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1.
Summary.
Metrius contractus, a primitive paussoid bombardier beetle, emits its defensive quinonoid froth with accompanying sound (a faint “hiss”), but
the sound is not pulsed, indicating that the secretory emission itself is not pulsed. Pulsed secretory delivery in bombardier
beetles appears to occur in Brachinini only.
Received 8 July 2001; accepted 23 July 2001. 相似文献
2.
Summary. The cabbage root fly possesses highly specialised and extremely sensitive receptors for “CIF”, a group of compounds present
on cabbage leaves in very small amounts, and the strongest oviposition stimulants known. Here we present evidence that the
same receptors are sensitive to a methanol extract of cabbage root fly eggs, which may contain the fly's host marking pheromone.
Based on these results, the possible role of CIF in cabbage root fly behaviour and in cabbage plants is discussed.
Received 4 April 2001; accepted 24 September 2001. 相似文献
3.
Letizia Mattiacci Sara Rudelli Bettina Ambühl Rocca Sem Genini Silvia Dorn 《Chemoecology》2001,11(4):167-173
Summary. Plant responses to herbivory might directly affect the herbivore (“direct” defences) or might benefit the plant by promoting
the effectiveness of natural antagonists of the herbivores (“indirect” defences). Brussels sprouts attacked by Pieris brassicae larvae release volatiles that attract a natural antagonist of the herbivores, the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, to the damaged plant. In a previous study, we observed that feeding by caterpillars on the lower leaves of the plant triggers
the systemic release of volatiles detectable by the parasitoids from upper leaves of the same plant.?The role of these systemically
induced volatiles as indirect defence and the dynamics of their emission were investigated in wind-tunnel dual choice tests
with C. glomerata. The systemically induced emission of volatiles varied depending on leaf age and on plant age. Systemic induction affected
parasitoid effectiveness, as induced plants could be more easily located by parasitoids than non-induced ones.?The role of
the systemic induction as a direct defence was investigated through behavioural and feeding tests with P. brassicae. In dual choice assays, 1st instar larvae preferred to feed and fed more on systemically induced than on non-induced leaves.
In single choice assays, the leaf area consumed by caterpillars was larger on systemically induced leaves than on non-induced
control leaves. However, caterpillars fed on systemically induced leaves attained the same weight as those feeding on non-induced
controls. In addition, P. brassicae pupae whose larvae were fed on systemically induced leaves had longer developmental times than those of larvae fed on non-induced
leaves. Adult oviposition behavior was not influenced by systemic induction.?We conclude that systemically induced responses
in cabbage might reduce P. brassicae fitness both directly, by affecting their development and feeding behavior and indirectly by making caterpillars and pupae
more vulnerable to attack by carnivores. The occurrence of a possible relationship between direct and indirect defence is
discussed.
Received 24 January 2001; accepted 3 May 2001. 相似文献
4.
Summary. Individual variations in pheromone emission patterns were examined in a scarab beetle, Anomala cuprea Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), by headspace collection of airborne volatiles from individual females. The amount of pheromone
obtained varied among virgin females, and about 16% of these females (“silent” females) did not emit detectable amount of
pheromone throughout the experimental period. There was no clear temporal pattern of peak pheromone emission for 19 days after
the onset. More than half of the laboratory mated females completely stopped releasing pheromone after the first mating, while
the rest of them continued releasing pheromone, frequently followed by additional mating.
Received 26 March 2001; accepted 28 January 2002. 相似文献
5.
Summary. A widely distributed host race of Tyria jacobaeae lives on Senecio jacobaea and related species and accumulates pyrrolizidine alkaloids (“PA race”), another race, which is restricted to the Alps and
found on Petasites paradoxus, sequesters sesquiterpenes, such as petasol and isopetasol. Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene show
1% sequence divergence, indicating that genetical differences exist between the PA exploiting and the terpene-sequestering
host races of T. jacobaeae. This finding suggests that both host races of T. jacobaeae must have been separated for some time already, possibly since the Pleistocene.
Received 2 May 2001; accepted 1 June 2001. 相似文献
6.
