餐厨垃圾不同“收集-处理”模式的碳排放估算对比

为明确我国餐厨垃圾不同处理模式下碳排放情况,以中国南方某城市为研究对象,结合实地调研数据,对比研究了集中式好氧堆肥、集中式厌氧发酵和分散式好氧堆肥3种处理模式下的碳排放量。结果表明,集中式好氧堆肥的碳排放总量最高,而集中式厌氧发酵碳排放总量最低。此外,分散式好氧堆肥的主要优势在于可减少收集运输过程的碳排放且可避免其他温室气体的无组织排放;在先进节能手段和控制电耗的措施下,相比于集中式好氧堆肥模式,分散式模式可实现760.91 kg的碳减排(以CO_2计)。然而,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵模式因其可实现有机质产沼气,总碳减排空间是好氧堆肥的22倍,是一种绿色、低碳的餐厨垃圾处理方式,对实现餐厨垃圾资源化、无害化和减量化具有现实意义。     

应用生命周期模型评价餐厨垃圾处理技术

运用生命周期模型对餐厨垃圾常用处理技术——厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥、饲料化技术、生化处理机进行评价和筛选。结果表明,厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥、饲料化技术、小型生化处理机的环境影响潜力分别为1.35×10-3、4.42×10-3、3.78×10-2和1.18×10-2,单位处理成本为2.1、5.65、0.37和1.4元/（人.a）,综合评估得出厌氧发酵和饲料化是当前具有优势的餐厨垃圾处理技术。     

餐厨垃圾连续堆肥处理系统中试研究

餐厨垃圾是影响城市环境重要的污染源,其处理尤其是就地堆肥处理近年来受到重视.为了利用园林绿化基质作为餐厨垃圾堆肥的水分调节材料,按照1:1体积比进行连续堆肥,研究添加园林绿化基质对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中理化指标的影响,为餐厨垃圾无害化处理提供科学依据和技术指导.结果表明,物料堆肥升温启动迅速,第3天就达到50℃,高温持续10 d以上,达到无害化要求；堆肥最终减容率达到53％以上,减量化效果明显；物料总氮和总磷含量呈升高趋势,总有机质含量降低,肥料营养元素含量在6％以上,符合有机肥国家标准(NY525-2002).总的来说,园林绿化基质作为调理剂与餐厨垃圾联合堆肥方法可行,减量化效果好,品质符合标准.     

基于生命周期分析的餐厨垃圾肥料化利用环境风险评价研究

餐厨垃圾肥料化利用过程的风险因子主要产生于原料运输与存储、预处理、堆肥、废物填埋和肥料化产品施用5个过程,其风险影响包括地表水和地下水污染、恶臭污染、土壤盐碱化和影响作物生长以及由此引起的人体健康损害.基于生命周期全过程分析,以好氧堆肥为代表的餐厨垃圾肥料化利用的环境风险为研究对象,系统地分析了餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中的潜在风险,归纳并提出风险源项估算以及环境风险影响评价的具体方法和相关参数,通过南京市餐厨垃圾示范性项目案例,说明餐厨垃圾肥料化利用风险评价方法的具体应用.     

微生物菌剂强化餐厨垃圾和污泥联合堆肥

为探究微生物菌剂对餐厨垃圾和污泥联合好氧堆肥的影响,以餐厨垃圾和污泥(湿重1∶1)混合原料为堆肥底物,添加底物总湿重30％的废木屑作为膨胀剂,向底物中分别加入微生物菌剂和腐熟堆肥为处理组,并以不添加外源物作为对照,通过测定堆肥过程中的理化性质、腐熟效果和营养元素的变化,考察菌剂和腐熟堆肥对联合堆肥的促进作用.结果表明,...     

餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物换向通风好氧堆肥

以某高校餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物为原料,利用一种换向通风的堆肥降解装置对其进行好氧堆肥处理,研究了2个进气温度(35℃、45℃)和3个通风速率(1.5、2.5和4 m3/h)6个处理组对堆肥原料理化性质(堆体温度、含水率、pH值、有机质含量、C/N、种子发芽指数)的影响。餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物进行15 d好氧堆肥后,pH值上升到7左右,有机质含量达到20%~80%,C/N都降到20以下,种子发芽指数均大于50%。经过1个月腐熟,其含水率≤30%。上述指标符合有机肥料标准(NY525-2011)的要求,该堆肥产物可用于园林绿地,具有显著的经济效益和生态效益。本研究结果表明,将城市餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物混合后进行好氧堆肥是废弃物处理的高效工程,具有良好的发展前景。     

青岛市餐厨垃圾现状调查及分析

通过问卷与实地跟踪形式调查青岛市4个主城区餐厨垃圾现状并提出关于餐厨垃圾管理和处置的建议,力求为该市餐厨垃圾的资源化利用提供参考.调查结果显示:餐厨垃圾产量为265.00 t/d,含水率为74.93％、含油率为6.06％、营养物为12.22％(质量分数)；54.4％的调查餐饮单位将餐厨垃圾分为剩饭菜、废油和生活垃圾3类排放,需进一步加强餐厨垃圾分类放置的管理工作；所调查餐饮单位中有64.4％的剩饭菜、54.3％的废油由政府统一收运,统一收运率有待进一步提高；正规回收的餐厨垃圾为197.66 t/d,被用于堆肥或进行填埋处置.     

微生物燃料电池与好氧堆肥协同处理餐厨垃圾

实验主张将餐厨固体垃圾和餐厨废水分开处理,并研究微生物燃料电池(MFC)作为餐厨废水和堆肥渗滤液处理工艺的可行性,通过调节不同的有机负荷,分析其生物产电的潜力和处理效率。对于餐厨废水而言,3 000 mg/L是较为理想的处理浓度,输出电压最高,始终维持在0.5 V以上;高于此浓度时电压输出特性与底物浓度呈现反相关,输出电压略低于0.5 V。极化曲线,电化学阻抗分析等也都表明3 000 mg/L是较为理想的处理浓度。而且在各种浓度下经MFC处理后的餐厨废水去除率均在90%左右,出水COD均低于400 mg/L。至于堆肥渗滤液,虽然在产电性能、去除效果上较餐厨废水稍差一些,但整体上与餐厨废水呈现出相似的规律。以上结果表明,餐厨垃圾中的废水可以通过MFC有效的去除和实现能量的回收。     

广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析

运用生命周期分析(LCA)方法,对广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥系统进行分析,计算出全生命周期的资源消耗和环境影响潜值,同时与垃圾焚烧典型工艺的LCA数据进行对比。结果表明,堆肥处理的环境影响负荷为0.023PET90,资源消耗系数为9.238mPET90。环境影响类型中光化学臭氧合成造成的影响最大,占环境总影响的43.8%。与焚烧处理方式相比,高温有氧静态堆肥的环境总影响较小,环境影响负荷相比于焚烧减少20.3%,在降低酸化的影响方面有较为显著的作用。     

北京市生活垃圾处理的环境影响评价

目前北京市生活垃圾产生量不断增加,处理设施能力日渐不足,生活垃圾管理正面临着减量化与资源化必然趋势。在未来5～10年内,堆肥处理、焚烧处理和综合处理等方式将取代卫生填埋成为北京市垃圾处理的主要方式。本研究采用生命周期评价的方法,对北京市4处垃圾处理设施采用的不同工艺（卫生填埋、好氧堆肥、焚烧处理和综合处理）的环境影响进行比较。评价结果表明4,种处理方式中填埋、堆肥、焚烧和综合处理的环境影响负荷分别为4.82×10-2、1.10×10-21、.31×10-1和2.31×10-2,焚烧处理的总环境影响潜值最大,填埋处理次之,综合处理再次,堆肥处理最小。4种处理方式的资源耗竭系数分别为-2.39×10-51、.11×10-5、-3.45×10-4和-1.04×10-6,焚烧处理的资源耗竭系数最小。     

激光类全新耗材和再生耗材对环境影响的生命周期评价

以激光类打印耗材——TN350为例,应用生命周期评价方法,对全新TN350和再生TN350进行生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放清单分析,在此基础上进行生命周期环境影响评价。重点考虑6种环境影响类型：全球变暖、酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧、固体废弃物、工业烟尘和粉尘。结果表明,相对于全新TN350,再生TN350的原油消耗量削...     

