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1.
Understanding how setting attributes influence the nature of the visitor experience is crucial to effective recreation management.
Highly influential attributes are useful indicators to monitor within a planning framework, such as Limits of Acceptable Change.
This study sought to identify the setting attributes perceived to have the most profound effect on the ability to have “a
real wilderness experience” and to assess the degree to which attribute importance varied with situational context and visitor
characteristics. To this end, exiting hikers were surveyed at moderate and very high use trailheads in Alpine Lakes Wilderness,
WA (USA), and Three Sisters Wilderness, OR (USA). They were asked about the degree to which encountering varying levels of
different setting attributes would add to or detract from their experience. Attributes with the largest range of effect on
experience, based on evaluations of different levels, were considered most important. The most influential attributes were
litter and several types of campsite interaction—people walking through camp and number of other groups camping close by.
The perceived importance of setting attributes did not vary much between wilderness locations with substantially different
use levels, suggesting that conclusions are robust and generalizable across wilderness areas. There also was little difference
in the perceptions of day and overnight visitors. In contrast, we found substantial variation in the perceived importance
of setting attributes with variation in wilderness experience, knowledge, attachment, and motivation. Our results validate
the emphasis of many wilderness management plans on indicators of social interaction, such as number of encounters. 相似文献
2.
Maria Grech 《The Environmentalist》1984,4(2):153-156
Summary The problems of man’s increasing abuse and misuse of his environment are multiplying in direct proportion to the increase
in the human population. This is particularly true of much of the Third World, where often a low level of literacy is accompanied
by a steadily growing birthrate. Small island habitats, because of their long geological separation from the large land masses
frequently have flora and fauna that are unique but the pressures on their environment are considerably greater. In the struggle
to compete in an increasingly mechanised and industrial world they are forced to devastate the natural habitat of many of
their indigenous species in order to obtain agricultural land, building materials and fuel. While wooing the tourist market
on the one hand with the beauty of their beaches, they are at the same time removing the sand wholesale for construction purposes.
If the people themselves are to survive, industrial growth is quite obviously essential. Because the practices that at present
place the environment under threat are, in many cases, vital to the individual’s ability to support himself, reasonable alternatives
must be offered before they can be effectively controlled.
Ms Maria Grech came to Saint Lucia originally in 1961 and spent almost eighteen years in the restaurant business. When she
sold out in 1979 she decided to devote more time to writing and specifically to writing about the island which had become
her home. For two years now she has written and illustrated a monthly conservation news-sheet that is distributed throughout
the schools here by the local Forestry Division. In November 1981 the paper—Bush Talk—was awarded a prize for creative journalism and funding is now being sought to have it published in book form.
She is an executive member of the Saint Lucia Naturalists’ Society and is currently compiling their first year book. She has
also been a regular contributor to the Caribbean Conservation News. 相似文献
3.
Hugo A. Loaiciga Stephen Renehan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1313-1326
ABSTRACT: This paper synthesizes and interprets data pertaining to the evolution of average water revenue, water use, and the average cost of water supply in the City of Santa Barbara, California, from 1986 to 1996, a period which included one of the most devastating droughts in California this century. The 1987–1992 drought hit the study area particularly hard. The City of Santa Barbara was dependent exclusively on local sources for its water supply. That made it vulnerable as the regional climate is prone to extreme variability and recurrent droughts. The 1986–1992 drought provided a rare opportunity to assess the sensitivity of municipal water use to pricing, conservation, and other water management measures under extreme drought conditions. Our analysis indicates that the average cost of water rose more than three-fold in real terms from 1986 to 1996, while the gap between the average cost of supply and the average revenue per unit of water (= 100 cubic feet) rose in real terms from $0.14 in 1986 to $ 0.75 in 1996. The rise of $3.08 in the average cost of supplying one unit of water between 1986 and 1996 measures the cost of hedging drought risk in the study area. Water use dropped 46 percent at the height of the drought relative to pro-drought water use, and remains at 61 percent of the pre-drought level. The data derived from the 1987–1992 California drought are unique and valuable insofar as shedding light on drought/water demand adaptive interactions. The experience garnered on drought management during that unique period points to the possibilities available for future water management in the Arid West where dwindling water supplies and burgeoning populations are facts that we must deal with. 相似文献
4.
