基于物种敏感性分布的保护海水水生生物的石油烃急性毒性基准研究

溢油污染对水生生物的危害以及分散剂使用对原油毒性的影响一直是溢油应急响应及危害评估时关注的焦点。本研究收集筛选了基于标准测试方法的90组急性毒性数据(LC50/EC50),其中37组毒性数据来自15种油品的水容纳组分(water accommodated fraction,WAF),53组来自11种化学分散剂与15种油品的分散液(chemically dispersed water accommodated fraction,CEWAF),应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)方法推导了基于水生生物保护的石油烃总量(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的急性毒性基准值,同时还分析了分散剂和不同暴露方式对原油毒性的影响。结果显示,以名义浓度(nominal concentrations)所表示的毒性结果可能高估分散剂对原油毒性的影响,基于CEWAF和WAF的LC50/EC50所推导的有害浓度(HC5s)差异较小,计算出的保护水生生物TPH急性毒性基准值为0.38 mg·L-1(TPH);鱼类对原油污染的响应明显敏感于甲壳类;同时证明了SSD方法在溢油毒性评估及风险阈值推导中具有可行性和合理性。     

Effects of oil on behavioral responses to light,pressure and gravity in larvae of the rock crab Cancer irroratus

Cancer irroratus Say larvae (Zoeal Stages I–V and megalopae) were cultured and studied in 0.0, 0.1, and 1.0 ppm concentrations of water-accommodated fractions of No. 2 fuel oil under static conditions. Behavioral changes were monitored in terms of water column responses to various conditions of light, pressure and gravity. Results showed significant (F=206.12, P<0.01) effects of this oil fraction on larval behavior, with the specific response to oil depending upon the concentration, larval stage and the combination of light, pressure and gravity tested. Responses at 0.1 ppm differed from those at 1.0 ppm (F=5.01, P<0.05). Geonegative upward movements in the water column were typically depressed in early-stage larvae and enhanced in late-stage larvae after subjection to oils, showing gravity responses to be greatly affected. Phototactic behaviors were significantly changed by the oil and pressure responses were slightly affected.     

Vertical oil dispersion profile under non-breaking regular waves

An experimental program was conducted to investigate vertical oil dispersion of surface oil spills under non-breaking regular waves. The variation in oil concentration caused by oil dispersion in a water column was studied to determine the vertical oil dispersion profile. The experiments were performed using different waves characteristics for different volumes of oil spill to evaluate the variation in oil concentration at three depths at two sampling stations. The correlations between oil concentration and the main parameters of wave characteristics, oil spill volume, sampling depth, and distance of sampling stations to spill location were assessed. The results revealed that the trend of variation in oil concentration versus wave steepness is linear. The results obtained from experimental measurements indicated that the oil concentrations at mid-depth were 44–77 % and the concentrations near the flume bed were 12–33 % of the concentration near the water surface.     

Assimilation of Fenthion in Coastal Water

Fenthion [O.O-dimethyl 0-3-methy1-4(methylthio) phenyl phosphorothioate] is one of the most used mosquito insecticides in Florida, USA. Aerially applied insecticides may accidentally drift into estuarine coastal water and affect non-target organisms (Johnson and Finley, 1980; Kenaga, 1979; Patterson and Von Windeguth, 1964; Ray and Stevens, 1970). A field spray and a laboratory study were conducted to determine the persistence and disappearance rates of fenthion in the water and its toxicity on non-target organisms. This paper summarizes the results of the study and determines the assimilation capacity of fenthion in coastal waters. The fenthion is often applied as a thermal fog by a DC-3 aircraft. The thermal fog mixture contains 1.5% fenthion, 33.5% fog oil and 65% No. 2 diesel fuel. The spray duration was one to two minutes as the plane made its swath directly over the target site. The field spray was in St. Lucie County Impoundment on the east coast of Florida, USA. Before and after the spray, water samples were collected at different time intervals up to 48 hours to determine the fenthion concentration and their disappearance rates in the coastal water (Wang et al., 1987).     

