2016—2022年太湖胥口湾水质变化及对水温、水位的响应

明确太湖胥口湾水质特征及对环境变化的响应有利于维系区域水资源安全。研究追踪2016—2022年胥口湾水质变化趋势,分析了水质指标对水温和水位的响应。结果显示,胥口湾水质环境总体稳定,且总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷(TP)浓度和COD_Mn均呈下降趋势。但胥口湾水温年均值呈现快速上升趋势,上升幅度大于0.086℃·a^-1,对该区域生态稳定性形成威胁。冗余分析显示,虽然水温和水位对胥口湾水质环境波动的贡献率低于5%,但水温变化显著影响了水质环境(P<0.01),而水位波动不能有效解释水质变化过程。尽管如此,TN、NH₃-N浓度及COD_Mn、pH值对高水温(>30℃)较为敏感,而高水位(>3.8 m)显著影响了NH₃-N、TN、TP和叶绿素a浓度。总体而言,胥口湾水环境总体稳定趋好,但受水位尤其是水温影响较大。研究结果可为极端天气下水质管理提供借鉴。     

普者黑岩溶湿地沉积物氮、磷、有机质分布及污染风险评价

为探究典型岩溶湿地沉积物营养物质的污染状况及其富营养化风险,以典型岩溶流域普者黑为研究区,通过对流域内湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地、库塘湿地和河流湿地的表层沉积物进行采样,采用国家标准方法对沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有机质(OM)的含量进行测定,并运用综合污染指数法和有机污染指数法对普者黑岩溶流域不同类型湿地沉积物的污染程度进行评价,以期为岩溶湿地水-沉积物污染的控制与治理提供参考和依据。普者黑表层沉积物TN的质量分数范围为893.57-4 841.85 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为1 949.09 mg·kg~(-1),TP的质量分数范围为235.81-1 439.58 mg·kg~(-1),平均值646.06 mg·kg~(-1),OM的质量分数范围为1.10%-6.27%,平均值为2.58%,空间分布上均表现为流域中游流域下游流域上游。Pearson相关性分析表明,库塘湿地的TN、TP和OM相关性最显著(P0.01),河流湿地的TN、TP和OM相关性次显著(P0.01),湖泊湿地的TN和OM相关性显著(P0.05),沼泽湿地的TN、TP和OM无显著相关性(P0.05)。流域综合污染指数整体上呈中度-重度污染,沼泽湿地污染比河流湿地、湖泊湿地及库塘湿地严重,而有机污染指数整体上呈中度污染。普者黑岩溶流域不同类型湿地表层沉积物TN、TP和OM的含量均处于中等偏高水平,污染水平呈中度-重度污染,其内源负荷不容忽视。     

柘林水库表层沉积物氮、磷、有机质的时空分布及污染评价

柘林水库是鄱阳湖流域的大型峡谷型水库，具有水源涵养、洪水调蓄、旅游开发、渔业养殖以及生物多样性保护等重要生态功能.研究其表层沉积物营养盐和有机质的污染特征，对了解其污染生态风险、揭示富营养化的演化规律具有重要意义.于2020年9月、2021年1月、4月和7月对33个监测点的表层沉积物(0―10 cm)进行季度采样，分析了沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)的时空分布格局及相关性，并分别运用综合污染指数法(FF)和有机质污染指数法(OI)对其污染现状进行评价.结果表明，柘林水库表层沉积物TN、TP和OM含量范围分别为334―4800 mg·kg^-1、98―1900 mg·kg^-1和0.2%―8.6%，均值分别为1832.6 mg·kg^-1、657.5 mg·kg^-1和3.2%，且呈现一定的时空异质性. Pearson相关分析表明，柘林水库沉积物OM与TP、C/N均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，相关系数分别为0.21和0.45，但OM与TN、TP与TN的相关性均不显著(P>0.0...     