Joel Michaelsen Laura Haston Frank W. Davis 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(5):809-818
ABSTRACT: Coastal central California is a region that has never been the subject of tree-ring studies. New tree-ring chronologies developed from cores of big cone spruce (Pseudotusuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr.) growing in the Transverse Ranges of central Santa Barbara county were used to reconstruct precipitation fluctuations for this region. To verify the new reconstructions, calibration with recorded rainfall using cross-validation, comparison with other reconstructions, and documentary evidence from historical sources were utilized. The precipitation reconstructions show that there have not been fluctuations in mean precipitation on time scales longer than 30 years, but there have been major fluctuations in precipitation variability including changes in the frequency of extremes and rare events that have not occurred in the modern record. 相似文献
5.
William L. Halvorson Dennis B. Fenn William R. Allardice 《Environmental management》1988,12(1):109-118
The multifaceted development of an erosion surface on Santa Barbara Island, Channel Islands National Park, California, has led to this study of the relationship between soils and vegetation. A dry Mediterranean climate and past attempts at farming and introductions of alien species have led to vegetative degradation accompanied by both gully and surface erosion. Soil and vegetation analyses show this erosion to be in a location of transition. The soils are Typic Chromoxererts (Vertisol Order) with high clay, salinity, and sodium contents. The vegetation is ecotonal in nature, grading from a principally alien annual grassland withAvena fatua andAtriplex semibaccata to a shrub community dominated by the nativeSuaeda californica. Management toward revegetation and stabilization of this island ecosystem will be difficult with high clay, saline-sodic soils and disturbed vegetation. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT: The mean annual flow at a damsite during a water project yield study of several decades may differ considerably from the mean flow of several hundred years. The frequency of the most severe droughts of record may be much different than apparent from the historical record as well. Dendrohydrology and the Hurst Phenomenon provide means to evaluate the validity of the study period for project reliability analysis. The most severe hydrologic drought (1928–1934) affecting the watersheds of the Sacramento River and tributaries in Northern California during the 75-year period 1906–1980 was also the worst drought in 421 years (1560–1980). In contrast, the most severe drought (1945–1951) in the Santa Ynez River watershed in Santa Barbara County, California, during the 62-year period 1918–1979 was the ninth worst drought in 443 years (1537–1979). Thus, in one case the drought risk indicated by the dendrohydrologic time series would actually be less; in the other, actual risk would be greater than perceived from the historical record. In the absence of a dendrohydrologic prehistoric time series, Hurst Phenomena would have provided clues to this outcome. Hurstian plotting of the accumulated deviation from the mean for long time series facilitates observation of the wet-dry regime of the examples and identification of characteristics that should be accounted for in water development planning. 相似文献
7.
A Comparison of Urban-Proximate and Urban-Distant Wilderness Users on Selected Variables 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Alan W. Ewert 《Environmental management》1998,22(6):927-935
/ The underlying premise of this study is that wilderness areas attract visitors desiring or expecting different wilderness experiences. In this study, wilderness areas were dichotomized according to distance from a large urban center (urban-proximate vs urban-distant). Four wilderness areas in southern California were used as the study sites. Comparisons were made on selected attributes commonly associated with the wilderness experience. Differences were observed on a number of variables such as acceptable number and type of encounters with other visitors, management preferences, and preferred group sizes. The findings of this study are congruent with those from previous studies and suggest that distance to large urban centers may be a functional variable in explaining differences among selected wilderness attributes.KEY WORDS: Expectancy theory; Normative standards; Wilderness; Wilderness experience; Urbanization 相似文献
8.
