Effects of Ca2+ ions antagonistic to Al3+ ions poisoningin root growth , cell division and nucleolusin root tip cells of Allium cepa

The effects of different aluminium chloride concentrations together with varying calciumchloride concentrations on root growth, cell division and nucleoli in root tip cells of Allium cepa werestudied. The concentrations used for aluminium chloride were 10^-4, 10^-3 and 10^-2 mol/L ; and for calcium chloride were 10^-5 , 10^-4 , 10^-3 and 10^-2 mol/L, respectively. The results showed that after thetreatments with 10^-2 to 10^-3 mol/L Al³⁺ , root growth was severely inhibited , a large nurnber of thecells with c-mitosis were induced and the nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. However , the treatments with 10^-2 to 10^-3 mol/L of Al³⁺ together with 10^-2)to 10^-5 mol/LCa²⁺ suggested that Ca²⁺ gave the obviously protective effects against Al³⁺ poisoning in root growth.cell division and nucleoli of the root tip cells in A. cepa. The possible mechanism of these protective effects of Ca²⁺) is also briefly discussed.     

铜和锌离子对真鲷幼鱼组织酶活性的影响

研究水中Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋对真鲷幼鱼组织ＣＡＴ、ＧＰＴ、胃蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明：真鲷幼鱼暴露于不同浓度Ｃｕ＾２＋（０．５、０．７５、１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）、Ｚｎ＾２＋（１、２、４ｍｇ／Ｌ）海水中４ｄ后,Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋对鳃,肝脏ＣＡＴ,胃蛋白酶有抑制作用。     

镉对大鼠肾皮质结合反应的影响

通过体内和体外试验分别研究了镉对肾皮质微粒体谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)及游离肾近曲小管细胞中葡萄糖醛酸(GA)结合反应的影响.结果表明:(1)体外试验中,在10~(-7)—10~(-3)mol/L浓度范围内,镉可抑制肾皮质微粒休GST活力;(2)体内腹腔注射CdCl_2(2.4mg/kg,连续3天)后,大鼠肾皮质GST活力无明显改变;(3)按同样方式腹腔注射CdCl_2后,可降低游离肾近曲小管细胞中GA和7-羟基香豆素(7-HC)的结合反应;(4)体外试验中,低浓度镉(10~(-7)mol/L)可使肾皮质细胞中GA和7-HC的结合反应增强,而在10~(-6)—10~(-2)mol/L浓度范围内,镉可降低GA和7-HC的结合反应.     

镁改性硅藻土回收废水氮磷产物对水中Pb2+和Zn2+的去除

通过使用镁改性硅藻土回收废水中的氮磷营养素,优化制备了一种复合材料（D-MAP）,并将其用于废水中重金属Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的去除.研究探讨了材料投加量、反应时间、反应温度和溶液初始pH等因素对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺在D-MAP上吸附的影响.D-MAP吸附去除Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的最优条件为：D-MAP投加量分别为0.25 g·L^-1和0.30 g·L^-1,Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺初始浓度分别为300 mg·L^-1和60 mg·L^-1,溶液初始pH为5.0.在此条件下,其对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺去除率分别可达78.67%和89.66%.动力学和热力学的结果表明,D-MAP对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型;其吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型描述,吸附是自发吸热的过程.Langmuir等温拟合结果指出,D-MAP对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的最大吸附容量分别为901.0 mg·g^-1和206.2 mg·g^-1.使用SEM/EDS、XRD和FT-IR等手段对吸附Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺前后的吸附剂进行表征,结果表明,D-MAP是一种鸟粪石-硅藻土复合材料,可通过与Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺生成Pb₁₀（PO₄）₆（OH）₂和Zn₃（PO₄）₂·2H₂ O去除废水中Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺.D-MAP对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的去除效果随着pH的增加而增加,且最终产物形态随pH不同产生变化.     

低浓度锌及其EDTA配合物长期暴露对鲫鱼肝脏锌富集及抗氧化系统的影响

选择幼龄鲫鱼为材料 ,研究锌(Zn²⁺)及其配合物(Zn-EDTA)低浓度长期暴露(40d)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏锌富集和抗氧化防御系统的影响 .结果表明 ,鲫鱼肝脏中锌的积累量随锌暴露浓度的升高而增加,且Zn²⁺处理明显高于Zn EDTA处理 .2种形态锌对鲫鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx)均表现出抑制作用 ,其中Zn²⁺暴露浓度与酶活性之间存在良好的剂量效应关系;Zn²⁺在低浓度时对谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)有诱导作用 ,高浓度时为抑制作用 .Zn EDTA对GST活性始终产生抑制作用 .CAT与GPx对锌暴露比GST和SOD更为敏感 ,适合作为水环境锌污染的早期监测指标 .     

