存在的问题和未来发展方向。     

A study on the obstacle-induced variation of the gas explosion characteristics

A study on the variation of the gas explosion characteristics caused by the built-in obstacles was conducted in enclosed/vented gas explosion vessels. It has been well known that the obstacles in pipes and long ducts would accelerate the flame propagation, and cause the transition from deflagration to detonation. In this study, the explosion characteristics and the flame behavior of vented explosions and constant-volume explosions were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a 270-liter and 36-liter hexahedron vessels filled with LPG–air mixture. The explosion characteristics of the gas mixture were determined by using a strain-responding pressure transducer. The flame behavior was recorded by using a high-speed video camera. The shape and the size of the obstacle, and the gas concentration, were adjusted in the experiments.

It can be seen from the experimental results that, instead of being accelerated, the flame propagation inside the explosion vessel is decelerated by the plate obstacles fixed at the bottom of the vessel. Also, the characteristics of the enclosed explosion are not so affected by the built-in obstacles as those of the vented explosion are. It is believed that the eddy-induced turbulence behind the obstacle decelerates the flame propagation.     

Effects of cross-wise obstacle position on methane–air deflagration characteristics

A vented chamber, with internal dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm × 500 mm, is constructed in which the premixed methane–air deflagration flame, propagating away from the ignition source, interacts with obstacles along its path. Three obstacle configurations with different cross-wise positions are investigated. The cross-wise obstacle positions are found to have significant effects on deflagration characteristics, such as flame structure, flame front location, flame speed, and overpressure transients. The rate of flame acceleration, as the flame passes over the last obstacle, is the highest at the configuration with three centrally located obstacles, whereas the lowest is observed at the configuration with three obstacles mounted on one side of the chamber. Compared with the side configuration, the magnitude of overpressure generated increases by approximately 80% and 165% for the central and staggered configurations, respectively. Furthermore, flame propagation speeds and generated overpressures for both the central and staggered configurations are greater, which should to be avoided to reduce the risk associated with turbulent premixed deflagrations in practical processes.     

可燃气体爆炸破坏效应的试验研究

借助高速摄像机及ProAnalyst软件,研究可燃气体体积分数和障碍物对可燃气体爆炸破坏力的影响。测定不同体积分数下的甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸冲击波超压,和爆炸火焰波在有无乒乓球方向传播的平均速度。试验结果表明:超压和平均速度均随着甲烷体积分数的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,其最大值均出现在甲烷体积分数为10%～11%之间;同一体积分数下的甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸火焰波在有乒乓球方向传播的平均速度比没有乒乓球方向传播的平均速度大。根据试验结果,推导出可燃气体爆炸冲击波超压和爆炸火焰波传播平均速度与可燃气体体积分数之间的函数关系,并得出障碍物对爆炸火焰波传播的加速作用随着体积分数的增加呈现先加强后减弱的变化趋势。     

Influence of water storage on deflagration characteristics of methane in confined space

Comparative experiments were conducted under different water level heights and methane concentration conditions using a self-designed explosion experiment pipeline. The results showed that, in comparison with the scenario without water storage, when the water level was 2 cm and methane concentration was 6.5–12.5%, there was a dual effect including a pressure decrease caused by the endothermic cooling of liquid water and a pressure increase caused by the expansion of water vapour. These effects caused the pressure time history curve to exhibit a double-peak or multi-peak structure, and the average decrease in the peak deflagration pressure was 23.76%. The heat of vaporisation absorbed by the stored water and barrier effect of water vapour on the transfer of the heat slowed down the increase in the deflagration temperature. The average decrease in the peak deflagration temperature of methane was 13.82%, and the time to reach the peak deflagration temperature was extended as a whole, with an average delay of 0.22 s. Water storage also changed the shape of the deflagration flame front, which exhibited ‘knife’, ‘V’, and ‘crescent’ structures. Moreover, the flame propagation speed was significantly reduced, with the peak and average flame propagation speeds decreased by 83.3% and 83.6%, respectively. The research results can provide a certain reference for preventing gas explosions in typical confined spaces, and also help to explore new anti-explosion methods, which can be applied to marine equipment such as ships.     

Scale effects on hydrogen–air fast deflagrations and detonations in small obstructed channels

An experimental study of flame propagation, acceleration and transition to detonation in hydrogen–air mixture in 2-m-long rectangular cross-section channel filled with obstacles located at the bottom wall was performed. The initial conditions of the hydrogen–air mixture were 0.1 MPa and 293 K and stoichiometric composition (29.6% H₂ in air). The channel width was 0.11 m and blockage ratio was 0.5 in all experiments. The effect of channel geometrical scale on flame propagation was studied by using four channel heights H of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 m. In each case, the obstacle height was equal to H/2 and the obstacle spacing was 2H.

The propagation of flame and pressure waves was monitored by four pressure transducers and four ion probes. The pairs of transducers and probes were placed at various locations along the channel in order to get information about the progress of the phenomena along the channel.

As a result of the experiments, the deflagration and detonation regimes and velocities of flame propagation in the obstructed channel were established.     

有障碍物半开口管道内氢气燃烧数值模拟研究

基于有障碍物氢气燃烧实验装置进行数值模拟研究,采用Fluent软件分析了半开口管道内障碍物对氢气/空气燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:障碍物会促进实验管段内氢气火焰加速,随着障碍物阻塞率和数量的增加,火焰加速更快且燃烧压力峰值更大;在相同阻塞率下,障碍物形状对氢气火焰速度和燃烧压力峰值的影响很小;燃烧压力随障碍物间距的增大先增大后减小,障碍物间距为3倍管道内径时产生的燃烧压力峰值最大。     

Experimental study on DDT for hydrogen–methane–air mixtures in tube with obstacles

An experimental study of flame propagation, acceleration and transition to detonation in stoichiometric hydrogen–methane–air mixtures in 6 m long tube filled with obstacles located at different configurations was performed. The initial conditions of the hydrogen–methane–air mixtures were 1 atm and 293 K. Four different cases of obstacle blockage ratio (BR) 0.7, 0.6, 0.5 and 0.4 and three cases of obstacle spacing were used. The wave propagation was monitored by piezoelectric pressure transducers PCB. Pressure transducers were located at different positions along the channel to collect data concerning DDT and detonation development. Tested mixtures were ignited by a weak electric spark at one end of the tube. Detonation cell sizes were measured using smoked foil technique and analyzed with Matlab image processing toolbox. As a result of the experiments the deflagration and detonation regimes and velocities of flame propagation in the obstructed tube were determined.