Assimilation of Fenthion in Coastal Water

Fenthion [O.O-dimethyl 0-3-methy1-4(methylthio) phenyl phosphorothioate] is one of the most used mosquito insecticides in Florida, USA. Aerially applied insecticides may accidentally drift into estuarine coastal water and affect non-target organisms (Johnson and Finley, 1980; Kenaga, 1979; Patterson and Von Windeguth, 1964; Ray and Stevens, 1970). A field spray and a laboratory study were conducted to determine the persistence and disappearance rates of fenthion in the water and its toxicity on non-target organisms. This paper summarizes the results of the study and determines the assimilation capacity of fenthion in coastal waters. The fenthion is often applied as a thermal fog by a DC-3 aircraft. The thermal fog mixture contains 1.5% fenthion, 33.5% fog oil and 65% No. 2 diesel fuel. The spray duration was one to two minutes as the plane made its swath directly over the target site. The field spray was in St. Lucie County Impoundment on the east coast of Florida, USA. Before and after the spray, water samples were collected at different time intervals up to 48 hours to determine the fenthion concentration and their disappearance rates in the coastal water (Wang et al., 1987).     

Lethal and sublethal effects of a simulated salt brine effluent on adults and subadults of the shrimps Penaeus setiferus and P. aztecus

Lethal and certain sublethal effects of salt brines on adults and subadults of two species of penaeid shrimps, Penaeus setiferus and P. aztecus, were examined to evaluate the potential impact of ocean disposal of brine from solution mining of salt domes. Brines, prepared from dome salt or synthetic sea salt diluted with Brazos River (Texas, USA) water or deionized water, were mixed with seawater and dalivered from a proportional diluter to shrimp held (usually) at 25°C. For each combination of species, salt, and diluent, 90-individual trials were conducted in the fall and spring. The effects of temperature were evaluated separately. Median lethal time was strongly dose-dependent: Median lethal concentrations at 48 and 96 h were 654±42 (95% confidence interval) and 540±41 mOsm kg^-1 above ambient seawater, respectively, well above the worst-case predictions for the brine-disposal area. Salt type, diluent type, season or species did not significantly affect brine lethality. Mortality was higher for both species at 30°C and lower for P. setiferus and higher for P. aztecus below 25°C. Lethal brine doses produced tachycardia after 6 (P. setiferus) or 12 h (P. aztecus) of brine exposure. Opacity of abdominal muscles increased with brine concentration. Lethal brine concentrations evoked hyperactivity after 0.75–1.5 h of exposure, significant failure to orient after 6 h and a reduction in general activity after 12 h. Behavior and osmoregulation suggest higher sensitivities to brines made with dome salt or river water and in shrimp tested during the cool seasons.     

Comparison of methods for the analysis of dissolved urea in seawater

A comparison between the diacetyl monoxime and urease methods for measuring dissolved concentrations of urea in seawater was conducted in artificial seawater, phytoplankton-culture filtrate and both natural and ureaspiked field samples from coastal and oceanic enviroments during 1984. The urease technique underestimated urea concentrations in unbuffered photoplankton-culture filtrate as a result of the inhibition of the urease enzyme, causing the incomplete hydrolysis of urea in these samples. Factors responsible for inhibiting urease included pH, seawater ions, and possibly extracellular metabolites produced in unialgal cultures. Seawater type and time of sample collection were important variables affecting urea measurement by the urease method, and recovery of internal standards ranged from 40 to 100%. Increasing the heating time of the urease assay, or the concentration of urease added to the seawater samples increased the amount of urea determined by the urease method. However, measured values were still less than the concentration of the urea internal standards. The diacetyl monoxime method was suitable for urea determinations in all the seawater samples we examined; it was easily automated, and the results were accurate and reproducible. This modified technique is recommended for measuring disolved concentrations of urea in seawater.     

Individual variation in pheromone emission and termination patterns in female Anomala cuprea

Summary. Individual variations in pheromone emission patterns were examined in a scarab beetle, Anomala cuprea Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), by headspace collection of airborne volatiles from individual females. The amount of pheromone obtained varied among virgin females, and about 16% of these females (“silent” females) did not emit detectable amount of pheromone throughout the experimental period. There was no clear temporal pattern of peak pheromone emission for 19 days after the onset. More than half of the laboratory mated females completely stopped releasing pheromone after the first mating, while the rest of them continued releasing pheromone, frequently followed by additional mating. Received 26 March 2001; accepted 28 January 2002.     

