滴定法测定的不确定度评定——以EDTA法测定水中钙镁为例

用测量不确定度表示检测结果是当前国际上约定做法，然而如何对测量结果的不确定度进行合理评定，一直是困扰检测实验室的一个难题。作者依据测量不确定度的评定原则，通过实例，简要地阐述了滴定法测量不确定度评定方法，对环境检测领域测量不确定度的评定具有借鉴意义。     

地下水矿化度测定的不确定度评定

分析质量法测量地下水矿化度的测量不确定度来源，评定了地下水矿化度的测量不确定度，在各不确定度中，称量引入的不确定度较大。     

测量试样中的氮氧化物含量不确定度评定

以实际监测数据为例，详细描述测量试样中的NOx含量不确定度评定方法，包括不确定度源的分析，A类标准不确定度评定、B类标准不确定度评定、合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度等，对不确定度的分量作了详尽的分析和计算。     

原子吸收法测定水中铁的不确定度分析

通过对原子吸收法测定水中铁的不确定度的分析，找出了导致不确定度的因素。对测量不确定度进行计算和评定，结果表明，影响其测量不确定度的主要因素是标准曲线精密度以及仪器漂移。     

水中氯化物测定的不确定度评定

根据硝酸银滴定法测定水中氯化物的含量，分析了该方法测量不确定度的来源，评定了水中氯化物的测量不确定度，在各不确定度中，以标准溶液配制与样品分析时滴定消耗的硝酸银体积引入的不确定度较大。     

表面活性剂对黄土中石油污染物的解吸影响研究

研究了用表面活性剂去除黄土中柴油类污染物。选用阴离子活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠（LAS和SDS）和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对污染的土壤进行解吸实验，表明阴离子表面活性剂浓度从0.1%增加到1.0%时，其柴油的去除率可达20％，而阳离子表面活性剂去除作用不甚明显。利用摩尔增溶比MSR值求得LAS和SDS的logKm值为4.552和3.630，这和理论的计算值很接近。     

水中总磷测量的不确定度评定

采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中总磷的含量，分析该法测量不确定度的来源，评定水中总磷的测量不确定度。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的测量不确定度评定

根据测量不确定度评定与表示理论，采用气相色谱一质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物。以氯乙烯为例，通过计算和评定，得出当氯乙烯的测量结果为4．99μg／L时，取包含因子k=2（约95％置信概率），扩展不确定度U=0．96μg／L。该不确定度评定方法在实际工作中具有较强的实用价值。     

平皿计数法测定细菌总数的不确定度评定

根据细菌总数的测定方法,分析了该方法测量不确定度的来源,评定了水中细菌总数的测量不确定度。     

气相色谱法测定甲苯的不确定度评定

以甲苯为例，论述了气相色谱法分析的测量不确定度计算及评定的方法。     

Effect of surfactants on desorption of aldicarb from spiked soil

Surfactant enhanced desorption of aldicarb from spiked soil was investigated in this paper. Anionic (sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, SDBS), cationic (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, HTAB) and nonionic (octyl polyethylene glycol phenyl ether, OP) surfactants were tested to determine their optimal desorption conditions including desorption time, mixing speed and surfactant concentrations. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions were obtained at 2 h, 150 rpm, and surfactants concentrations were 1000, 100, and 200 mg l(-1) for SDBS, OP, and HTAB, respectively. The paper also investigated the desorption efficiency of mixture of different kinds of surfactants for aldicarb-spiked soil, and found that anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures gave the best desorption efficiency up to 77%, while anionic-cationic surfactant mixture gave a poor desorption efficiency similar to water, suggesting that mixture of anionic-nonionic surfactants were highly promising on remediation of aldicarb-contaminated soil.     

Different behaviours in the solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water induced by mixed surfactant solutions

Water solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), viz, naphthalene and phenanthrene, in micellar solutions at 25 °C was investigated, using two series of different binary mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants. Tween 80 and Brij-35 were used as nonionic surfactants whereas fatty acids or amphiphilic cyclodextrins (Mod-β-CD) synthesized in our laboratory were used as anionic ones. Solubilization capacity has been quantified in terms of the molar solubilization ratio and the micelle-water partition coefficient, using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Anionic surfactants exhibited less solubilization capacity than nonionics. The mixtures between Tween 80 and Mod-β-CD did not show synergism to increase the solubilization of PAHs. On the other hand, the mixtures formed by Tween 80 and fatty acids at all mole fractions studied produced higher enhancements of the solubility of naphthalene than the individual surfactants. The critical micellar concentration of the mixtures of Tween 80/sodium laurate was determined by surface tension measurements and spectrofluorimetry using pyrene as probe. The system is characterized by a negative interaction parameter (β) indicating attractive interactions between both surfactants in the range of the compositions studied.     

Mixtures of quaternary ammonium compounds and anionic organic compounds in the aquatic environment: Elimination and biodegradability in the closed bottle test monitored by LC-MS/MS

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as disinfectants, detergents and fabric softeners. Anionic detergents are one of the most widely used chemical substances. QACs and anionic surfactants can form ionic pairs. In the present study we investigated the biodegradability of QACs in the presence of different anionic surfactants. The biodegradability of three QACs, namely benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDMAC) and ethacridine lactate (EL), when applied as single substances and in combination with anionic surfactants such as benzene sulfonic acid (BSA), LAS, naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) and sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS) was studied applying the closed bottle test (CBT) [OECD 301D, 1992. Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Closed bottle test. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris] at a ratio of 1:1 (mol:mol). Biodegradation was monitored by measuring oxygen concentration in the test vessels with an oxygen electrode in accordance with international standard methods [ISO 5414, 1990. Water quality - determination of dissolved oxygen. In: German Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Wastewater and Sludge. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, New York, Basel Cambridge]. Primary elimination of the QACs and of LAS was monitored by LC-MS/MS. There was little biodegradability of the QACs as either single compounds or in the presence of organic counter ions. The biodegradability of the organic counter ions was lower in the presence of QACs as compared to the single substances. Primary elimination of the QACs by sorption took place.     