Summary. The bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni, attracts Lacinipolia renigera and Tetanolita mynesalis males by mimicking the female moth sex pheromones. However, as the prey species use completely different pheromone blends
we conducted experiments to determine how this is accomplished by the predator. The periodicity of L. renigera mate-seeking activities occurs early in the scotophase, whereas male T. mynesalis are active late at night, corresponding with periods when these moths are captured by the spider. The pheromone blend of
early-flying L. renigera interferes with attraction of late-flying T. mynesalis to its pheromone in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the spider must always produce a single sub-optimal “compromise”
blend for both species or that it adjusts its allomonal blend to optimize capture of the respective prey species at different
times during the night. We delayed (L. renigera) or advanced (T. mynesalis) the periodicity of male activity through photoperiodic manipulation and found that the bolas spider attracted both prey
species outside their normal activity windows. These results support the idea that bolas spiders produce components of both
species at all times rather than producing the pheromone of each prey species at different times of the night. However, using
coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography, we also demonstrated that the spider decreases its emission of the L. renigera pheromone over the course of the night. This modification should reduce the behavioral antagonism of the L. renigera pheromone on T. mynesalis males and increase the predator's success of attracting T. mynesalis during this prey's normal activity window late at night.
Received 13 October 2001; accepted 28 December 2001. 相似文献
7.
Summary. Africanized honey bees (AHBs) of Brazil and Mexico have proven to be tolerant to Varroa destructor mites. In contrast, European honey bees (EHBs: Apis mellifera carnica) at the same tropical study site are highly intolerant to these ectoparasites. A lower attractiveness of Varroa-tolerant AHB larvae has been hypothesised to be an important trait in reducing the susceptibitlity of AHBs to these mites.
Thus, selection for EHB brood that is less attractive to mites is thought to be one possibility for limiting mite population
growth and thus increase the tolerance of EHBs to the mite.?In Ribeir?o Preto, Brazil, European A. m. carnica bees and AHBs were tested with respect to their rate of brood infestation and brood attractiveness to Varroa mites. For the comparison of brood infestation rates, we introduced combs with pieces of EHB and AHB brood into honey bee
colonies (18 repetitions). The relative infestation rate of EHB brood was significantly higher compared to AHB brood.?The
preference behaviour of single Varroa mites was tested in a laboratory bioassay where either living host stages were offered or host extracts were presented on
dummies. By these tests we could confirm the preference of Varroa females for certain developmental host stages and for their corresponding extracts. In contrast to the within-colony results,
Varroa mites in the laboratory bioassay showed a slight preference for AHB compared to EHB larvae.?The gas chromatographic analysis
revealed differences in the chemical spectrum of extracts obtained from different larvae. In accord with the results of the
bioassays, we could detect stage-specific odour differences in larval cuticular compounds, including methyl esters and hydrocarbons
that have been described as kairomones. None of these substances, however, revealed significant race-specific differences.
Therefore, the quantity and composition of certain cuticular compounds seem to be responsible only for the recognition of
a suitable host stage by Varroa females. The different infestation rates in the colonies, however, seem to be caused neither by race-specific differences
in attractiveness of bee larvae nor by an extended attractive period of EHB larvae: both AHB and EHB larvae become attractive
approximately 21 h before capping of the brood cell, and thus have the same window of time when they can be parasitised.?Therefore
differential Varroa-infestation rates are not related to larval attraction but probably are determined by other race-specific and colony-related
factors.
Received 11 June 2001; accepted 19 November 2001. 相似文献
8.
Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary. Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily
Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial
16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.?The nicotine binding site of both α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution
can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be
ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that
affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).?Only 10 to 20% of nicotine injected into larvae of
nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods
applied. Usually more than 98% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after
injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na?ve
larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an
inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that
helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites.
Received 23 March 2001; accepted 4 August 2001. 相似文献
9.
Summary. We investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths (WCM), Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), and close-range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis, at least
in part. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic
extracts of male WCM disclosed three candidate pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester), (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9—16:Ester), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester). In bioassay experiments in a large Plexiglas™ arena, a blend of
synthetic 16:Ester plus Z9—16:Ester was attractive to male and virgin (but not mated) female WCM; the 18:Ester was inactive.
GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female WCM revealed (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2Z13—18:Ald) and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2Z13—18:OH) as candidate sex pheromone components. In arena bioassay experiments, 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic E2Z13—18:Ald (0.2 ng) and E2Z13—18:OH (0.1 ng) were more attractive to male WCM than were two virgin female WCM. We anticipate that the combination of
aggregation and sex pheromones, male-produced sonic aggregation signals, and habitat-derived semiochemicals will be highly
effective in attracting male and female WCM to commercial traps.
Received 12 January 2001; accepted 8 June 2001. 相似文献
10.
