三乙烯四胺(TETA)抑制磁黄铁矿氧化的机理研究

本文分别对三乙烯四胺（TETA）抑制磁黄铁矿在空气和Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 细菌作用下的氧化过程进行了研究．结果表明：TETA不但能有效防止磁黄铁矿在85—90％湿度空气中的氧化,还能显著阻止Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 对样品的生物氧化．与对照样品相比,在空气中氧化90d和被细菌氧化42d后,经TETA简单包膜处理样品的氧化程度分别降低了54．7％和82．07％．TETA通过在样品表面形成一层致密的膜来隔绝样品与氧气的接触,从而抑制了磁黄铁矿的空气氧化;碱性TETA还能通过提高反应体系的pH值、恶化嗜酸细菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans的生存环境来阻止样品的生物氧化．     

磷酸铁膜对黄铁矿氧化抑制作用

本文用动力学、表面分析方法研究在黄铁矿表面磷酸铁膜形成的可能性以及磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿的氧化作用,黄铁矿经０．３ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２＋０．０１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４＋０．０５ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＡｃ（ｐｈ５．０）淋洗后,在其表面可形成一层磷酸铁膜,该能显著抑制黄铁矿的进一步氧化,结果还表明,在Ｈ２Ｏ２作用下,黄铁矿氧化有自催化氧化的特征,其氧化产物Ｆｅ＾３＋能加快黄铁矿的氧化速率。     

磷酸铁膜对黄铁矿氧化动力学行为的影响

用动态法研究了不同温度ＰＨ值和Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度下,对照和经ＫＨ２ＰＯ４处理的黄铁矿氧化反应的动力学。结果表明,用０．１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２＋０．０１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＫＨ２ＰＯ４混合液淋洗黄铁矿后,黄铁矿表面可形成磷酸铁膜。     

巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷对黄铁矿包膜条件的优化

本文采用巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(PropS-SH)对黄铁矿进行钝化处理,重点探讨了PropS-SH钝化黄铁矿的最优包膜条件,并对最优包膜条件下钝化处理的黄铁矿进行了为期4个月的淋滤实验,同时采用傅利叶红外(FI-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及静态水接触角等测量手段对钝化前后黄铁矿表面的化学及形貌特征进行了表征.结果表明,PropS-SH钝化黄铁矿的最佳包膜条件为:硅烷浓度10%、溶液pH 4.0、硅烷水解时间4 h、硅烷水解温度40℃.在此最优包膜条件下,钝化处理的黄铁矿在为期4个月的淋滤实验中都呈现出良好的抗生物和化学氧化能力.钝化前后黄铁矿的表征结果说明,PropS-SH分子能通过化学吸附包膜于黄铁矿表面,从而使得矿物表面由亲水性变为疏水性.     

根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量形成的影响.结果表明,在不同水分条件下,根修剪均减少了小麦的根量及根呼吸速率,但对根冠比没有显著影响.在湿润和中度干旱条件下,根修剪提高了小麦花期的光合速率和根系效率;在严重干旱胁迫条件下,根修剪小麦的光合速率显著下降,但根系效率与对照相比没有显著差异.在湿润条件下,小剪根处理对籽粒产量并没有显著的影响,而大剪根处理小麦的籽粒产量显著下降;在中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理小麦的产量(25.18 g pot-1)显著高于对照(22.31 g par-1),但大剪根处理小麦的产量(18.34 g pot-1)显著下降;在严重干旱条件下,两个剪根处理小麦的产量均显著下降.在湿润和中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理籽粒产量水平的水分利用效率(分别为1.57 g kg-1和1.85 g kg-1)显著大于相应的对照处理(分别为1.46 g kg-1和1.55 g kg-1),但大剪根处理水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异;在严重干旱条件下,各剪根处理的水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异.可见,在湿润和中度干旱条件下进行的适当根修剪根对作物生产是有利的.图1表3参15     

土壤氨氧化细菌对大气CO2浓度增高的响应

摘要：利用FACE(free．aircarbondioxideenrichment，开放式空气CO2浓度增高)试验平台，研究大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的数量、优势菌群及其硝化活性的影响。结果表明，大气CO2浓度增高时，土壤氨氧化细菌的数量在常氮水平上趋于而在高氮水平上与对照没有差异。大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的优势菌群也产生明显影响。CO2浓度增高条件下，亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp.)和亚硝化弧菌(Nitrosovibrio sp．)是优势菌属；而在对照条件下，亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp．)和亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp．)是优势菌属。另外，CO2浓度增高条件下优势菌株的硝化活性也有不同程度的减弱。     

包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx、CO2影响的研究

为了研究包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、Nox和CO2的影响,采用水稻盆栽的方法,探讨了在水稻不同生育期内不同种类包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、Nq和CO2的影响。结果表明,包膜尿素处理对水田土壤排放NH3、Nq和CO2均具有抑制作用,与普通尿素相比,包膜尿素LP40、LPSS、BB、SC60NH3的挥发总量降低了5．4％-19．3％,Nox的挥发总量降低了8．1％-23．4％,CO2的挥发总量降低了1．6％-13．O％;施用包膜尿素能够抑制水田土壤NH3、NOx和CO2的排放。     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响

利用中国唯一的稻麦轮作臭氧FACE（free-air O3 concentration enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高）试验平台,研究近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田不同生育时期植株氮吸收量、土壤氮含量与脲酶活性、土壤氨氧化细菌与反硝化细菌数量以及成熟期土壤硝化与反硝化作用强度的影响。结果发现,臭氧浓度升高条件下,单株水稻（Oryza sativaL.）的氮吸收量趋于升高,土壤全氮含量趋于下降、脲酶活性趋于增强,在成熟期土壤全氮与对照相比平均下降9%,土壤脲酶活性与对照相比平均升高13%。在水稻整个生长季节,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均呈现出先增多后减少的趋势,且均在开花期达到峰值,但臭氧熏蒸土壤与对照相比趋于升高;在水稻成熟期,土壤中单个氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的活性均趋于下降,土壤硝化强度和反硝化强度与对照相比也平均下降17%和24%。结果表明,近地层臭氧浓度升高条件下,稻田土壤氮素转化因为水稻氮素吸收增强而加快,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均趋于增多,但它们的生理代谢活性均趋于下降。     

苯胺的超监界水氧化研究

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明，氧化剂H2O2、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始TOC值对TOC的去除率有显著影响。在本试验中，选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究，结果表明，这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性，筛选出硫酸锰和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步研究，以硫酸猛作催化剂为例，在450℃，28MPa，K＝1．1，pH＝4．0的条件下，当停留时间为46s时，TOC去除率达到100％。     

硫杆菌的分离鉴定及其对煤矿废弃物的氧化脱硫特性

从宁夏大武口高硫煤矸石山的酸性废水中分离得到一株自养硫氧化细菌CMTF-32．该菌极端耐酸，能氧化低价态硫化物，氧化单质硫的能力强，在d11时单质硫的氧化率达到65．6％，日产硫酸能力最高时能达3．0g／L．培养基pH值在培养过程中明显下降．16S rDNA序列分析表明，该菌株与Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans相似性为99％，结合形态、生理生化实验结果，确定菌株CMTF-32为嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌．煤矸石的脱硫实验表明，在煤矸石粒径小于2mm，初始pH为1．5，30℃培养条件下脱硫效果最佳，d14时脱硫量为2．72g／L，脱硫率可达到84．5％，使煤矸石的硫污染得到了有效的控制．图5表1参13     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.