九龙江流域丰枯水期表层水体氮污染特征及其来源解析

为探明九龙江流域表层水体氮污染分布特征及其污染来源,于2020年7月(丰水期)和2021年1月(枯水期)开展九龙江全流域表层水体多点多断面原位观测,利用正定矩阵因子分析模型(positive matrix factorization, PMF)对不同水期全流域表层水体氮污染来源及贡献率进行解析,耦合相关性统计分析方法研究不同水期流域表层水体氮污染的关键驱动因子。结果表明,九龙江流域表层水体氮污染存在明显的水期分异特征,ρ(TN)为0.72～13.14 mg·L^-1,丰水期ρ(TN)为1.39～10.95 mg·L^-1,枯水期为0.72～13.14 mg·L^-1。硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、亚硝态氮(NO₂^--N)和溶解性有机氮(DON)浓度均表现为丰水期大于枯水期,但颗粒态氮(PN)浓度则表现为枯水期大于丰水期。丰水期氮污染以NO₃^-     

金盆水库表层沉积物中营养盐分布特征与污染评价

为探究西安黑河金盆水库表层沉积物中营养盐的分布特征及其污染状况,本研究测定了表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)的含量,并与其它湖库进行比较,分析了TN、TP和OM的相关性,并探究了表层沉积物中营养元素的来源及其污染状况.结果表明,TN平均含量为1132 mg·kg~(-1),TP平均含量为1131 mg·kg~(-1),OM平均含量为7.02%,三者空间变化趋势基本一致,从上游至库区,含量先减小后增加.与其它湖库相比,金盆水库表层沉积物中TN含量相对较小,TP和OM含量均处于中等水平.TOC/TN值表明,水库表层沉积物中OM均来源于高等陆生植物.TOC与TN、TP均存在显著的相关性,且与TN相关性更高,表明金盆水库表层沉积物有机质的矿化过程与氮、磷,尤其是氮的物质来源和沉积变化过程关系更为密切.根据沉积物质量评价指南,TN、TP和TOC含量均达到最低级别,说明金盆水库已受到一定程度的污染.     

川南四座城市PM2.5化学组分污染特征及其源解析

为探究川南地区大气气溶胶中化学组分与来源特征,于2015年9月—2016年8月在四川盆地南部4个典型代表城市(泸州、内江、宜宾、自贡)采集了226个PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度和主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)进行测定,并利用颗粒物源解析受体模型对PM_2.5来源进行解析.结果表明:川南地区PM_2.5日均浓度为46.4—68.0μg·m^-3,均高于国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值(35.0μg·m^-3).OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-、NO₃-和NH₄+)分别占PM_2.5质量的15.7%—22.8%、4.2%—6.4%和28.6%—55.8%.PM_2.5及其主要化学组分浓度有显著的季节变化,即冬季浓度显著高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低.泸州除夏季外,其他季节SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好;其他城市在冬季,SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好.NH₄+主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃、(NH₄)2SO₄、NH₄HSO₄.OC、EC来源复杂,主要为机动车源、煤燃烧源和生物质燃烧源.川南地区PM_2.5的来源主要受8种因子影响,按总体贡献排序依次为:二次硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业源、二次硝酸盐、机动车源、煤燃烧、道路尘埃和建筑尘埃.此外,相比较而言,机动车源贡献在泸州市较凸显,煤燃烧源贡献在宜宾市较凸显.     

贵州百花湖沉积物磷、氮及有机碳的空间分布特征

采集贵州百花湖沉积物柱芯,测定沉积物总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和有机碳(Corg)含量,并进行TP、TN及Corg含量相关性分析.结果表明,百花湖沉积物TP、TN及Corg含量平均值分别为976 mg.kg-1,0.34%、2.91%,表层沉积物污染严重,随着沉积物深度的增加沉积物TP、TN及Corg含量逐渐降低.不同沉积物柱芯相同层位TP、TN及Corg含量存在较大差别,表明不同湖区底泥污染程度存在较大差异,在实施内源污染控制工程时需充分考虑这一特点,对不同湖区采用不同的治理与控制措施.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价