Karen M. Kester Steven C. Peterson Frank Hanson D. Michael Jackson R. F. Severson 《Chemoecology》2002,12(1):1-10
Summary. Field observations indicated that hornworms select feeding sites non-randomly on tobacco. We tested the hypotheses that differences
in feeding site locations of larvae of Manduca
sexta L. and Manduca
quinquemaculata (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on tobacco could be explained by differential nicotine concentrations within plants and
leaves, species-specific responses to nicotine, or pressure exerted by natural enemies. Results showed that third-instar larvae
of M. sexta fed more proximally and centrally on the leaf, whereas M. quinquemaculata fed more distally. Within-plant selection of leaves did not differ; both species selected leaves in the middle region of
the plant. Nicotine concentrations in a high nicotine genotype, NC95, varied within each leaf, increasing 2—3 fold from the
basal to apical portion of the leaf, and within each plant, increasing 7—10 fold from the first fully expanded leaf to the
twelfth (lowest) leaf. In laboratory bioassays, both Manduca species responded to nicotine as a feeding deterrent. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that gustatory organs of
both species responded to nicotine at concentrations found in tobacco leaves and that M. quinquemaculata generally showed a less vigorous response to nicotine than M. sexta. Field mortality of M. sexta due to parasitism by Cotesia
congregata (Say) and to parasitism and predation combined differed among feeding sites; predation alone did not. Results suggest that
although nicotine concentration and species specific responses to nicotine play a role in determining feeding site locations,
pressure exerted by natural enemies, especially parasitism by C. congregata, is more important.
Received 22 February 2000; accepted 20 July 2001. 相似文献
11.
Sexual cohabitation as mate-guarding in the leaf-curling spider Phonognatha graeffei Keyserling (Araneoidea, Araneae) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
The leaf-curling spider Phonognatha graeffei incorporates a twisted leaf into the central hub of its orb-web that is used as a retreat. This species is unusual among orb-weaving
spiders because males cohabit in the leaf retreat with both immature and mature females, mating with the former shortly after
the female molts. Cohabitation appears to be a form of mate-guarding because cohabiting males respond agonistically to rival
males that venture onto the web, and their behaviour depends upon the reproductive status of the female; males defending immature
females are more aggressive than those defending virgin, adult females. Males copulate with previously mated females for significantly
longer than with virgin females. Females may cannibalise cohabiting males, which occurs independently of whether the female
has been deprived of food. Females that cannibalise a single male do not have a higher fecundity than non-cannibalistic females.
Received: 2 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1996 相似文献
12.
Common goldeneyes adjust maternal effort in relation to prior brood success and not current brood size 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Parental investment theory predicts that parental effort should be related to the reproductive value of the current brood.
This depends on both the number of young and the survival prospects of each of them. Thus parents may provide more care to
larger broods either because of (1) the direct effect of brood size per se on reproductive value (the “brood size” hypothesis)
or because (2) past mortality, reflected in current brood size, predicts future mortality of the brood and hence its reproductive
value (the “brood success” hypothesis). Earlier studies have not attempted to distinguish between these alternatives. We tested
the hypotheses in the precocial, nidifugous common goldeneye Bucephala clangula, a species with uniparental female care. Maternal effort was measured as the time spent by the female in rearing the brood.
We found that brood size itself is not associated with maternal effort, but that females modify their maternal effort according
to the mortality already experienced by the brood, supporting the prediction of the brood success hypothesis. We also found
that brood mortality varied considerably between broods and that previous mortality predicts future mortality within broods,
basic assumptions of the brood success hypothesis.
Received: 30 January 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1996 相似文献
13.
Katrin Strauss Holger Scharpenberg Robin M. Crewe Felix Glahn Heidi Foth Robin F. A. Moritz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(9):1523-1531
Queen pheromones interfere with worker reproduction in social insects. However, there is still an unresolved question as to
whether this pheromone acts as an “honest” signal for workers, giving a reliable indication of the queen’s reproductive value,
or as a suppressive agent, inhibiting worker reproduction independent of the queen’s reproductive capacity. In honeybees (Apis mellifera), the queen’s mandibular gland secretion, a mix of fatty acids and some aromatic compounds, is crucial for regulating the
reproductive division of labor in the colony inhibiting ovary development in workers. We quantified the mandibular gland secretions
of virgin, drone-laying, and naturally mated queens using gas chromatography to test whether the queens’ mating, ovary activation,
or the reproductive value for workers correlated with the composition of the secretion. Although the absolute amounts of the
“queen substance” 9-oxo-2(E)-decenoic acid (9-ODA) were similar among the three groups, the proportions of 9-ODA decreased
with increasing reproductive quality. Furthermore, the ratios of queen to worker compounds were similar in all three treatment
groups, irrespective of the reproductive capacity. A multivariate analysis including all six compounds could not separate
drone-laying queens from naturally mated ones, both with active ovaries but only the latter ensuring colony survival. We suggest
that the mandibular gland pheromones are unlikely to function as reliable indicators of queen reproductive value and rather
operate as an agent to suppress worker reproduction. This does not exclude the possibility that other “honest” pheromone signals
exist in the honeybee colony, but these would have to arise from other semiochemicals, which could be produced by both the
queen and the brood. 相似文献
14.