Green chemistry approach to analysis of formic acid and acetic acid in aquatic environment by headspace water-based liquid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple and totally organic-free (green) method, viz. headspace water-based liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection has been successfully developed for analysis of formic acid and acetic acid in environmental water samples. A microdrop of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was suspended from the tip of a microsyringe needle over the headspace of the stirred sample solution containing the analytes at pH 1.0 for a given time. The microdrop was then retracted into the microsyringe, diluted with HPLC mobile phase, and injected to HPLC. Optimum efficiency has been achieved for: 3.0 µL NaOH microdrop (0.1 mol L^?1) exposed for 15 min over the headspace of an aqueous sample of 6.5 mL at 55 °C, containing 15% w/v of Na₂SO₄, adjusted to pH = 1.0 and stirred at 750 rpm. Under these conditions, enrichment factors of 162 and 187, limits of detection of 0.3 and 0.1 µg L^?1 (S/N = 3) with dynamic linear ranges of 1–500 and 0.5–500 µg L^?1 were obtained for formic acid and acetic acid, respectively. A reasonable repeatability (5.8% ≤ RSD ≤ 8.8%, n = 6) and satisfactory linearity (r² ≥ 0.997) illustrated the performance of the method.     

Preparation and application of a phosphorous free and non-nitrogen scale inhibitor in industrial cooling water systems

A novel environmentally friendly type of calcium carbonate, zinc (II) and iron (III) scale inhibitor Acrylic acid- allylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer (AA-APEL) was synthesized. The anti-scale property of the AA-APEL toward CaCO₃, zinc (II) and iron (III) in the artificial cooling water was studied through static scale inhibition tests. The observation shows that both calcium carbonate, zinc (II) and iron (III) inhibition increase with increasing the dosage of AA-APEL. The effect on formation of CaCO₃ was investigated with combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and fourier transform infrared spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the AA-APEL copolymer not only influenced calcium carbonate crystal morphology and crystal size but also the crystallinity. The crystallization of CaCO₃ in the absence of inhibitor was rhombohedral calcite crystal, whereas a mixture of calcite with vaterite crystals was found in the presence of the AA-APEL copolymer. Inhibition mechanism is proposed that the interactions between calcium or iron ions and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.     

不同浓度植物根系分泌物微生态效应研究

探讨夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)根系分泌物对土壤微生物量碳、呼吸强度等微生物学特征及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,深入揭示夹竹桃根系分泌物的微生态效应,通过向土壤中添加植物根系分泌物溶液的方法,研究了不同浓度(CK,15 mL去离子水作为对照;LC,5 mL分泌物+10 mL去离子水;MC,10 mL分泌物+5 mL去离子水;HC,15 mL分泌物)的外源植物根系分泌物对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落功能多样性、微生物量碳、微生物熵、基础呼吸和代谢熵的影响。结果表明,不同浓度根系分泌物处理pH值显著低于CK(P<0.05);有机碳、含水量、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),其大小表现为HC>MC>LC>CK;而土壤全磷无明显差异(P>0.05)。细菌、真菌、放线菌和微生物总数均显著高于对照(P<0.05),不同处理之间差异均显著(P<0.05),其大小表现为HC>MC>LC>CK。微生物量碳、微生物熵和基础呼吸均显著高于对照(P<0.05),不同处理之间差异均显著(P<0.05),其大小表现为HC>MC>LC>CK。土壤代谢熵表现为HC>MC>LC>CK,HC和MC差异不显著(P>0.05)。平均吸光值、物种丰富度指数、Mcintosh指数均显著高于对照(P<0.05),不同处理之间差异均显著(P<0.05),其大小表现为HC>MC>LC>CK。不同处理间优势度指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。主成分分析表明:中浓度根系分泌物处理的土壤与CK土壤微生物群落代谢特征相近,其明显不同于高浓度根系分泌物处理的土壤,说明它们对单一碳源的利用能力不同,其群落代谢特征存在差异。总体来看,高浓度的根系分泌物能够显著改变土壤微生物学特性及群落功能多样性。     

Simulation of interrelations of the Everglades' marsh,peat, fire,water and phosphorus

Some of the principal controlling factors affecting the Everglades marsh system were combined in a simple model including growth of grass, water levels, rain, transpiration, peat deposition, fire and phosphorus and controlled inflow of water containing nutrients. Using data from published sources, coefficients were estimated and the model was simulated for several regimes, for varying concentrations of nutrient in the inflows and for varying access to fire. The resulting graphs resemble patterns reported from the Everglades, with some regimes producing regular repeating patterns and frequent small fires, whereas other regimes produced erratic and widely fluctuating patterns of vegetation, flood and fire. High phosphorus increased water loss by affecting plant transpiration: oscillations of vegetation and fire caused nutrient oscillations. Inflow of low nutrient water decreased nutrient levels by binding nutrients in plant masses. Continuous high water levels developed large accumulations of vegetation and peat, binding the nutrients, making larger fires when water levels were lowered. If this model is pertinent, a regular period of variation of water inflow and limited nutrients may be means for management of marshes for long range stability.     

