大浦镇农村生活污染公众调查研究

以毗邻太湖的宜兴市大浦镇为例,在环境现状调查和公民环境意识调查的基础上,对水网区农村生活引起的非点源污染问题进行了调查研究。分析了研究区农村厕所的类型和生活污水的排放途径,得出了各类型厕所使用比例、生活污水直接或间接排向河流的排放比例。指出农村生活引起的非点源污染已成为水网区非点源污染的重要组成部分。     

海岸带狭义非点源污染的研究现状

非点源污染已经成为中国海洋环境重要的污染源,目前的非点源实验和研究多集中在流域、湖泊和水库范围内,缺乏针对海岸带区域的非点源污染的研究,这类狭义非点源是在雨水作用下直接以地表径流和地下渗透的方式进入沿岸海域的。现今在沿海地区,这类非点源对海洋环境的影响越来越大,由于缺乏完善的政策法规、监测手段、计算方法和防治措施,国内外学者对这部分狭义非点源污染的关注度较小,因而如何科学地认识并有效控制狭义非点源污染成为一个紧迫的研究课题。通过对狭义非点源在法律法规、存在特征和防治措施等方面存在的问题和进展加以探讨,以引起相关研究学者的重视。     

农业非点源污染模型研究进展及趋势

对农业非点源污染模型AGNPS作了简要的综述,重点介绍了农业非点源污染模型的结构、原理和输入输出参数,以及该模型在国内外研究现状,同时介绍了运用RS和GIS帮助获得模型参数的方法和途径,最后对模型在中国的发展前景进行了展望。     

非点源污染负荷估算方法研究进展及对北京市的应用

非点源污染是目前影响北京市水环境质量的主要污染源之一,对国内外水环境非点源污染负荷估算方法的研究进展及应用情况进行了总结和分析,介绍了污染负荷当量法、径流分割法、经验相关关系法等经验统计方法,并重点对SWMM模型、输出系数模型等模型估算方法的原理、特点及对北京市的应用情况进行了概括分析。     

非点源污染模型参数数字化及不确定性研究进展

非点源污染模型是非点源污染量化研究的重要内容.目前,非点源污染模型数量繁多,集总模型不考虑时空变异性,适用流域面积小;分布式模型利用网格划分流域,可以模拟时空变异性,但参数繁多、率定困难、精度达不到要求、难以收集与管理.而全球定位系统、地理信息系统和遥感(合称3S)技术的应用,可以解决参数的选择问题,减少模型中的不确定成分.因此,在未来的非点源污染模型研究中,应重点关注利用3S技术解决参数的选择问题,以及模型参数的敏感性分析和不确定性分析.概述了非点源污染模型的研究进展,重点介绍了3S技术在非点源污染模型中的应用和非点源污染模型中的不确定性分析.     

贵州农业土壤氮素流失对环境的影响及防治对策

氮是引起水体富营养化的主要因子之一,国内外学者对氮素损失的途径、机制、影响以及防治措施进行了许多研究.在总结贵州农业土壤氮素含量特点的基础上,阐述了土壤氮素流失特征及其对环境的影响,提出了相应的防治措施,以期为减少农田氮素损失、优化农业非点源污染管理与控制提供参考.     

应用污染模型和地理信息系统评价和管理农业非点源污染

重视农业非点源污染是国际大趋势。美国等发达国家多年研究证实，农业非点源污染是导致水质污染最主要原因之一。研究和控制农业非点源污染已是发达国家政府农业和环保部门主要议程之一。我国大部分地区降水集中，生态破坏导致水土流失严重。近年来化肥农药等农用化学物质的用量不断增加，加上施用技术上的不合理，非点源污染问题日益突出。湖泊、水库、河流已普遍富营养化，并有加剧之势’“。水源中因农药等含量过高造成渔业损失和人类中毒事件也时有发生。随着对农业可持续发展认识的不断深入，研究和控制农业非点源污染的工作已日益受到…     

缓冲带在农业非点源污染防治中的应用

论述了缓冲带防治非点源污染的机理和效果，分析了影响缓冲带功能的各个因素。缓冲带能有效地控制土壤与土壤养分的流失，其建设与管理在整个生态环境建设中具有重要地位，目前国内外的研究主要集中于缓冲带对径流中营养物质氮和磷的吸收上，对较大区域环境水质影响的研究不曾多见。为达到防治非点源污染的更好效果，应对缓冲带的设计及各种缓冲带合理配置与布局作更深入的研究，并要与水土保持措施相结合。     

香溪河流域土地利用格局演变对非点源污染的影响研究

以分布式模型SWAT为研究工具,在气候、土壤等因素不变的情况下,模拟了三峡库区香溪河流域土地利用格局演变对于非点源污染的影响.研究结果表明,自20世纪80年代至2007年,研究区由土地利用所造成的非点源污染TN总体呈减少趋势,4种土地利用情景下模拟得到的年均非点源污染TN分别为1 841.60、824.86、1 790...     

农业非点源污染控制技术环境经济评价

采用费用效益分析方法建立评价指标体系,对上海青浦地区实施的化肥和农药减量非点源控制技术进行环境经济评价,并就环境效益的货币化进行重点探讨.试图为农业非点源污染控制措施制定提供依据.     