重金属对蚕豆(vicia faba)根尖的核酸含量及核酸酶活性影响的研究

Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺在低浓度作用下,随处理浓度的升高,刺激蚕豆(Vicia faba)DNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、0.50、50.0ppm)和RNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、50.0、50.0ppm),DNase活性(处理浓度均低于10.0ppm)和RNase活性(处理浓度分别低于20.0、10.0、50.0ppm)相应地升高;当处理浓度超过相应浓度时,DNA和RNA含量以及DNase与RNase活性随浓度升高而降低。Hg²⁺在小于0.05ppm时使RNase活性升高,高于该浓度使其降低,其它各指标无上述规律性变化。重金属对核酸代谢的影响结果取决于植物组织的适应性反应与金属离子的毒性反应的强度。文章还讨论了金属离子特征和可能存在的不同代谢活动的抗性诱导体系对植物毒性的影响,以及蛋白质的代谢活动对植物适应性水平的影响。     

外源8''-炔基脱落酸强化东南景天吸收重金属的研究

为探究脱落酸类似物8''-炔基脱落酸[8''-（C₂H）ABA]强化东南景天富集重金属的效应,通过水培的方法研究了外源8''-（C₂H）ABA分别对Cd（20 mg·L^-1）、Zn（160 mg·L^-1）单一胁迫下东南景天Cd/Zn积累和生理特性的影响,以及初步探讨了8''-（C₂H）ABA在植物重金属胁迫响应中的作用.实验结果表明：与天然ABA相比,外源8''-（C₂H）ABA能达到与ABA类似的作用效果,且对Cd胁迫下东南景天促进效果好于Zn;在Cd胁迫下,与对照相比,外源8''-（C₂H）ABA能显著增加东南景天根、叶中的Cd含量（44.2%、27.5%）,以及光合色素（10.7%）和叶中过氧化物酶（SOD）活性（52.9%）、超氧化物歧化酶（POD）（24.7%）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性（27.9%）抗氧化酶活性,使可溶性糖（SS）（13%）和游离脯氨酸（Pro）（37.4%）含量增加,而叶中丙二醛（MDA）（40%）含量明显降低.上述结果表明,一定浓度的8''-（C₂H）ABA可以提高东南景天抗氧化酶活性来增强其对重金属Cd的抗性及吸收和转运能力,在强化东南景天修复重金属污染方面具有应用潜力.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Prorocentrum donghaiense

The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.     

Effects of Cd2+ on the nucleolus in root tip cells of Allium cepa

The effects of different concentrations of cadmium chloride ranging from 0.5 to 20 ppm on the nucleolus in root tip cells of Allium cepa were studied using the silver staining technique. The results indicated that after the treatment with Cd²⁺,different changes in nucleolar morphology appeared. The nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm,and the nucleoli at mitotic metaphase did not disappear. Apparently,cadmium showed a specific effects on the nucleoli in root tip cells of Allium cepa. The possible mechanism behind this phenomenon is also briefly discussed.     

Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize (Zea mays L.)

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＣｕｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｕｓｕａｌｌｙ20ｔｏ30ｐｐｍｉｎｎｏｎｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｓｏｉｌ(Ｎｒｉａｇｕ,1979;Ｓａｌｏｍｏｎｓ,1984),ｂｕｔｉｓｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ2000ｐｐｍｉｎｍｉｎｉｎｇａｒｅａｓａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙｏｆｓｍｅｌｔｅｒｓ(Ｆｒｅｅｄｍａｎ,1980;Ｈｕｍｐｈｒｅｙｓ,1984).ＩｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｃｏｐｐｅｒｓｏｌｕｂｉｌｉｔｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｐＨｉｎｓｏｉｌｓ,ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｏｂ…     