Impact assessment of waste management options in Singapore

This paper describes the application of life cycle assessment for evaluating various waste management options in Singapore, a small-island city state. The impact assessment method by SimaPro is carried out for comparing the potential environmental impacts of waste treatment options including landfilling, incineration, recycling, and composting. The inventory data include gases and leachate from landfills, air emissions and energy recovery from incinerators, energy (and emission) savings from recycling, composting gases, and transport pollution. The impact assessment results for climate change, acidification, and ecotoxicity show that the incineration of materials imposes considerable harm to both human health and the environment, especially for the burning of plastics, paper/cardboard, and ferrous metals. The results also show that, although some amount of energy can be derived from the incineration of wastes, these benefits are outweighed by the air pollution (heavy metals and dioxins/furans) that incinerators produce. For Singapore, landfill gases and leachate generate minimal environmental damage because of the nation's policy to landfill only 10% of the total disposed wastes. Land transportation and separation of waste materials also pose minimal environmental damage. However, sea transportation to the landfill could contribute significantly to acidification because of the emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from barges. The composting of horticultural wastes hardly imposes any environmental damage. Out of all the waste strategies, the recycling of wastes offers the best solution for environmental protection and improved human health for the nation. Significant emission savings can be realized through recycling.     

Comparison of environmental effects and resource consumption for different wastewater and organic waste management systems in a new city area in Sweden

An analysis of the environmental effects and resource consumption by four systems for management of wastewater and organic household waste in a new city area have been performed, as follows: (1) conventional system complemented with advanced sludge treatment for phosphorus recovery, (2) blackwater system with urine diversion and food waste disposers, (3) blackwater system with food waste disposers and reverse osmosis, and (4) local wastewater treatment plant with nutrient recovery by using reverse osmosis. Substance-flow analysis and energy/exergy calculations were performed by using the software tool URWARE/ORWARE. Emissions were calculated and classified based on the impact categories global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication, according to ISO 14042 (2000). The analysis also included nutrient recovery (i.e., the potential to use nutrients as a fertilizer). Depending on which aspects are prioritized, different systems can be considered to be the most advantageous.     

SALSA: a simulation tool to assess ecological sustainability of agricultural production

In order to assess the ecological sustainability of agricultural production systems, there is a need for effective tools. We describe an environmental systems analysis tool called SALSA (Systems Ana/ysis for Sustainable Agriculture). It consists of substance/material flow models in which the simulation results are interpreted with life-cycle assessment methodology. The application of SALSA is demonstrated in a case study in which three different ways of producing pigs are compared with respect to energy input and the environmental impacts of global warming, eutrophication, and acidification. The scenario that combined a low-protein diet without soy meal with an improved manure-management technique with low nitrogen losses was the best for all impact categories studied. The strength of the SALSA models was their capacity to capture consequences of management options that had an influence on several processes on a farm, which enabled the type of complex studies we describe.     

循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术热电厂生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价方法,应用Gabi5.0软件对采用循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术的热电企业进行资源耗竭和环境影响分析,计算各生产单元生命周期清单的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应潜值、富营养化潜值、非生物资源耗竭潜值、人体毒性潜值以及光化学烟雾和臭氧生成潜值等主要环境影响类型,对燃煤发电过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明,全球变暖和非生物资源耗竭为发电运行过程中主要的环境影响因素,分别占53%和15.05%;锅炉燃烧阶段的环境影响最重,占整个生命周期影响值的77.12%,并且除生物耗竭潜值外的其他5项指标均为发电运行阶段各个单元中最高。采用SNCR脱硝技术减少燃烧过程中NOx的排放量,并对该技术方案进行生命周期评价,比较方案实施前后的环境影响。     

Industrial processing versus home cooking: an environmental comparison between three ways to prepare a meal

Today there is a strong trend in Sweden for industrially processed meals to replace homemade meals. In the public debate this is often claimed to increase the environmental impact from foods. In the study presented in this article, we used life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of three meals: homemade, semiprepared, and ready-to-eat. The differences in environmental impact between the meals were small; the ready-to-eat meal used the most energy, whereas the homemade meal had higher emissions causing eutrophication and global warming. The dominating contributor to the environmental impact was agriculture, accounting for 30%, of the impact related to energy and 95% of that related to eutrophication. Industry, packaging, and consumer home transport and food preparation also contributed significantly. Important factors were raw material use, energy efficiency in industry and households, packaging, and residue treatment. To decrease the overall environmental impact of food consumption, improvements in agriculture are very important, together with raw-material use within industry and households.     

