24孔板发酵法测定地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群的研究

对地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群的多管发酵法进行了改进。改进了初发酵方法,采用24孔板代替试管进行初发酵,复发酵方法保持不变。对环境中采集的23个污水样本采用24孔板初发酵法与多管发酵法进行比较,结果表明,两种方法相关性良好,两者在结果上无统计学意义的差别。采用改进的24孔板法进行初发酵有效节约了培养基、缩短了实验准备时间,简化了操作步骤,尤其适用于大批量的、污染严重的地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群的检测。     

氯对模拟管壁生物膜的氧化特性研究

以载片上培养的大肠杆菌生物膜为对象,研究了氯对模拟管壁生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果,同时考察氯氧化生物膜后水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、生物可利用磷(MAP)和细菌生长潜能(BRP)的变化情况.结果表明,氯可以有效灭活悬浮态的大肠杆菌,而对生物膜中的大肠杆菌的灭活效率远低于悬浮菌;在相同CT值下,较高浓度的氯对悬浮态和生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果要高于低浓度的氯.氯对生物膜的氧化作用会使生物膜中物质溶出,增加了水中AOC和MAP浓度,如当氯的浓度为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100 mg·min/L)时,水中AOC由20.78 μg/L增加到120.17 μg/L,MAP含量由0.11 μg/L增加到0.17 μg/L;氯的氧化作用会增加水的细菌生长潜能（BRP）,BRP随着CT值的增加而增加,如当氯投量为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100　mg·min/L)时,BRP可达到1.10×10⁷ CFU/mL.     

略论粪大肠菌群及其多管发酵法检测研究

水的细菌学测定特别是肠道细菌的检验,在环境影响评价、环境卫生监督等方面具有重要意义,粪大肠菌群是水质特别是饮用水重要检测指标,其多管发酵检测法是国家及行业标准方法,在实践中对一些需要引起重视的环节要加以重视,以提高检测的精确度。     

水中大肠菌群检测方法研究进展

本文报道了近年来检测水质中总大肠菌群及埃希氏大肠杆菌的方法学研究进展。按其作用原理可概括为3类。第1类是通过对培养基成份及培养条件的改进达到检测目的;第2类是用酶底物0NP G和MUG与细菌产生的半乳糖苷酶及葡萄糖苷酸酶起反应,根据色泽及荧光的显示以证实总大肠菌群及埃希氏大肠杆菌的存在;第3类是采用“聚合酶链反应——基因探针”方法,根据DNA分子杂交试验以检测水样中的总大肠菌群及埃希氏大肠杆菌。其中,酶学方法较敏感,色泽及荧光显示明确,操作方便,能较快获得结果,比其他2类方法具有较多优点。     

Application of compost in agricultural practice could potentially cause contamination of foodstuffs with pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study investigated pathogenic bacteria in compost collected from the compost facilities, an

IntroductionIncreasing public interests have been concerned onsafety foods and the environmental aspects recently,especially on the so-called organic foods , which are madefromcrops grown with organic fertilizers or compost but notchemical fertilizers .Pu…     

Comparative study of heavy metal and pathogenic bacterial contamination in sludge and manure in biogas and non-biogas swine farms

The objective of this study is to determine and compare the heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) and bacterial (E. coli, coliform and Salmonella spp.) contamination between swine farms utilizing biogas and non-biogas systems in the central part of Thailand. Results showed that average levels of E. coli, coliform, BOD, COD, Zn, Cu and Pb in sludge from the post-biogas pond were higher than the standard limits. Moreover, the levels of E. coli, coliform, Cd and Pb were also higher than the standard limits for dry manure. The levels of E. coli, coliform and BOD on biogas farms were lower than on non-biogas farms. Following isolation of Salmonella spp:; it was found that Salmonella serovars Rissen was the most abundant at 18.46% (12/65), followed by Anatum 12.31% (8/65), and Kedougou 9.23% (6/65). The pathogenic strains of Salmonella serovars Paratyphi B var. java and Typhimurium were present in equal amounts at 4.62% (3/65) in samples from all swine farms. This study revealed that significant reduction in E. coli and coliform levels in sludge from covered lagoon biogas systems on swine farms. The presence of Salmonella as well as Cd and Pb, in significant amount in dry manure, suggests that there is a high probability of environmental contamination if it is used for agricultural purposes. Thus, careful waste and manure disposal from swine farms and the regular monitoring of wastewater is strongly recommended to ensure the safety of humans, other animals and the environment.     

Mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from point and non-point sources in an urban area

This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area.Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer,a combined sewer overflow,the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant,and an urban river.Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in sediment of an urban river were also measured.Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewage,estimated by assuming first order kinetics at 20°C were 0.197 day -1 ,0.234 day -1 ,0.258 day -1 and 0.276 day -1 for total coliform,fecal coliform,Escherichia coli,and fecal streptococci,respectively.Effects of temperature,sunlight irradiation and settlement on the mortality rate were measured.Results of this research can be used as input data for water quality modeling or can be used as design factors for treatment facilities.     

全国23个城市水源水中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度调查

采用UPLC-MS/MS方法对中国23个城市的90个自来水厂141个水源水样中5种常用PAEs的8种代谢产物进行检测.结果发现,所有自来水水源水中均检出了MPAEs,邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯（MnBP）检出浓度最高,为74.7ng/L.水源水中邻苯二甲酸单乙酯（MEP）,邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯（MiBP）和MnBP浓度与邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）,邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）浓度分别呈显著相关,表明两者可能是同源.邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）二级代谢产物所占DEHP一级、二级代谢产物浓度和（∑DEHP）为4.0%±5.6%,和天然水体中DEHP的微生物降解结果类似,水源水中的MPAEs可能来自PAEs在自然水体中的微生物降解.     

欧美水质大肠菌群相关检验标准探究

对欧美水质大肠菌群检验的相关内容进行分析探讨,重点剖析了总大肠菌群、粪（耐热）大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌等检测项目的内涵、检测意义。以及它们之间的内在联系。介绍了大肠菌群检测指标在欧关的发展应用情况,以及当前大肠菌群标准检测技术方法。对我国水质大肠菌群标准体系提出要求。     

家用洗衣机微生物污染状况研究

在生活中,洗衣水往往是被人们所忽略的污染源。为了人们更加健康的生活更加健康的洗衣,本文对家用洗衣机内外筒以及洗衣水中细菌总数和大肠菌群数进行了取样测定,结果表明,各种样品的细菌总数结果很相近,并且远远超出了公共用品中其它公共用品卫生的标准,即细菌总数评价指标不大于300 cfu/25cm2;洗衣机内外筒的细菌总数结果相近。最后,本文通过分析其造成的污染状况,从而引导人们养成科学的洗衣习惯。     

辽东湾沿岸水域甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布

报道了2002年辽东湾3个沿岸海域表层海水中甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布的检测结果。结果显示,5月份表层海水 中没有检出甲肝病毒,粪大肠菌群也符合卫生标准;8月份和10月份表层海水中的甲肝病毒loo％呈阳性,粪大肠菌群均超标。 结果表明,粪大肠菌群指示海水中肠道病毒污染程度仍具有很大程度的可靠性。     

水中粪大肠菌群测定方法的比较研究分析——酶底物法与多管发酵法

用酶底物法与多管发酵法分别检测地表水和污水同组样品。应用t-检验：成对双样本均值分析的统计方法比较两种检测手段测定结果的相关性。结果表明,酶底物法与多管发酵法用于水中粪大肠菌群检测,测定结果具有强相关性,但统计学意义上有差异。在置信度95%时此差异能被接受。酶底物法操作简便、快速、结果稳定,满足环境监测技术要求,可用以评价水质微生物污染程度。     

金刚石膜电极消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

以掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极的自制电解槽装置处理医院污水的消毒效果。在全回流处理模式下消毒处理医院废水,采用多管发酵法测定粪大肠菌群数。掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极,在电极间距为2mm、医院污水Cl-浓度为200mg/L、pH值在7.0～8.0范围内、电流密度8mA/cm2、接触时间≥9s的条件下,对医院污水粪大肠菌群的去除率最佳,出水满足《医疗机构污水排放标准值》粪大肠菌群数均不得超过500MPN/L。掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极的自制电解槽装置处理医院污水不需要添加化学药剂,对粪大肠菌群消毒效果好。     