Elwood L. Shafer Robert Carline Richard W. Guldin H. Ken Cordell 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):669-682
The travel clost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) were used to evaluate the economic value of six different
ecotourism activities involving observation of wildlife in Pennsylvania. The six activities were: catch-and-release trout
fishing; catch-and-release trout fishing with fly-fishing equipment; viewing waterfowl; watching elk; observing migration
flights of raptors; and seeing live wildlife in an environmental education setting. TCM results provided significant statistical
relationships between level of use and travel costs for the two types of trout fishing activities. CVM provided estimates
of consumer surplus for the other four sites. The consumers' surplus value (1988 dollars) of all six activities to participants
amounted to a total of more than $1.28 million annually—twice the total out-of-pocket expenditures of approximately $640,000
spent to visit the sites. The economic amenity values of the six activities compare favorably with similarly derived values
in other studies for hunting, fishing, hiking, and backpacking in dispersed recreation environments and wilderness areas in
western states. 相似文献
9.
Lois Swirnoff 《The Environmentalist》1982,2(3):217-222
Summary It is the author's view that the visual qualities of an environment depend a great deal upon “minor” characteristics of form.
Surface, light, color, materials are the primary sensory factors which affect appearance. While formal systems, if they persist
in cities, offer the rational basis for their design, plan or organization, what influences individuality, character or flavor
appeals to the senses on intimate scale. In architecture, stylistic differences are read in detailing and material, as well
as in size and proportion. Color can define and particularize surface and spaces and seems to be a predominant part of any
vernacular environment. The author believes that color sensitivity may be a collective reaction to specific conditions of
environmental light, and what may be observed as cultural preferences may have a biological base.
Painter-experimentalist, Lois Swirnoff has been observing and utilizing the perceptual effects of color on form. Since her
graduate studies with Josef Albers at Yale her work has dealt with problems of value and hue relative to light and shadow,
“chiaroscuro for three dimensions”. Paintings on surface reliefs, her work is widely exhibited in the U.S., most recently
in Washington, D.C. at the National Academy of Sciences.
She teaches her systematic experiments with color's spatial and formal ambiguities, formerly at Harvard University, and at
Wellesley and Skidmore Colleges and at the University of California at Los Angeles, where she is currently a member of the
faculty of Art, Design and Art History.
A fascination with the visual environment began in 1951, when, as a young Fulbright Fellow, the urban landscapes of Italy
struck her native New Yorker's eye. Subsequently, recording the facades of cities in her travels, has been an abiding interest. 相似文献
10.
William E. Hammitt Bjørn P. Kaltenborn Odd Inge Vistad Lars Emmelin Jon Teigland 《Environmental management》1992,16(2):149-156
Many European countries, including Norway, have a right of common access tradition toward wildland areas for recreational
activity. The “right of any one to move freely over all wildlands except farm fields and gardens” can serve as a paradoxical
barrier to managing wildland areas and users for outdoor recreation. This article discusses the apparent paradox between free
access and management of wildland recreation, the underlying principles of both concepts, and proposes an integrative basis
for how the two concepts can serve the same major goal—freedom of access and use of wildland recreation areas without disturbance
to other users or the resource base. A Norwegian field study is presented with campfire data and management strategies to
illustrate the integrative nature of common access and wilderness management principles for the managing of wildland recreation
opportunities. 相似文献
11.
Using data from a study conducted in the Cranberry Wilderness Area of West Virginia, United States, this paper describes how
a modified importance—performance approach can be used to prioritize wilderness indicators and determine how much change from
the pristine is acceptable. The approach uses two key types of information: (1) indicator importance, or visitor opinion as
to which wilderness indicators have the greatest influence on their experience, and (2) management performance, or the extent
to which actual indicator conditions exceed or are within visitor expectations. Performance was represented by calculating
indicator performance estimates (IPEs), as defined by standardized differences between actual conditions and visitor preferences
for each indicator. The results for each indicator are then presented graphically on a four-quadrant matrix for objective
interpretation. Each quadrant represents a management response: keep up the good work, concentrate here, low priority, or
possible overkill. The technique allows managers to more systematically and effectively utilize information routinely collected
during the limits of acceptable change wilderness planning process.