LCA of tomato greenhouse production using spatially differentiated life cycle impact assessment indicators: an Albanian case study

The increasing attention to agricultural exports and sustainability issues is driving a surge of interest in the life cycle assessment (LCAs) of greenhouse crop production in Albania. Meanwhile, most of the reported agricultural LCAs tend to be generic without considering regionalized environmental sensitivities. In this study, ReCiPe 2016, covering 18 midpoint indicators and 3 endpoint indicators was used to generate a full-fledged cradle-to-farm gate LCA of greenhouse tomatoes in a typical Albanian farm including spatial differentiation and indicators not covered by contemporary LCAs. The most important midpoint categories per 1 ha identified from foreground–background analysis were global warming (2660.4 kg CO2-eq), stratospheric ozone depletion (0.0308 kg CFC11-eq), particulate matter formation (7.99 kg PM2.5-eq), human health and ecosystem ozone formation (8.47 and 14.95 kg NOx-eq), water consumption (2293.23 m3), and terrestrial acidification (42.28 kg SO2-eq). The application of spatial differentiation resulted in higher impacts with about 21% for particulate matter formation, 12% for human health ozone formation, 134% for ecosystem ozone formation, 19% for terrestrial acidification, and 13% for water consumption. The impacts primarily originated from nitrogen-based fertilizer emissions and diesel fuel with the origin of the impact from nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia volatilization (NH3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Water consumption was dominated by irrigation water use. Overall, at the endpoint level, 9% and 24% less cumulative damage to human health and ecosystem quality were calculated with respect to the site-generic analysis primarily from the cause-and-effect chain of water consumption (mainly lower water stress index). This affirms the importance of regional considerations in LCA calculations to reflect the impacts accordingly (i.e., the magnitude of impacts, the most relevant midpoint categories, and their relevance on endpoint level) and increase the possibility of making correct conclusions and sub-optimizations, i.e., increase the discriminating power of LCA.     

Illegal landfill in Italy (EU)—a multidisciplinary approach

Illegal dumping of solid waste is a matter of recent concern because of its numerous impacts. The regulatory framework of the European Union and Italy is disclosed. Degradation of air, bodies of water, groundwater, and soil can occur in the illegal landfill and surrounding sites causing e.g. acidification, eutrophication global warming and photochemical smog. Animals and plants are subjected to landfill borne pollutants that can damage them seriously. Landfill pollutants have also harmful effects on human beings raising the risk of illness such as cancer and cardiorespiratory disease. Finally illegal landfilling practices lead to economical, aesthetic impacts, and sociological discomfort that lead to multiple collective actions, blockages, and information campaigns, rising sense of belonging.     

The atmosphere in England and Wales: an environmental management review

Air pollution in England and Wales is reviewed to identify priorities for management and research. The main human drivers of emissions are the production and consumption of energy and materials, disposal of waste, transport and land use. Pollutants are assigned to seven types: (i) nuisance (e.g. odour, noise), (ii) toxic, (iii) acidifying/eutrophying, (iv) photochemical oxidant precursors, (v) radionuclides, (vi) stratospheric ozone depleting substances and (vii) greenhouse gases. Dominant trends in activity and emissions are highlighted. New technologies and fuels are partially decoupling emissions from activity in power generation, industry and transport, but the gains are being offset by growth in demand and output in all major sectors. The evidence for impacts on human health, the atmosphere and other environmental systems is discussed. Priorities for management are climate change, ground-level ozone, acidification and eutrophication by nitrogen, urban air quality and nuisance pollution. Management responses require greater foresight, technological improvements and new instruments to control polluting activities. More scientific information is needed on the impacts on human health, quality of life and ecosystems, and on the links between different types of pollution. The policy challenges include generating energy sustainably, reducing transport impacts, devising effective economic instruments, improving societal awareness and contributing to cleaner global development.