SBR法处理垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液的实验研究

采用SBR渐减曝气工艺处理模拟城市生活垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液，实验研究了反应器运行条件与出水水质的关系及有机碳的转移规律。研究结果表明：新鲜渗滤液经24h曝气处理后，出水COD浓度约为500mg／L，BOD5／COD降为0．14左右；出水COD浓度与容积负荷无明显相关性；COD去除率与容积负荷呈正比，并在容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3·d时达到最高，约95％；去除的有机碳气相转化率与容积负荷呈正比，在容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3·d时，有机碳气相转化率接近100％；该系统最高容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3d，相应的污泥浓度(以混合液悬浮性挥发固体(MLVSS)计)为7．12g／L。     

ABR-接触氧化-化学氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液方法研究

以垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,应用ABR 接触氧化 化学氧化组合工艺进行处理。通过分阶段污泥培养驯化以及变容积负荷进行试验研究,试验结果表明:进水有机负荷小于10 kg COD/(m3·d),好氧出水COD稳定在1 000~1 500 mg/L,去除率可以稳定在80%~85%;好氧池出水经过Fenton氧化处理,出水COD小于100 mg/L。该组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液能够进行有效处理,运行效果较好,技术上可行。     

水解+加压MBR处理淀粉废水研究

对水解+加压MBR处理中等难降解淀粉废水进行了探索性研究。试验结果表明增加水解酸化预处理后加压MBR处理效果有明显增加,不同操作压力下,膜过滤出水COD仅为无水解酸化预处理时的1/2。在操作压力为045MPa,进水COD10430mg/L,容积负荷522kgCOD/m3·d时,膜滤出水COD仅为202mg/L,COD去除率高达9981%。     

生物接触氧化-电凝聚复合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

为了探索高效垃圾渗滤液处理工艺,采用生物接触氧化-电凝聚复合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液.试验结果表明,本工艺适于处理COD＜5000 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液,最高容积负荷可达6.56 kgCOD/m3·d,COD去除率最高可达84.63%,平均BOD去除率可达91.25%,NH4-N去除率最高可达86.13%,处理后的垃圾渗滤液可达到国家污水二级排放标准,电耗为9元/m3水,铁耗为1元/m3水.     

上流式缺氧污泥床和好氧生物膜组合脱氮工艺的研究

将上流式颗粒污泥床(USB)用于反硝化和生物膜法用于自养硝化处理蔗糖配水和小区生活污水,反硝化污泥床去除有机物和硝态氮具有节省需好氧去除有机物的能耗的优势,同时好氧生物膜法硝化效率高。试验结果表明,当工艺进水的有机负荷小于2kgCOD/m3·d时,出水COD均小于60mg/L,好氧单元进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷分别小于13kgCOD/m3·d和09kgNH3N/m3·d时,出水氨氮小于5mg/L;COD/NO-3N是影响反硝化的关键因素,处理蔗糖配水时,COD/NO-3N大于5时反硝化脱氮完全,而COD/NO-3N为10时,生活污水作为电子供体仍然脱氮不完全;有机物含量过高导致好氧单元硝化效果降低,HRT是影响好氧单元硝化效率的主要因素,HRT缩短为15h时,氨氮去除率降低了85%左右;同时处理蔗糖配水和生活污水的反硝化菌活性相当。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理化纤厂棉浆粕综合废水的实验研究

对新型厌氧反应器(ABR)处理化纤厂棉浆粕综合废水进行了研究。试验结果表明:采用ABR厌氧处理该废水,可以有效去除其中的有机物,在HRT为1d、进水COD为3360mg/L、有机负荷(OLR)为3.36kgCOD/(m3·d)的条件下,COD去除率为71.5%,出水COD降至958mg/L;利用浆粕黑液和纺丝废水混合调节pH,可以减少碱的用量,降低运行成本。     

BLR厌氧反应器处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液工程运行效能

采用1 100 m3BLR(biogas-lift reactor)厌氧反应器对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液进行工程化处置,接种污泥为消化污泥,正常运行温度控制在(33±2)℃,启动负荷为1 kg COD/(m3·d),120 d后容积负荷达到10 kg/(m3·d)并稳定运行,出水COD浓度为4 500~6 500 mg/L,COD去除率为88%~92%,出水VFA含量为200~600 mg/L,p H值稳定在7.4~7.7,出水SS含量为1 000 mg/L左右,并可观察到沉降性较好的颗粒化污泥。反应器运行初期将VFA/ALK控制在1.6以内,系统并未因VFA积累而酸化崩溃,运行后期VFA/ALK值小于0.3,系统稳定运行。运行过程中进水氨氮浓度从400 mg/L升高到2 200 mg/L,未发现氨氮对厌氧生物处理的明显抑制现象。垃圾渗滤液中平均每去除1 kg COD产生沼气量为0.32 m3。     

高浓度抗菌素有机废水的好氧处理

采用生物三相流化床—生物接触氧化串联的全好氧生化流程处理高浓度抗菌素有机废水,在进水COD为20000mg/1时,设备容积负荷为7.15kgCOD/m~3·d,COD去除效果在97％以上,为用好氧生化处理高浓度有机废水提供了途径。     

外循环式UASB反应器处理槟榔废水

在中温（35±2℃）条件下,利用外循环式UASB反应器处理中高有机浓度的槟榔加工废水,并着重探讨了水力停留时间（HRT）对厌氧消化的影响。研究表明,当反应器稳定运行,水力停留时间为1 d,进水COD浓度5 000 mg/L左右,容积负荷在2.53-5.25 kg COD/（m3·d）时,COD去除率在38%以上,出水COD〈3 000 mg/L,平均产气率为0.41 m3/kg COD;若水力停留时间延长至4 d,容积负荷为1.26-1.30 kg COD/（m3·d）,COD去除率可以达到79%,出水COD〈1 200 mg/L,出水可生化性下降,BOD5/COD平均为0.28,实验取得了良好的处理效果,为利用厌氧技术处理槟榔加工废水提供了设计依据。     

二级串联UASB反应器处理酵母废水研究

本文研究了二级串联UASB工艺厌氧处理谷氨酸等电母液生产酵母单细胞蛋白的二次废水的可行性,并对反应器的操作弹性进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明第一级UASB反应器的有机负荷(OLR)可达12kgCOD/m~3·d,COD去除率为81.5～86.7％,第二级反应器OLR为2.5kgCOD/m~3·d,COD去除率为40～50％。二级COD总去除率达90％,产气率为0.496m~3/去除kgCOD。如将出水进行适当处理即可达排放标准。反应器操作弹性研究表明,UASB反应器具有很强的弹性,可适应实际生产应用。本文结果具有工程实际应用意义。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.