为了解三峡大坝蓄水完成之后香溪河库湾水体及沉积物中氮、磷的分布状况以及沉积物污染水平,2013年4月对三峡水库香溪河库湾进行调查采样,测定表层水及沉积物中氮磷含量和形态组成。结果表明,香溪河库湾表层水总磷(TP)含量范围为0.20~0.51 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)含量范围为0.54~2.25 mg·L~(-1),TP主要由磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))组成,TN主要由硝酸盐(NO_3~-)以及氨氮(NH_4~+)组成,TP在空间上呈现从河口向库尾逐渐升高的分布格局,TN分布从河口向库尾逐渐降低。香溪河库湾沉积物中TP含量变化范围为642~1 189 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量变化范围为867~1 718 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量分布呈现上游高下游低,沉积物TN分布趋势呈现中间高,两头低。沉积物中TP主要由无机磷(IP)组成,有机磷(OP)所占比例较小,其中IP由钙磷(Ca-P)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)组成,三者含量:Ca-POPFe/Al-P,且沉积物TP含量空间变化受到三者影响(P0.05)。采用单一因子标准指数法对香溪河库湾沉积物中TN、TP污染水平进行评价,结果表明,表层沉积物中TN、TP最低级别污染指数平均值为2.0和1.6,表层沉积物中TN、TP污染指数均超过最低污染水平,且TP的严重级别污染指数达到0.5以上。三峡水库三期蓄水完成以后,香溪河库湾表层水体中氮磷含量较初期蓄水有所升高,各样点沉积物中氮磷含量表现出相同的趋势,沉积物中不稳定磷释放对水体富营养化具有影响,香溪河库湾的表层沉积物已经受到一定的污染,磷污染水平较高。     

闽北建溪流域表层沉积物营养元素分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解闽江上游流域沉积物环境的现状,本文研究闽北建溪流域表层沉积物中营养元素的分布特征及生态风险,描述了表层沉积物中有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的含量分布,运用单因子指数法进行生态风险评价,并分析碳、氮、磷的比例,阐述其相关关系及其环境意义.结果表明,沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的含量均值分别为3.05%、1858.05 mg·kg~(-1)和624.68 mg·kg~(-1),对多数底栖生物处于安全范围; TOC的单因子污染指数范围为2.0—5.8,TN污染指数范围为2.3—4.4,TP指数范围则为0.4—1.7,具有潜在的生态风险;沉积物营养元素比值中TOC/TN均值为16.9,TOC/TP均值为53.7,TN/TP均值为3.2,表明建溪流域沉积物营养元素受内、外源共同输入影响,且以外源作用为主导,其中林地营养物质输出是沉积物营养累积的主要原因之一.总体而言,建溪流域沉积物TN的生态风险较高且主要受流域面源排放影响,TOC与TP的生态风险较低.因此,应着重加强流域氮素面源污染调查并对重点污染源加以严控,减轻流域总氮的生态风险.     

我国半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化马铃薯田土壤NH3挥发特征和强度及影响因素

氨(NH₃)挥发是农业生态系统氮肥损失的重要途经,然而,北方干旱半干旱地区水肥耦合马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发规律缺少数据支撑.该研究利用通气法田间原位观测我国西北滴灌水肥一体化和传统沟灌施肥马铃薯田水肥耦合土壤NH₃挥发特征,设置滴灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(DDF)、滴灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(DGF)、滴灌不施肥(DCK)、沟灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(FDF)、沟灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(FGF)、沟灌不施肥(FCK)6个处理.结果表明,NH₃挥发速率峰值出现在施用氮肥后1—2周,不同水肥处理土壤NH₃挥发存在显著差异(P<0.01).2018年DDF、DGF、DCK、FDF、FGF、FCK土壤NH₃累积挥发量分别为21.50、28.14、7.20、37.06、66.25、11.88 kg·hm^-2;2019年,分别为9.42、15.25、7.24、34.73、76.81、8.56 kg·hm^-2.2018年和2019年,沟灌FDF处理的NH₃挥发损失率分别是滴灌DDF处理的1.76倍和11.89倍;沟灌FGF处理分别是滴灌DGF的2.60倍和8.54倍.滴灌DGF处理NH₃挥发强度比滴灌DDF处理分别增加27.03%和52.94%,沟灌FGF处理比沟灌FDF处理分别增加76.04%和118.37%.随施肥量增加,传统沟灌马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率和NH₃挥发强度的增量高于滴灌水肥一体化模式.NH₃挥发速率与土壤体积含水量、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著相关(P<0.01).和传统沟灌比较,滴灌水肥一体化技术降低马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率,减轻NH₃挥发强度,提高马铃薯水肥利用率,减轻环境污染.     