农产品中黄曲霉素B1的酶联免疫吸附分析法

使用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)与黄曲霉素B_1(AFB_1)的结合物免疫兔子获得了高特异性、高效价的抗AFB_1的抗体,用此抗体建立了测定AFB_1的酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA),最低检出限为1.0pg/m。应用于花生、花生酱、玉米和大豆等农产品中AFB_1分析,其回收率在81—116％范围,变异系数在1.51—10.65％之间。此法具有简单、快速和适于大批量样品分析等优点。     

Effect of fuel oil and dispersant on cell cycle and macromolecular synthesis in the chlorococcal alga Scenedesmus armatus

Growth and reproductive processes in synchronous cultures of the alga Scenedesmus armatus (isolated from Baltic phytoplankton) were followed in the presence of various concentrations of dispersant DP-105, oil, and mixtures of oil and dispersant. The inhibition of protoplast fission was the most prominent effect of oil. Nuclear division was inhibited to a lesser extent. With an increasing concentration of oil, dispersant, or a mixture of both, the inhibitory effects were expressed earlier. The presence of oil compounds did not effect the timing of DNA replication, but it did reduce the number of replication rounds in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibition of DNA synthesis was accompanied by slightly delayed cessation of RNA and protein synthesis. Starch synthesis was always inhibited to a lesser extent, and at a later time, than other macromolecular syntheses. Pigment synthesis continued almost to the end of the cell cycle. Thereafter, a rapid degradation of all pigments began and the cells became bleached. No inhibitory effect on reproductive processes was found if oil or dispersant were added to cultures transferred into darkness. Furthermore, recovery from inhibition of reproductive processes caused by oil in continuously illuminated cultures was observed in darkened cells. Chemically dispersed fuel oil was only slightly more toxic than mechanically dispersed fuel oil; an additive, rather than synergistic, effect of oil/dispersant mixture was found.     

不同有机碳源对小球藻的生长与产油量的影响

该研究探讨了葡萄糖和乙酸钠两种碳源对小球藻（Chlorella protothecoides）的生长与产油量的影响,并对小球藻在两种碳源混合培养下的生长与产油情况进行了分析.研究结果表明,葡萄糖和乙酸钠的浓度对小球藻的生物量和产油量都有较大的影响,最优的浓度分别为15 g/L和20.5 g/L.相对于以葡萄糖为碳源的小球藻,以乙酸钠为碳源的小球藻的生物量与含油量均较低.在混合培养条件下,葡萄糖最先被小球藻吸收利用.图5,表1,参8.     

Rapid and sensitive headspace gas chromatographic method for cyanide determination in whole blood

We reported a simple and rapid headspace (HS) gas chromatographic (GC) assay for the determination of cyanide in human whole blood obtained from both cadaveric and intoxicated subjects. The poison was extracted from whole blood samples by HS technique after 10 min incubation at 80°C with a HCl (1N) acidic solution supplemented with 30 g L^?1 of sodium chloride and 10 mg L^?1 of isopropanol as internal standard. A SGE WAX capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.5 µm df) was used. The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) was set at 250°C. The detection and the quantification limits were 0.02 and 0.2 mg L^?1, respectively. In the within-day study, the coefficients of variation for three different whole blood cyanide concentrations varied between 3.2 and 6.5%, whereas those in the day-to-day study varied between 4.8 and 6.3%. The assay was performed in less than 20 min per sample, which appears to be suitable for emergency toxicological tasks involved in diagnosis of cyanide poisoning.     