This paper is submitted with the approval of the Director of the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station
as Scientific Article No. 541. The study was funded in part, through a grant from the USDA Forest Service, Monongahela National
Forest. 相似文献
12.
Kate Sherren 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(3):341-347
This paper identifies one possible set of appropriate disciplinary content for undergraduate programs in sustainability, based
on a survey instrument employed at two international sustainability events in 2005. Undertaken to supplement the focus in
the sustainability education literature on generic skills and pedagogical method via case-based or broadly conceptual work,
it seeks to assist curriculum developers with planning disciplinary content. Findings indicate that a sustainability canon
of sorts exists. A surprising amount of agreement existed from the two different specialist groups about core concepts, notably
in ecology and—less unanimously—policy, economics and ethics. Studies about society were preferred as elective content. A
10-subject core was nominated, suggesting the need for broad foundational underpinnings. 相似文献
13.
Timothy H. Robinson John M. Melack 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(4):793-809
Nitrate and phosphate export coefficient models were developed for coastal watersheds along the Santa Barbara Channel in central California. One approach was based on measurements of nutrient fluxes in streams from specific land use classes and included a watershed response function that scaled export up or down depending on antecedent moisture conditions. The second approach for nutrient export coefficient modeling used anthropogenic nutrient loading for land use classes and atmospheric nutrient deposition to model export. In an application of the first approach to one watershed, the nitrate and phosphate models were within 20% of measured values for most storms. When applied to another year, both nitrate and phosphate models generally performed adequately with annual, storm‐flow, and base‐flow values within 20% of measured nutrient loadings. Less satisfactory results were found when applied to neighboring watersheds with difference percentages of land use and hydrologic conditions. Application of the second approach was less successful than the first approach. 相似文献
14.
The designation and management of federal wilderness areas has generated much controversy in the United States. The decade
of the 1980s has been a difficult one for public land managers as there has been growing opposition to their traditional “conserve
but use philosophy.” Public lands are to be managed for the public benefit. Unfortunately there has been little survey research
to find out what the attitudes of the public are towards the management of federally designated wilderness. We report the
results of a national survey of 2670 residents of wilderness counties. We found that the presence of wilderness is an important
reason why 53% of the people moved to or live in the area; 81% felt that wilderness areas are important to their counties;
and 65% were against mineral or energy development in wilderness areas. On some issues there was less agreement as 43% of
the respondents wanted more access to wilderness, and 39% were in favor of additional wilderness with 26% undecided. There
were no large differences between counties and regions despite the differences in economic and social characteristics and
the historical contexts within which they evolved. 相似文献
15.
Contemporary park and wilderness carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of standards of quality, which are defined
as minimum acceptable resource and social conditions. Formulation of standards of quality involves elements of both science
and values, and both of these elements must be integrated into informed judgments on the part of park and wilderness managers.
That is, managers must ultimately make value-based judgments about the maximum acceptable level of visitor-caused impacts
to the resource base and the quality of the visitor experience. However, such judgments should be as informed as possible
by scientific data on the relationships between visitor use and resulting impacts and the degree to which park and wilderness
visitors and other interest groups judge such impacts to be acceptable. Such information represents the “values of science”
to managing carrying capacity in parks and wilderness. A growing body of literature has begun to address the corresponding
“science of values,” and how this type of information might be integrated in park and wilderness management. Visitor-based
research has employed normative theory and techniques to explore the acceptability of a range of resource and social impacts
related to visitor use, and findings from these studies are being integrated into a body of knowledge and applied in management
decision-making. Conceptual and methodological extensions of the normative approach are currently being explored in a variety
of park and wilderness contexts, and new theoretical and empirical approaches are being adapted to address trade-offs inherent
in carrying capacity. In these ways, the science of values is progressing to meet the opportunities and challenges of the
values of science to park and wilderness management. The concept of carrying capacity, along with the theoretical and methodological
approaches described in this paper, can be extended to a large number of natural resource and environmental issues. 相似文献
16.