Will urban expansion lead to an increase in future water pollution loads?—a preliminary investigation of the Haihe River Basin in northeastern China

Urban expansion is a major driving force changing regional hydrology and nonpoint source pollution. The Haihe River Basin, the political, economic, and cultural center of northeastern China, has undergone rapid urbanization in recent decades. To investigate the consequences of future urban sprawl on nonpoint source water pollutant emissions in the river basin, the urban sprawl in 2030 was estimated, and the annual runoff and nonpoint source pollution in the Haihe River basin were simulated. The Integrated Model of Non-Point Sources Pollution Processes (IMPULSE) was used to simulate the effects of urban sprawl on nonpoint source pollution emissions. The outcomes indicated that the urban expansion through 2030 increased the nonpoint source total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) emissions by 8.08, 0.14, and 149.57 kg/km², respectively. Compared to 2008, the total nonpoint emissions rose by 15.33, 0.57, and 12.39 %, respectively. Twelve percent of the 25 cities in the basin would increase by more than 50 % in nonpoint source TN and COD emissions in 2030. In particular, the nonpoint source TN emissions in Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, and Puyang would rise by 73.31, 67.25, and 58.61 %, and the nonpoint source COD emissions in these cities would rise by 74.02, 51.99, and 53.27 %, respectively. The point source pollution emissions in 2008 and 2030 were also estimated to explore the effects of urban sprawl on total water pollution loads. Urban sprawl through 2030 would bring significant structural changes of total TN, TP, and COD emissions for each city in the area. The results of this study could provide insights into the effects of urbanization in the study area and the methods could help to recognize the role that future urban sprawl plays in the total water pollution loads in the water quality management process.     

Urban nonpoint source pollution buildup and washoff models for simulating storm runoff quality in the Los Angeles County

Many urban nonpoint source pollution models utilize pollutant buildup and washoff functions to simulate storm runoff quality of urban catchments. In this paper, two urban pollutant washoff load models are derived using pollutant buildup and washoff functions. The first model assumes that there is no residual pollutant after a storm event while the second one assumes that there is always residual pollutant after each storm event. The developed models are calibrated and verified with observed data from an urban catchment in the Los Angeles County. The application results show that the developed model with consideration of residual pollutant is more capable of simulating nonpoint source pollution from urban storm runoff than that without consideration of residual pollutant. For the study area, residual pollutant should be considered in pollutant buildup and washoff functions for simulating urban nonpoint source pollution when the total runoff volume is less than 30 mm.     

Appraisal of stormwater-induced runoff quality influenced by site-specific land use patterns in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban stormwater runoff is considered as one of the major contributors to nonpoint source that contributes to the pollution of all water resources in...     

GIS-based source identification and apportionment of diffuse water pollution: perfluorinated compound pollution in the Tokyo Bay basin

To efficiently reduce perfluorinated compound (PFC) pollution, it is important to have an understanding of PFC sources and their contribution to the pollution. In this study, source identification of diffuse water pollution by PFCs was conducted using a GIS-based approach. Major components of the source identification were collection of the monitoring data and preparation of the corresponding geographic information that was extracted from a constructed GIS database. The spatially distributed pollution factors were then explored by multiple linear regression analysis, after which they were visually expressed using GIS. Among the 35 PFC homologues measured in a survey of the Tokyo Bay basin, 18 homologues were analyzed. Pollution by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was explained well by the percentage of arterial traffic area in the basin, and the 84% variance of the measured PFOS concentration was explained by two geographic variables, arterial traffic area and population. Source apportionment between point and nonpoint sources was conducted based on the results of the analysis. The contribution of PFOS from nonpoint sources was comparable to that from point sources in several major rivers flowing into Tokyo Bay. Source identification and apportionment using the GIS-based approach was shown to be effective, especially for ubiquitous types of pollution, such as PFC pollution.     

Cooperative identification for critical periods and critical source areas of nonpoint source pollution in a typical watershed in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Critical periods (CPs) and critical source areas (CSAs) refer to the high-risk periods and areas of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in a watershed,...     

雨后入湖溪流磷污染对西湖的影响及其对策

入湖径流是西湖磷的最主要污染源，尤其是暴雨后径流的磷污染最严重，梅雨（2001年）和台风雨后径流的磷净输入为1.77t，约占西湖全年磷总沉积量的42.5%。西湖流域内土壤表土的磷含量约是母土的两倍。西湖流域内土壤表土富磷和暴雨的冲刷和淋溶是导致雨后径流磷浓度提高的主要原因。提出了几种减小和消除径流磷污染的几种方案，通过分析比较，建渠排暴雨后径流水到钱塘江是比较彻底的消除径流磷污染的措施。     

Precipitation projection over Daqing River Basin (North China) considering the evolution of dependence structures

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Understanding dynamic future changes in precipitation can provide prior information for nonpoint source pollution simulations under global warming....     

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of water pollution in different administrative zones of Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, China

Water quality degradation in river systems has caused great concerns all over the world. Identifying the spatial distribution and sources of water pollutants is the very first step for efficient water quality management. A set of water samples collected bimonthly at 12 monitoring sites in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of critical parameters and to apportion the sources of pollutants in Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, near the East China Sea. The 12 monitoring sites were divided into three administrative zones of urban, suburban, and rural zones considering differences in land use and population density. Multivariate statistical methods [one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score—multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) methods] were used to investigate the spatial distribution of water quality and to apportion the pollution sources. Results showed that most water quality parameters had no significant difference between the urban and suburban zones, whereas these two zones showed worse water quality than the rural zone. Based on PCA and APCS-MLR analysis, urban domestic sewage and commercial/service pollution, suburban domestic sewage along with fluorine point source pollution, and agricultural nonpoint source pollution with rural domestic sewage pollution were identified to the main pollution sources in urban, suburban, and rural zones, respectively. Understanding the water pollution characteristics of different administrative zones could put insights into effective water management policy-making especially in the area across various administrative zones.     

Effects of the spatial resolution of urban drainage data on nonpoint source pollution prediction

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Detailed urban drainage data are important for urban nonpoint source (NPS) pollution prediction. However, the difficulties in collecting complete...