Essential oil components decrease pulmonary and hepatic cells inflammation induced by air pollution particulate matter

Outdoor air pollution and fine particulate matter (PM) were recently classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The exposure to airborne particulate matter also contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, which are major public health concerns. Up to now, no work has evaluated the ability of essential oils as an alternative medicine to relieve the adverse health effects caused by airborne particulate matter. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of four essential oil components, trans-anethole, estragole, eugenol and isoeugenol, on the reduction in inflammation induced by particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 μm (PM_2.5), in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. Anethole is a flavor component of anise and fennel, estragole is occurring in basil, eugenol occurs in clove bud oil and isoeugenol occurs in ylang-ylang. Essential oil components were tested either as free or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-encapsulated forms. Control experiments showed that particulate matter (PM_2.5) induced inflammation by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Our results show that the addition of either free or encapsulated essential oil components to particulate matter exposed cells decreased up to 96 % the cytokine IL-6 level, and by up to 87 % the cytokine IL-8 level. Overall our findings evidence for the first time that natural essential oil components counteract the inflammatory effects of particulate matter and that encapsulation in cyclodextrins preserved their properties.     

Spreading of oil on water in the surface-tension regime

The third stage of oil spreading on water, in which surface-tension force promotes spreading against the resisting viscous effect, is investigated using a similarity solution in combination with an integral boundary-layer technique to solve the unidirectional oil-spreading dynamics problem in the last stage of spreading. The thin layer is assumed to be supplied by oil from a bulk boundary. Using a constitutive equation for oil-film surface tension versus oil-film thickness, analytical solutions near the bulk boundary and near the edge are developed. Using the asymptotic solutions to initiate integration, the differential equations for the oil thickness, oil velocity, and boundary-layer profiles are integrated starting from the leading edge and bulk boundary, which after matching provide a complete solution. The results for the spreading-law prefactors are found to differ by about 10 % from published theoretical results using the same constitutive equation. Using an empirical constitutive equation for oil-film surface tension versus distance from the bulk boundary leads to a spreading-law prefactor that is in excellent agreement with the published experimental result and published theoretical work providing and using the same empirical constitutive equation.     

SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数：SO2生理学研究新模式

为了探讨内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的化学机制,采用真空减压法、超声波法、通气法、光谱扫描法及摇瓶法等对SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数进行了研究.研究结果表明:1)气态SO2不仅易溶于水,而且更易溶于有机溶剂;2)SO2在水和有机溶剂中的溶解主要是物理性溶解,其主要以SO2分子状态存在于溶液中,在饱和溶液中90%以上是以自由分子状态存在,在较低浓度下也有50%左右以自由分子状态存在;3)SO2的脂/水分配系数仅为0.16～0.20,使存在于生物膜(脂相)系统的内源性SO2很容易进入水相并转化为亚硫酸盐,这将导致其在组织细胞内的半寿期很短,这符合信号分子的特征.由此结论:1)以SO2生理盐水溶液作为SO2供体,可作为研究内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的新模式;2)内源性SO2在组织细胞内的失活途径是:SO2→SO32-/HSO3-→SO42-.此外,论文认为亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液并不能作为"SO2供体"用以处理生物组织.     

Biochemical responses of the striped mullet Mugil cephalus to oil exposure I. Acute responses—Interrenal activations and secondary stress responses

Acute single exposures to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of a No. 2 fuel oil influences several biochemical parameters in juveniles of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were measured at 1 and 3 h after exposure to 1, 5, 10 or 20% WSF. No elevation of plasma cortisol or glucose levels occurred in fish exposed to the lowest concentration of oil, whereas a dose-response relationship was observed at higher doses. The dynamics of plasma corticosteroid, glucose and cholesterol concentrations and osmolality as well as accumulation of naphthalenes in the fish tissues were monitored during exposure to 20% WSF. Circulating cortisol concentrations rose rapidly to 5 times normal values 1h after exposure to oil and subsequently declined to control levels 6 h after oil addition. A smaller secondary rise occurred at 12 h, but cortisol had returned to basal levels 12 h later. In contrast, plasma glucose, cholesterol and osmolality rose more slowly to reach maximum values between 3 and 4 h after oil addition. By 24 h plasma cholesterol and osmolality had returned to normal values whereas the hyperglycemia persisted. However, 72 h after the addition of WSF all biochemical parameters had returned to control levels. At this time considerable accumulation of total naphthalenes had occurred in several fish tissues, whilst the concentration of total naphthalenes in the exposure tanks had declined to background levels. When freshly prepared 20% WSF was added to the exposure tanks during this period, all biochemical parameters were again elevated. The results suggest that the volatile components of fuel oil in the water trigger the biochemical changes described in a dosedependent manner. The possible ecological significance of these changes and the potential use of these parameters as sublethal indicators of environmental contamination are discussed.