Existing research on the effects of congestion in wilderness areas suffers from problems associated with asking people directly what they would be willing to pay to avoid congestion under hypothetical circumstances. The work reported here is based on methodologies that infer conclusions from observed behavior. Two inferential methodologies are used to examine visitors' willingness to pay at three California wilderness areas during peak and off-peak use periods. Inferential methodologies do not provide unambiguous measures of consumer surplus. However, they do yield the conclusion that, with the exception of a relatively few individuals, solitude is not of overriding importance. Convenience of timing and the attributes of different wilderness areas appear to be more important than congestion. 相似文献
17.
Defining acceptable conditions in wilderness 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The limits of acceptable change (LAC) planning framework recognizes that forest managers must decide what indicators of wilderness
conditions best represent resource naturalness and high-quality visitor experiences and how much change from the pristine
is acceptable for each indicator. Visitor opinions on the aspects of the wilderness that have great impact on their experience
can provide valuable input to selection of indicators. Cohutta, Georgia; Caney Creek, Arkansas; Upland Island, Texas; and
Rattlesnake, Montana, wilderness visitors have high shared agreement that littering and damage to trees in campsites, noise,
and seeing wildlife are very important influences on wilderness experiences. Camping within sight or sound of other people
influences experience quality more than do encounters on the trails. Visitors’ standards of acceptable conditions within wilderness
vary considerably, suggesting a potential need to manage different zones within wilderness for different clientele groups
and experiences. Standards across wildernesses, however, are remarkably similar. 相似文献
18.
An inventory of the severity and spatial distribution of wilderness campsite impacts in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National
Parks identified a total of 273 distinct nodes of campsites or “management areas.” A campsite impact matrix was developed
to evaluate management areas based on total impacts (correlated to the total area of campsite development) and the density,
or concentration, of impacts relative to each area's potentially campable area. The matrix is used to quantify potential recreational
opportunities for wilderness visitors in a spectrum from areas offering low impact-dispersed camping to those areas offering
high impact-concentrated camping. Wilderness managers can use this type of information to evaluate use distribution patterns,
identify areas to increase or decrease use, and to identify areas needing site-specific regulations (e.g., one-night camping
limits) to preserve wilderness resources and guarantee outstanding opportunities for solitude. 相似文献
19.
Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ramona Cristina Ilea 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):153-167
By 2050, global livestock production is expected to double—growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector—with most
of this increase taking place in the developing world. As the United Nation’s four-hundred-page report, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, documents, livestock production is now one of three most significant contributors to environmental problems, leading to
increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. The paper draws on the
UN report as well as a flurry of other recently published studies in order to demonstrate the effect of intensive livestock
production on global warming and on people’s health. The paper’s goal is to outline the problems caused by intensive livestock
farming and analyze a number of possible solutions, including legislative changes and stricter regulations, community mobilizing,
and consumers choosing to decrease their demand for animal products. 相似文献
20.
This article describes the history of the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (CVMSHCP), in the Riverside
County region of Southern California. When this collaborative biodiversity conservation planning process began, in 1994, local
participants and supporters had numerous factors working in their favor. Yet, as of April 2007, nearly 13 years had passed
without an approved plan. This is a common problem. Many multiple species habitat conservation plans now take more than a
decade to complete, and the long duration of these processes often results in negative consequences. The CVMSHCP process became
bogged down—despite strong scientific input and many political advantages—due to problematic relationships between the Plan’s
local supporters, its municipal signatory parties, and officials from the state and federal wildlife agencies, particularly
the regional office of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This case study demonstrates the crucial importance of institutional
structures and relationships, process management, and timeliness in habitat conservation planning. We conclude by offering
several related recommendations for future HCP processes. 相似文献