Andrés González Frank C. Schroeder Athula B. Attygalle Aleš Svatoš Jerrold Meinwald Thomas Eisner 《Chemoecology》1999,9(3):105-112
Summary. Female Photuris fireflies sequester defensive steroidal pyrones (lucibufagins) from male fireflies of the genus Photinus. Lucibufagin analyses of Photuris females and Photinus ignitus males show that the lucibufagin mixtures of predator and prey differ in their composition. Analyses of whole body extracts
showed that P. ignitus males contain a mixture of eight non-glycosylated lucibufagins, composed mostly of compounds with two oxygenated positions
in the steroidal A-ring (C-3, C-5). After feeding on P. ignitus males, Photuris females contain six major lucibufagins. Three of these compounds are not present in the prey, including the novel lucibufagin
glycoside 5β,11α-dihydroxy-12-oxo-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranosylbufalin, and two other lucibufagins with a trioxygenated A-ring (C-2,
C-3, C-5). These results indicate that Photuris females transform the sequestered lucibufagins both by glycosylation and oxidation, which could affect the systemic transportability
of these compounds due to an increase in their polarity.
Received 18 February 1999; accepted 19 April 1999. 相似文献
15.
Duccio Lambardi Francesca R. Dani Stefano Turillazzi Jacobus J. Boomsma 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(6):843-851
Some social parasites of insect societies are known to use brute force when usurping a host colony, but most use more subtle
forms of chemical cheating either by expressing as few recognition cues as possible to avoid being recognized or by producing
similar recognition cues to the host to achieve positive discrimination. The former “chemical insignificance” strategy represents
a more general adaptive syndrome than the latter “chemical mimicry” strategy and is expected to be characteristic of early
evolutionary stages of social parasitism. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally analyzing the efficiency by which Acromyrmex echinatior leaf-cutting ants recognize intruding workers of the incipient social parasite Acromyrmex insinuator. The results were consistent with the parasite being “chemically insignificant” and not with the “chemical mimicry” hypothesis.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles showed that social parasite workers produce
significantly fewer hydrocarbons overall and that their typical profiles have very low amounts of hydrocarbons in the “normal”
C29–C35 range but large quantities of unusually heavy C43–C45 hydrocarbons. This suggests that the C29–C35 hydrocarbons are
instrumental in normal host nestmate recognition and that the C43–C45 compounds, all of which are dienes and thus more fluid
than the corresponding saturated compounds, may reinforce “chemical insignificance” by blurring any remaining variation in
recognition cues. 相似文献
16.
Lack of kin recognition in swarming honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Honeybee colonies reproduce by colony fission and swarming. The primary swarm leaves the nest with the mated mother queen.
Further “after-swarms” can leave the nest. These are composed of virgin queens and sister workers. Since all workers in the
primary swarm have the same relationship to the mother queen, kin recognition cannot have any effect on the worker distribution
in the swarm. Because of polyandry of the mother queen, the after-swarm is composed of super- and halfsister workers of the
virgin queen. In this case kin recognition might affect swarm composition if workers increase their inclusive fitness by preferentially
investing in a supersister queen. The distribution of workers in the mother colony, the primary and the after-swarm was analyzed
using single-locus DNA fingerprinting in two colonies of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). The colonies were composed of 21 and 24 worker subfamilies because of multiple mating of the queen. The subfamily distribution
in the mother colonies before swarming was significantly different from the subfamily frequencies in the primary swarm. This
indicates different propensities for swarming in the various subfamilies. The subfamily distribution was also significantly
different between the mother colony and the after-swarm. There was however no significant difference between the subfamily
composition of the primary and the after-swarm. The average effects of kin recognition on the distribution of the subfamilies
in the two after-swarms were less than 2%. We conclude that colony-level selection sets the evolutionary framework for swarming
behaviour.