Sediment nutrient flux in a coastal lake impacted by diverted Mississippi River water

The internal nutrient load from bottom sediment to the water column of a Louisiana Barataria Basin lake (Lake Cataouatche) receiving diverted Mississippi River water was determined. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH₄-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) flux from sediment to water column were measured. The DRP flux averaged-0.22 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic water column conditions, as compared with that 3.29 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions. The average NH₄-N released under anaerobic conditions (1.42 mg m^-2 d^-1) was significantly greater than rates under aerobic conditions (-0.02 mg m^-2 d^-1), indicating a strong relationship between nutrient flux and oxygen availability in the water column. The average NO₃-N flux was 2.13 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic conditions as compared with-0.24 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions in the sediment-water column. When the water column maintained under anaerobic conditions was switched to aerobic conditions, the DRP, NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations in overlying water decreased rapidly over a short period of time. The mean annual internal DRP and NH₄-N load from the sediment to the overlying water was estimated to be 69.26 and 29.9 tonnes (Mg) yr^-1 respectively, which represents a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the Lake. Results demonstrate that the internal flux of nutrients from sediments can contribute a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the water column and should be considered in decisions on impact of nutrient in diverted Mississippi River on water quality of Barataria Basin.     

North East Scotland River Catchment Nitrate Loading in Relation to Agricultural Intensity

Modern agricultural practices have been strongly linked with increased NO₃-N loadings in surface waters. Nitrate leaching increases as land use progresses from forest and moorland through grassland, to arable agriculture. There are, within the UK, few studies on a regional scale capable of displaying a relationship between land cover (agricultural intensity) and water quality. This relationship can be investigated using computer manipulation of spatial geographic information together with conventional river and agricultural census data.

Simple regression analysis against primary land cover suggests that agriculture is reponsible for annual losses of nitrate in North East Scotland river catchments. Further multi-linear regression analysis, using the GIS data and agricultural census returns indicate that most of the outstanding variation can be accounted for if the agricultural variable is related to agricultural practice, such as spring, winter and grass cropping.     

A heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterium Halomonas venusta TJPU05 suitable for nitrogen removal from high-salinity wastewater

• H. venusta TJPU05 showed excellent HN-AD ability at high salinity. • Successful expression of AMO, HAO, NAR and NIR confirmed the HN-AD ability of TJPU05. • H. venusta TJPU05 could tolerate high salt and high nitrogen environment. • H. venusta TJPU05 is a promising candidate for the bio-treatment of AW. A novel salt-tolerant heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacterium was isolated and identified as Halomonas venusta TJPU05 (H. venusta TJPU05). The nitrogen removal performance of H. venusta TJPU05 in simulated water (SW) with sole or mixed nitrogen sources and in actual wastewater (AW) with high concentration of salt and nitrogen was investigated. The results showed that 86.12% of NH₄⁺-N, 95.68% of NO₃^–-N, 100% of NO₂^–-N and 84.57% of total nitrogen (TN) could be removed from SW with sole nitrogen sources within 24 h at the utmost. H. venusta TJPU05 could maximally remove 84.06% of NH₄⁺-N, 92.33% of NO₃^–-N, 92.9% of NO₂^–-N and 77.73% of TN from SW with mixed nitrogen source when the salinity was above 8%. The application of H. venusta TJPU05 in treating AW with high salt and high ammonia nitrogen led to removal efficiencies of 50.96%, 47.28% and 43.19% for NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^–-N and TN respectively without any optimization. Furthermore, the activities of nitrogen removal–related enzymes of the strain were also investigated. The successful detection of high level activities of ammonia oxygenase (AMO), hydroxylamine oxidase (HAO), nitrate reductase (NAR) and nitrite reductase (NIR) enzymes under high salinity condition further proved the HN-AD and salt-tolerance capacity of H. venusta TJPU05. These results demonstrated that the H. venusta TJPU05 has great potential in treating high-salinity nitrogenous wastewater.     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

