城市绿色空间及对城市热岛效应的影响

采用遥感技术结合实地测定的研究方法,利用1987年至2001年遥感卫星影像数据,建立了北京市不同年份的城市绿色空间专题图和热岛分布图,分析了13年中北京城市绿色空间及热岛效应的演变特点,评价了城市发展及城市绿化对热岛效应的影响。结果表明:受城市化的影响,14年中北京城市绿色空间变化明显,城市热岛效应也随之发生明显变化;随着城市建设范围的扩大,原有自然植被不断减少,热岛影响范围随之扩大;随着市区内的绿化建设,绿色空间总量增加,热岛效应有缓解的趋势。     

重庆市主城区绿色空间的演变及驱动机制研究

重庆位于三峡库区腹地,直辖以来高速发展,重庆主城区是我国典型的高密度山地城市。近年来城市扩展异常迅速,土地开发强度高,城市绿色空间变化显著。基于遥感影像提取植被信息,使用景观生态学指数和缓冲区密度,分析重庆市主城区25年来绿色空间的时空演变过程,揭示主导的影响因子和驱动机制。研究结果表明:绿色空间的面积呈现持续下降的趋势,其边界线逐渐远离市中心,北部、西南部和南岸区的绿色空间减少最明显;近年来,中心城区在旧城更新过程中绿色空间呈增加态势;优越的地理区位和一系列的国家政策推动了重庆市快速城镇化和城市扩张,是绿色空间演变的主要间接驱动因素,城市总体规划对城市发展方向的引领、道路网络的线性切割包围及城市建设用地的面状侵占等联合驱动是重要的直接驱动因素,旧城更新推动了绿色空间的再生。     

广州城市绿色空间与地表温度的格局关系研究

城市景观和生态组分的重要性已随着城市化进程加快而日益凸显,城市热环境则是城市化过程的重要环境问题之一,探讨绿色空间与热环境的关系是可持续发展的迫切需求。基于2014年10月Landsat8_OIL遥感影像,提取城市绿色空间信息并进行地表温度反演,分析广州市绿色空间的结构、热环境空间分异和二者之间的空间分布一致性关系。研究结果表明:绿色空间的景观呈以小面积型和特小面积型斑块为主导的破碎化分布格局,接近总绿色空间面积的95%,绿色空间破碎化严重;绿色空间面积及其斑块大小结构显示,从化、增城和黄埔等3个行政区内自然生态环境状况较好,较差的是南沙和番禺两区。地表温度反演结果显示,研究区域地表温度主要在18~33℃之间,占总面积的96.22%;地表温度空间上存在明显的高温和低温区域。绿地斑块面积越大,对应的地表温度越低;绿地斑块面积越少,对应地表高温区域的面积比例则越大,表明绿色空间减缓了太阳对地表的升温作用;不一致性指数结果表明,研究区大于60%的绿色空间都起到了这种减缓作用,其余的绿地斑块的减缓升温作用较小或不起作用;中心城区范围内绿色空间与地表温度也呈现出类似的规律。研究揭示广州未来智慧城市与可持续发展规划必须足够重视绿色空间斑块规模,以发挥绿色空间的最佳服务效果。     

基于卫星遥感的合肥城市绿色空间对热环境的影响评估

城市绿地及其格局在减轻城市热岛效应方面有重要作用。作者基于卫星遥感开展城市绿色空间改善城市热环境的定量研究,以合肥市3个典型城市功能区(Urban Functional Zone,UFZ)为研究对象,基于Landsat 8 TIRS遥感影像、资源三号高分辨率影像,综合运用RS、GIS等空间分析技术,结合地理统计分析,表征了城市用地特征及其热环境效应,定量分析了小尺度下绿色空间降温特征,探讨了基于绿色空间构建调控城市热环境效应的策略手段,为规避不合理的土地利用与开发模式对城市热岛的影响,合理规划城市绿色空间单元,实现城市的可持续发展提供科学的理论基础和重要技术参考。研究结果表明,(1)在城市功能区尺度上,水体和植被呈现出相对较低的表观辐射通量密度(Apparent Radiant Flux Density,ARFD),分别为25.92 W?m~(-2)和27.95 W?m~(-2),而移动板房、在建用地、道路、低层建筑、高层建筑和人工复合材质的ARFD相对较高,分别为35.32、33.29、31.73、31.91、31.16和31.02 W?m-2。(2)在单元地块水平上,采用单位面积净表观辐射通量进行分析以消除不同大小地块的"尺度效应"。公园和以植被为主的地块对单位面积净表观辐射通量的贡献相对较小,为4.87 k W?hm~(-2)。(3)在景观格局水平上,地块内绿色空间的景观面积比例、最大斑块指数和景观聚集度指数与单位面积净表观辐射通量呈负相关关系,综合分析表明,地块内绿色空间面积越大,分布越集中,对城市热环境的控制作用越强。     