3类金属离子对活性污泥吸附水体腐殖酸的影响

研究了3类金属离子对活性污泥吸附水体腐殖酸效果的影响.结果表明,盐类金属离子(Na )、硬度金属离子(Ca2 、Mg2 )和水解金属离子(Al3 、Fe3 )均能在一定程度上提高吸附效率.作为活性污泥助凝剂,以大于10-2mol/L硬度离子的促进效果为好.加入10-2mol/L Ca2 、Mg2 48 h后溶液中的腐殖酸浓度分别为(0.64±0.17)mg/L和(2.32±0.40)mg/L,其去除率分别为98.4%和94.2%;当加入10-1mol/L Ca2 、Mg2 48 h后,其去除率均接近100%,而且Ca2 离子促进作用要优于Mg2 .盐类金属离子、硬度金属离子、水解金属离子提高活性污泥吸附腐殖酸的主要作用机理可能分别是压缩双电层、架桥作用、吸附共沉淀.同时,投加金属离子也可能使活性污泥上的吸附位性质改变或失效,对腐殖酸的吸附有一定的负面影响.     

天山西部伊犁河流域土壤盐分特征

采用相关分析法与主成分分析法研究了伊犁河流域土壤盐分特征.结果表明:研究区域耕层(3～20 cm)土壤53.68%样地为非盐渍化土壤,18.38%为轻度盐渍化,13.97%为中度盐渍化,8.82%为重度盐渍化,5.15%为盐土;土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐渍土为主,占68.41%.盐分组成中,阴离子以SO₄2-和Cl-为主,阳离子以Na+和Ca2+为主;土壤盐分与Cl-和SO₄2-分别呈极显著、显著正相关关系,揭示了土壤盐分大小与w(Cl-)和w(SO₄2-)有关;表层(0～3 cm)土壤盐分平均值占0～60 cm土层盐分平均值的60.19 %,即土壤盐分垂直分布呈现强烈表聚性.主成分分析结果表明,盐分,w(Cl-),w(SO₄2-),w(Mg2+)与w(Ca2+)可作为研究区域土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子.不同土地利用类型条件下,耕层土壤盐分平均值从高到低依次为草地、旱田、稻田、林地.不同灌溉条件下,井灌农田耕层土壤盐分平均值为1.12 g/kg,渠灌农田耕层土壤盐分平均值为0.73 g/kg,渠灌农田耕层土壤盐分平均值比井灌农田小0.39 g/kg.不同时期耕层土壤盐分平均值从高到低依次为非灌溉期、夏灌期、秋灌期.      

重金属对猪场废水厌氧消化蓄积抑制

为了探明重金属离子在猪场废水厌氧消化中的蓄积抑制作用,用急性抑制试验法和蓄积抑制试验法,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+对厌氧消化的半抑制浓度和蓄积特性.结果表明,Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+对厌氧消化的半抑制浓度分别为1.26、1.79和2.10 mg·g+1(以VSS计),当Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+的浓度分别累积到1.92 mg·g-1,0.96 mg·g-1和2.24 mg·g-1(以VSS计)时,甲烷产生速率被抑制50%,说明Zn2+属于高度蓄积,Cu2+和Cr3+为明显蓄积.     

Involvements of chloride ion in decolorization of Acid Orange 7 by activated peroxydisulfate or peroxymonosulfate oxidation

The effects of Cl^- on the decolorization of AO7 by SO₄^·- based-peroxydisulfate or peroxymonosulfate oxidation under various activated conditions were different.     

Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize(Zea may L.)

The effects of different concentrations of copper sulfate on rootand shoot growth of maize(Zea mays L.) and the uptake and accumulation of Cu2+ by its roots and shoots were investigated in the present study. The concentrations of opper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) used were in the range of 10-5-10-3mol/L. Root growth decreased progressively with increasing concentration of Cu2+ in solution. The seedlings exposed to 10-3 mol/L Cu exhibited substantial growth reduction, yielding only 68% of the root length of the control. The shoot growth of the seedlings grown at 10-5-10-4 mol/L Cu2+ were more or less than the same as the control seedlings. The leaves treated with 10-3 mol/L Cu2+ were obviously inhibited in shoot growth. The fresh and dry weights both in roots and shots decreased progressively with increasing Cu2+ concentration.This fits well with the above mentioned effects of copper sulfate on root growth. Zea mays has considerable ability to remove Cu from solutions and accumulate it. The Cu content in roots of Z. Mays increased with increasing solution concentration of Cu2+. The amount of Cu in roots of plants treated with 10-3, 10-4 and 10-5 mol/L Cu2+ were 10, 8 and 1.5 fold, respectively, greater than that of roots of control plant. However, the plants transported and concentrated only a small amount of Cu in their shoots.     