Nitrogen dynamics in the sediments of a wetland coastal ecosystem of southern India

The study area, Kuttanad Waters is a part of the Cochin estuarine system on the west coast of India. Kuttanad is well known for its agricultural activity and so the major contribution to the inorganic ions of nitrogen will be from fertilisers applied in agriculture. Based on observed salinity the stations have been divided into three zones. The fresh water zones had higher quantities of silt and clay whereas the estuarine zone was more sandy. The chemical speciation scheme applied here distinguishes three forms of ammoniacal nitrogen species: exchangeable, fixed, and organic ammoniacal nitrogen. No significant trends were observed in the seasonal distribution of total, exchangeable, fixed and organic nitrogen. A significant concentration of exchangeable ammonia was observed in the sediment due to their predominantly reducing environment, which restricts nitrification. High NH₄-N concentrations in the pore waters, along with the sedimentary composition leads to a significantly high quantity of fixed NH₄-N. The low values for N org is due to high mineralisation or deamination of organic nitrogen     

Removal of ammonium and nitrate through Anammox and FeS-driven autotrophic denitrification

● Simultaneous NH₄⁺/NO₃^– removal was achieved in the FeS denitrification system ● Anammox coupled FeS denitrification was responsible for NH₄⁺/NO₃^– removal ● Sulfammox, Feammox and Anammox occurred for NH₄⁺ removal ● Thiobacillus, Nitrospira , and Ca. Kuenenia were key functional microorganisms An autotrophic denitrifying bioreactor with iron sulfide (FeS) as the electron donor was operated to remove ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) synergistically from wastewater for more than 298 d. The concentration of FeS greatly affected the removal of NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻. Additionally, a low hydraulic retention time worsened the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h, the optimal removal was achieved with NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ removal percentages both above 88%, and the corresponding nitrogen removal loading rates of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ were 49.1 and 44.0 mg/(L·d), respectively. The removal of NH₄⁺ mainly occurred in the bottom section of the bioreactor through sulfate/ferric reducing anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Sulfammox/Feammox), nitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) by functional microbes such as Nitrospira, Nitrosomonas, and Candidatus Kuenenia. Meanwhile, NO₃⁻ was mainly removed in the middle and upper sections of the bioreactor through autotrophic denitrification by Ferritrophicum, Thiobacillus, Rhodanobacter, and Pseudomonas, which possessed complete denitrification-related genes with high relative abundances.     

Quantification and Index of Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory.The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

Quantification and index of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory. The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

Watershed land use effects on lake water quality in Denmark

Mitigating nutrient losses from anthropogenic nonpoint sources is today of particular importance for improving the water quality of numerous freshwater lakes worldwide. Several empirical relationships between land use and in-lake water quality variables have been developed, but they are often weak, which can in part be attributed to lack of detailed information about land use activities or point sources. We examined a comprehensive data set comprising land use data, point-source information, and in-lake water quality for 414 Danish lakes. By excluding point-source-influenced lakes (n = 210), the strength in relationship (R2) between in-lake total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and the proportion of agricultural land use in the watershed increased markedly, from 10-12% to 39-42% for deep lakes and from 10-12% to 21-23% for shallow lakes, with the highest increase for TN. Relationships between TP and agricultural land use were even stronger for lakes with rivers in their watershed (55%) compared to lakes without (28%), indicating that rivers mediate a stronger linkage between landscape activity and lake water quality by providing a "delivery" mechanism for excess nutrients in the watershed. When examining the effect of different near-freshwater land zones in contrast to the entire watershed, relationships generally improved with size of zone (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 m from the edge of lake and streams) but were by far strongest using the entire watershed. The proportion of agricultural land use in the entire watershed was best in explaining lake water quality, both relative to estimated nutrient surplus at agricultural field level and near-lake land use, which somewhat contrasts typical strategies of management policies that mainly target agricultural nutrient applications and implementation of near-water buffer zones. This study suggests that transport mechanisms within the whole catchment are important for the nutrient export to lakes. Hence, the whole watershed should be considered when managing nutrient loadings to lakes, and future policies should ideally target measures that reduce the proportion of cultivated land in the watershed to successfully improve lake water quality.