长江中游城市群绿色发展指数测度及时空演变探析——基于GWR模型

绿色发展兼顾资源环境与社会经济双重效益,是国家重点关注的区域发展新模式。通过熵权-TOPSIS法测度长江中游城市群31个城市的绿色发展指数,借助环境库兹涅茨曲线理论解析造成差异化格局的成因,进一步引入GWR模型深入探讨了影响因素的空间溢出效应,旨在揭示长江中游城市群在绿色发展进程中出现的问题和所面临的处境,加深区域政府及民众对绿色发展的认识,以期全面提升绿色发展指数并缩小其区域差异,推动城市群绿色发展一体化进程,进一步促进环境友好型、资源节约型社会建设。研究发现,(1)2009—2014年长江中游城市群整体绿色发展指数历经了"V"型触底反弹过程,位于绿色发展库伦涅茨曲线拐点左端"两难阶段"的城市数目由2009年的6个增加至2012年的22个,并于2014年降为18个,超过半数的城市仍处于绿色发展的"两难阶段",经济与环境矛盾依然严峻。(2)城市群绿色发展的5大影响因子为:人均GDP、经济密度、第三产业增加值比重、人均当地水资源量、人均公共绿地面积;其中,人均当地水资源量与绿色发展关系由负相关向正相关演进,其余4项影响因素对绿色发展的贡献均为正效应;经济刺激对区域绿色发展的驱动效应逐年减弱,产业结构及资源状况对绿色发展的边际作用力明显提升。(3)2009—2014年襄阳市和常德市呈现差异化演变趋势,前者绿色发展指数逐年锐减,已由绿色发展库兹涅茨曲线上方滑落至曲线下方,后者反之;产业结构、资源保护和绿化治理为襄阳市绿色发展的主要制约因素。     

城市绿色空间综合评价指标体系构建及应用

为科学合理地评价城市绿色空间的生态景观效益、社会效益以及经济效益,建立了一套较为科学、全面的评价指标体系,其包括基本数量特征、景观格局、社会管理因素和生态功能等4个Ⅱ级指标以及16个Ⅲ级指标,并依次对北京城市绿色空间现状进行了综合评价。结果表明:北京市绿色空间综合评价指标值为0.67,处于第Ⅱ级下游,表明北京城市绿色空间面积适当、结构较合理,生态功能发挥良好,总体建设较好;但同时也存在景观连接度较差、可达性不好、居民满意度不高等问题,从而影响了其生态功能和社会功能的有效发挥。     

居住区绿色空间的生态规划与设计——以珠海华发新城为例

居住区绿色空间是城市绿色空间的重要组成部分，它对提高居民的生活环境质量，增进居民的身心健康至关重要，具有重要的生态服务功能。从生态学的角度出发，提出了居住区绿色空间生态规划的8项原则，并以珠海华发新城为例，从滨河公园、住区外围防护绿色空间、建筑组团外围和庭院绿色空间、建筑架空底部绿色空间、屋顶和垂直绿化等方面进行了规划设计。     

景观格局演变及其生态效应研究进展

区域景观格局演变及生态效应研究一直是景观生态学研究的重点,对人类、自然的可持续发展具有重要的意义.文章从景观格局-过程-生态效应的相互驱动机制及当前的研究进展进行了系统的分析,综述了国内外景观格局及其生态效应研究相关进展,集中分析了当前研究中的热点和难点.景观分类是景观格局研究的基础,空间统计分析、转移矩阵分析和景观指数分析是研究景观格局演变的主要手段,新兴的元胞自动机理论和方法在景观格局演变研究中有很大的发展空间.景观格局演变驱动力研究需对自然驱动力、社会驱动力进行综合考虑.不同时空尺度下,景观格局与生态过程的内在机制也不一样.在此基础上,提出了今后研究的一些方向,重点是:(1)景观格局演变的内在驱动机制研究;(2)多尺度下景观格局和生态过程(如土壤侵蚀、养分流失等)的耦合研究;(3)"3S"技术、野外调查监测与格局-过程演变模拟模型结合的应用推广潜力.     

污染场地土壤重金属空间异常值识别及其点源效应的分离

由点源污染导致的土壤重金属空间异常值的分布及点源效应的大小将影响场地风险评估和修复方案的制定,进而影响场地的环境管理.以某典型重金属污染场地为研究区域,以表层土壤Cd含量为研究对象,引入稳健变异函数模型,并筛选出合适的变异函数模型,结合平尾化方法对表层土壤Cd含量空间异常值进行识别和处理,并有效地分离出点源效应.研究表明：研究区表层土壤Cd含量空间变异大且存在明显的空间异常值;CressieHawkins稳健变异函数更适用于对研究区表层土壤Cd含量半方差函数的估计,采用稳健变异函数和平尾化方法能够有效地识别空间异常值和分离点源效应,空间异常值主要分布在受人为活动影响较大的区块;由于准点过程导致的变异较大,分离出的点源效应解释了异常值点位表层土壤Cd含量的大部分.     

城市绿色空间生态规划的方法与实践——以扬州市为例

城市绿色空间具有重要的生态服务功能,生态服务功能的强弱取决于绿色空间规划的科学性、合理性以及管理水平等。城市绿地建设必需实现从传统物理规划走向生态规划的转变。运用复合生态系统理论和生态规划方法,以扬州市为案例,从风景名胜区、河流与湿地、道路与广场、居住区、立体空间绿化、森林公园、都市农业、城郊生态缓冲带、生态功能保育区等方面进行了绿色空间规划。     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。