Received: 22 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 2 November 1996 相似文献
17.
Several species of kleptoparasitic and araneophagic spiders (Araneae: Family Theridiidae, Subfamily Argyrodinae) are found
in colonial webs of the orb-weaving spider Metepeira incrassata (Araneae, Araneidae) from Mexico, where they steal food and/or prey upon their spider hosts. Census data from natural M. incrassata colonies reveal that the incidence of these species increases with colony size. This pattern may reflect the presence of
several other orb-weaving spiders, each with their own kleptoparasitic species, invading larger M. incrassata colonies. As the number of these associated spiders increases, so does the density and number of Argyrodinae species in M. incrassata colonies, suggesting that associated spiders might reduce their own kleptoparasite load by building their webs within M. incrassata colonies. This represents a twofold cost to M. incrassata, as a field enclosure experiment revealed that a primarily kleptoparasitic species (Argyrodes elevatus) may reduce prey available to their hosts, but a kleptoparasitic/araneophagic species (Neospintharus concisus) inflicts high mortality upon M. incrassata. However, the cost of kleptoparasitism and predation by these species may be offset in part for M. incrassata individuals in large colonies by certain defensive mechanisms inherent in groups, i.e., “attack-abatement” and “selfish herd”
effects. We conclude that increased occurrence of kleptoparasitic and/or predatory Argyrodinae spiders is a consequence of
colonial web building and is an important potential cost of group living for colonial web-building spiders. 相似文献
18.
Quality-indicating sexually selected traits may have their honesty maintained by their costs or by an inherent “revealing”
nature. Long tails in birds are usually considered to be costly “handicaps”, but may have additional potential as revealing
indicators through the incidence of breakage. Magpies Pica pica with unbroken and less abraded tails paired earlier, but did not nest or fledge young earlier than pairs with tails in poorer
condition. Pairs mated assortatively by tail quality, and magpies with very broken tails remained unmated. Pairs in which
both members had almost undamaged tails fledged more offspring than pairs with poorer tails. Tail quality did not correlate
with the extent of any habitat type in the territory. Tail damage thus honestly indicated a magpie's reproductive potential,
and the data are consistent with its having a role in mate choice, as a revealing element of tail morphology.
Received: 28 March 1996 / Accepted after revision: 9 December 1996 相似文献
19.
Timing matters when assessing dominance and chemical signatures in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus
Leonardo Dapporto Claudia Bruschini Rita Cervo Francesca R. Dani Duncan E Jackson Stefano Turillazzi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1363-1365
A recent study (Izzo et al., Behav Ecol Sociobiol 64: 857–864, 2010) reported that cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) correlate with fertility, not dominance, in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus thus contradicting the results of recent investigations which concluded that social dominance is the main determinant for
CHC signatures in this species. We suggest here that different forms of dominance in the pre-nesting and post-nesting phases
caused the apparently contradictory results. Thus the assumption that dominance behaviour in the pre-nesting stage is synonymous
with dominance after colony foundation is incorrect. We provide standardised definitions for forms of “dominance” observed
in the P. dominulus life cycle to avoid apparent discrepancies in the future among studies dealing with the same topics in different annual stages. 相似文献
20.
Thomas Eisner Daniel J. Aneshansley Jayne Yack Athula B. Attygalle Maria Eisner 《Chemoecology》2001,11(4):209-219
Summary. The defensive glandular apparatus of primitive bombardier beetles of the tribe Crepidogastrini (Carabidae) is described for
the first time. As exemplified by two African species (Crepidogaster ambreana and C. atrata), the apparatus conforms to the basic bombardier plan, in that the glands are bicompartmented and the secretion is quinonoid
(it contains 1,4-benzoquinones and hydrocarbons), hot, and discharged audibly. In a number of morphological respects the crepidogastrine
apparatus resembles that of the classical bombardiers of the tribe Brachinini (rather than that of bombardiers of the paussoid
lineage), reinforcing the view, already held on taxonomic grounds, that the Crepidogastrini and Brachinini are closely related.
That the Crepidogastrini may be primitive relative to Brachinini is underscored by the finding that, unlike brachinines, crepidogastrines
do not pulse their secretory emissions. Moreover, they discharge their secretion as a mist, rather than forcibly in the form
of jets.
Received 22 May 2001; accepted 29 May 2001. 相似文献