再生水紫外线/二氧化氯联合消毒效果试验研究

紫外线及二氧化氯作为绿色消毒技术的代表,被越来越多地研究和使用,ClO_2消毒能够弥补UV不能提供持续消毒能力的不足,UV消毒作为ClO_2消毒的预处理工艺,能够降低后续消毒工艺的微生物负荷。通过试验对联合消毒效果进行了研究。试验表明,在试验水质条件下,当紫外线剂量为60 m J/cm~2,二氧化氯投加量2 mg/L,反应时间15min时即可达到较好的消毒效果且成本较低,消毒后粪大肠菌在48 h内几乎不发生光复活。     

地表水粪大肠菌群监测工作实践和探讨

该文结合多管发酵法测定地表水粪大肠菌群，分析和探讨粪大肠菌群河流特性分布、监测中存在问题，提出对策措施。     

催化光度法测定环境样品中痕量钒的研究

研究了在磷酸介质中,利用高碘酸钾氧化罗丹明B测定环境样品中痕量钒的方法,最大吸收波长530nm,表观摩尔吸光系数2.71×10~8L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),在0～30ng/25mL范围内符合比耳定律,用于测定自来水和小麦中钒的含量,结果令人满意。     

九龙江下游水源水中新发病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因的定量PCR检测

新发水传病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因对于饮用水的生物安全性有重要意义.以7种典型的水传病原微生物和4种抗生素抗性基因作为检测指标,对闽西南地区的重要水源九龙江下游水源水进行了检测.从九龙江下游4个采样点和附近某水厂进出水采集水样,用0.22μm的滤膜过滤后,进行DNA提取及荧光定量PCR检测.结果表明,九龙江下游水源水中Salmonella enterica(Salmonella spp.)、Legionella pneumophila(L.pneumophila)和Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)等个别指标可达到103、104、105copies.mL-1的水平.有机物浓度可能对病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因的水平有较大影响.水厂常规工艺对于大多数病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因可以实现有效去除,但对Salmonella spp.的去除效果不理想.因此为保证饮用水安全,需要在清理污染源、提高处理工艺水平以及末端控制方面加强管理.     

十管发酵测定粪大肠菌群的研究

本文通过实验摸索出粪大肠菌群的一种十管发酵法。该方法与国家标准方法多管发酵法原理相同,节省了人力、物力,同时兼顾了实验结果的准确性。该方法检测下限为2MPN/100ml,适用于地表水和废水。     

Persistent Norovirus Contamination of Groundwater Supplies in Two Waterborne Outbreaks

Microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies causes waterborne outbreaks worldwide. In this study, two waterborne outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies are described. Analyses of pathogenic human enteric viruses (noroviruses and adenoviruses), fecal bacteria (Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp.), and indicator microbes (E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, heterotrophic plate count, somatic and F-specific coliphages) were conducted in order to reveal the cause of the outbreaks and to examine the effectiveness of the implemented management measures. Moreover, the long-term persistence of noro- and adenovirus genomes was investigated. Noroviruses were detected in water samples from both outbreaks after the intrusion of wastewater into the drinking water sources. In the outbreak I, the removal efficiency of norovirus genome (3.0 log₁₀ removal) in the sand filter of onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) and during the transport through the soil into the groundwater well was lower than the removal efficiencies of E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, and spores of C. perfringens (6.2, 6.0, > 5.9, and > 4.8 log₁₀ removals, respectively). In the outbreak II, cleaning of massively contaminated groundwater well and drinking water distribution network proved challenging, and noro- and adenovirus genomes were detected up to 3 months (108 days). The long-term persistence study showed that noro- and adenovirus genomes can remain detectable in the contaminated water samples up to 1277 and 1343 days, respectively. This study highlights the transport and survival properties of enteric viruses in the environment explaining their potency to cause waterborne outbreaks.     

两种方法检测水中粪大肠菌群的比较

采用多管发酵法、酶底物法两种方法同时检测水中粪大肠菌群,结果表明:与传统的多管发酵法相比,两者无显著性差异,但是酶底物法具有具有操作简便,检测时间较短,特异性高,准确度高等优点,是目前比较先进的方法。