环境监测用多参数光纤化学传感技术研究

采用发光二极管、光导纤维和硅光电二级管检测器研制成可供环境水ｐＨ值和大气中ＳＯ２、ＮＨ３检测的光纤多参数传感系统．仪器对ｐＨ值的响应可低达００１ｐＨ，对水中ＮＨ４＋的检测限为２×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＳＯ３２－的检测限为２×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ；仪器体积小，可用电池供电、便于野外监测，检测准确、稳定，成本低廉．     

ToxTell生物传感器在Cu2+、Zn2+冲击活性污泥系统分析中的应用

探讨了不同浓度Cu2+及Cu2+和Zn2+联合对活性污泥系统CODCr去除的影响,并采用ToxTell生物传感器,以活性污泥为指示微生物,分析了上述金属离子的毒性抑制作用.结果表明,Cu2+浓度为5mg·L-1时,其对活性污泥工艺CODCr去除存在一定的促进作用,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,其对CODCr的去除的抑制作用逐渐增强;Cu2+及Cu2+和Zn2+对活性污泥系统在抑制时间为1.5h时达到最大抑制状态,但随着曝气时间的延长,CODCr去除率呈逐渐上升趋势.ToxTell生物传感器对Cu2+和Zn2+的混合毒性具有良好的分析性能,其毒性分析结果与活性污泥工艺中CODCr的去除抑制率具有良好的一致性,初步证实该生物传感器能很好地用于活性污泥处理系统受Cu2+和Zn2+冲击的预警监测.     

利用道南膜技术(DMT)研究土壤中重金属自由离子浓度

采用近年新发展起来的一种研究重金属自由离子浓度的方法———道南膜技术,研究了采自我国不同地区的11种耕层土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的自由离子浓度.结果表明,道南膜技术测定的Cd、Zn自由态浓度与WinHumicV模型计算结果吻合较好,测定的Pb和Cu自由态浓度稍高于WinHumicV模型计算结果.同时,采用Sauv啨提出的吸附腜投匀芙馓妥杂商闹亟鹗艚蟹治?结果表明,溶解态Zn、Cu和Pb以及自由态的Zn、Cu受土壤的污染程度(重金属总量)、土壤pH和溶液中溶解性有机碳控制.     

Mn2+、Mo6+和Zn2+对活性污泥内胞外聚合物组分的影响

通过测定不同浓度的金属离子对活性污泥比耗氧率的影响, 确定了Mn²⁺、Mo⁶⁺和Zn²⁺的最佳促进浓度, 并研究了在各自促进浓度范围内3种金属离子对活性污泥内胞外聚合物(EPS)组分(蛋白质、糖类和核酸)含量变化的影响.结果发现, Mn²⁺、Mo⁶⁺和Zn²⁺的最佳促进浓度均为1mg·L^-1. Mn²⁺和Zn²⁺对EPS各组分的影响较大, 而Mo⁶⁺基本没有产生影响. 试验同时发现, 经低温贮存的污泥, 其EPS含量下降, 其中多糖含量下降最为明显.     

液/固体系Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+在硅藻土表面的吸附行为与特性

为了深入了解液/固体系Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)在硅藻土表面的吸附行为与特性,为硅藻土在含重金属离子废水处理上的应用提供充分的理论依据,采用静态吸附试验对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)在硅藻土表面的吸附条件、性能、行为与特性进行了系统的研究.结果表明,硅藻土投加量和离子初始浓度对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的影响均可归结为液/固比(液相离子与硅藻土的质量比)的影响,过高或过低的液固比均不利于吸附,硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)所需的最佳液/固比分别为0.025、0.100和0.100.溶液初始pH值对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的影响主要与溶液初始pH值与硅藻土等电点(2.0)之间的距离有关,接近或低于硅藻土等电点都不利于吸附,过高的pH值会使Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)发生沉淀,也不利于吸附,硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)所需的最适溶液初始pH值区间分别为4.0~6.0、4.0~7.0和4.0~7.0.溶液温度对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的液膜扩散、颗粒扩散和吸附反应3个过程的影响不一致,导致对吸附量的影响无明显规律.硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的吸附分别符合Langmuir、Tenkin、Freundlish等温吸附模型,以物理吸附为主,吸附反应容易进行,在40 min达到平衡,吸附容量(25℃时)理论值分别为4.335、23.031、3.844 mg·g~(-1).吸附是自发的、吸热的、无序性增加,符合二级动力学模型.吸附速率的控制步骤为发生在孔道内部的吸附反应.