离子选择电极分析法测定标样中氟化物的不确定度评定

通过对离子选择电极法测定标样中氟化物的过程研究，分析了该方法测量不确定度的来源，给出了相对不确定度分量，得出测量扩展不确定度的结果。     

Effect of synthetic cationic surfactants on dewaterability and settleability of activated sludge

Dimeric cationic surfactants with different lengths of carbon chains were synthesised, and then these surfactants were added to the activated sludge samples to evaluate the dewaterability and settleability. The adsorbability of cationic surfactants on activated sludge was also studied. By comparing the dewatering performances of different cationic surfactants, the effect mechanisms of cationic surfactant are elucidated. The dimeric cationic surfactants can not significantly improve the filtration performance of activated sludge, however, they can apparently decrease the moisture content in filtration cake and bound water content.     

Source apportionment of surfactants in marine aerosols at different locations along the Malacca Straits

This study aims to determine the source apportionment of surfactants in marine aerosols at two selected stations along the Malacca Straits. The aerosol samples were collected using a high volume sampler equipped with an impactor to separate coarse- and fine-mode aerosols. The concentrations of surfactants, as methylene blue active substance and disulphine blue active substance, were analysed using colorimetric method. Ion chromatography was employed to determine the ionic compositions. Principal component analysis combined with multiple linear regression was used to identify and quantify the sources of atmospheric surfactants. The results showed that the surfactants in tropical coastal environments are actively generated from natural and anthropogenic origins. Sea spray (generated from sea-surface microlayers) was found to be a major contributor to surfactants in both aerosol sizes. Meanwhile, the anthropogenic sources (motor vehicles/biomass burning) were predominant contributors to atmospheric surfactants in fine-mode aerosols.     

Solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene in mixed anionic-nonionic surfactant solutions

The effects of mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed with Tween80 (TW80), Triton X-100 (TX100) and Brij35 respectively on the solubility enhancement and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the aqueous phase were investigated. The efficiency of solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene in single-, and mixed-surfactant solutions were also compared. The critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) of mixed surfactants were sharply lower than that of sole SDS. The degree of solubility enhancements by the mixed surfactants followed the order of SDS-TW80>SDS-Brij35>SDS-TX100. Synergistic solubilization was observed in the mixed surfactant solutions, in which the molar ratios of SDS to nonionic surfactant were 1:0, 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 1:9 and 0:1 while the total concentration of surfactants was kept at 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively. SDS-Brij35 exhibited more significant degree of synergistic solubility enhancement for phenanthrene. The mixed surfactants exhibited no inhibitory effect on biodegradation of phenanthrene. Substantial amounts of the solubilized phenanthrene by mixed surfactants were completely degraded by phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms within 96 h. The results suggested that anionic-nonionic surfactants would improve the performance of remediation of PAH-contaminated soils.     

Effect of the alkyl chain length on the anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of quaternary ammonium based surfactants

The anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity to methanogenic gas production of different alkyl chain length homologs of quaternary ammonium based surfactants were examinated. Two series of these cationic surfactants were selected: alkyl trimethyl ammonium and alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium compounds. A simple anaerobic gas production test containing municipal digester solids as a source of anaerobic bacteria was used. Under the applied methanogenic conditions, the cationic surfactants tested showed a very poor primary biodegradation and no evidence of any extent of ultimate biodegradation was observed. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium based surfactants to methanogenic gas production decreased with increasing the alkyl chain length.     

Influence of surfactants on solubilization and fungal degradation of fluorene

Eighteen fungal strains were tested in toxicity assays with surfactants in order to select surfactants and strains tolerant to surfactants for degradation assays. Two nonionic surfactants were used, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, Triton X-100, a sorbitan ester, Tween 80 and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Solubilization and biodegradation tests were conducted in liquid medium batch; fluorene was quantified by HPLC. Results showed the enhancement of fluorene solubilization by the three surfactants, good tolerance of nonionic surfactants by the fungal strains and the enhancement of the biodegradation of fluorene by Doratomyces stemonitis (46-62%) and Penicillium chrysogenum (28-61%) in the presence of Tween 80 (0.324 mM) after 2 days.     

Influence of special surfactants on the microbial degradation of mineral oils

Various surfactants belonging to the group of fatty acid-acylated amino acids were tested for their ability to accelerate the microbial degradation of mineral oil. Of the lauric acid-acylated amino acids, aliphatic acids and histidine were found to be the most suitable. By the aid of these compounds additional 20-60% of a residual oil fraction could be degraded. The longer the chain of the fatty acid moiety, the more effective the surfactants are. Natural L-amino acids were more effective than their D-configuration. Since the special surfactants are easily biologically degradable, multiple replenishment is required in long-term experiments. The faster, more complete degradation of mineral oil is caused solely by interfacial activity; the growth of biomass due to the function of surfactants as substrate had no effect.