煤及煤矸石中砷的释放

研究了煤及煤矸石中砷的释放特征。采用XRD技术对煤样中的主要矿物成分进行了分析。表征结果显示,煤样中的主要矿物组成为碳酸盐矿物、硅酸盐矿物,以及一定量的SiO2、TiO2、硫化物矿物和硫酸盐矿物。实验结果表明：煤中砷的赋存形态主要以残渣态和硫化物结合态为主;在煤燃烧过程中,当燃烧温度为1 000 ℃时,1号矿井的煤样燃烧后灰渣中的砷含量为1.385 μg/g,砷的释放率为40.10%,2号矿井的煤样燃烧后灰渣中的砷含量为1.531 μg/g,砷的释放率为56.04%;在煤矸石的淋溶过程中,在淋溶液体积为100 mL的条件下,当淋溶液pH为5时淋出液中的ρ（砷）为19.27 μg/L,当淋溶液pH为7时淋出液中的ρ（砷）为7.78 μg/L。     

火电厂降低NOx排放的技术研究

NOx是燃煤电厂烟气排放三大有害物（SO2、NOx及悬浮颗粒物TSP）之一。从污染角度考虑的氮氧化物主要是NO和NO2,统称为NOx。介绍了NOx的生成机理,即热力型NOx和燃料型NOx,前者由参与燃烧的空气中所含的N2生成,后者由燃料本身的氮元素生成。分析了低氮燃烧技术、SCR烟气脱硝技术、SNCR烟气脱硝技术及SCR＋SNCR组合式等NOx控制技术。其中,在燃烧过程中降低NOx生成的主要手段是采用分级燃烧,降低燃烧区域的氧浓度和降低火焰温度;在燃烧后可采用烟气处理技术降低烟气中的NOx含量。     

化学链燃烧分离CO2技术的研究进展

简要介绍了化学链燃烧分离CO2技术的原理和关键部分,接着以技术要点中的载氧体为重点,介绍了固体燃料（煤）化学链燃烧分离CO2技术中载氧体的研究进展,并就钙基载氧体能否适应化学链燃烧展开了讨论。     

发展清洁电源促进可持续发展

电力生产在国民经济和社会进步中起着极为关键的作用，大规模的电力生产过程也会导致各种环境污染，乃至对生态环境的破坏。从大力发展燃煤电厂煤炭的清洁燃烧，最大限度地减少煤炭燃烧对环境的影响，更好地发挥电力在可持续发展中的作用，促进社会进步的角度进行了有益的探讨。     

燃煤飞灰中痕量元素的研究

综述了煤中痕量元素的含量分布、煤燃烧过程中痕量元素的分布转化规律,总结了痕量元素在飞灰中的富集规律和赋存状态,以及痕量元素的释放控制方法和技术,并探讨了今后的研究方向.     

国外动态

废弃物富氧燃烧技术ボイラ研究 ,2 0 0 1,30 8( 8) :5 0　　日本最近开发出一种焚烧城市垃圾的自动加煤式的焚烧炉。这种焚烧炉采用了废弃物富氧燃烧技术 ,该技术具有以下优点 :ａ)富氧 1次燃烧能使炉内的垃圾剧烈燃烧 ,从而降低了炉内燃烧排气中ＣＯ和二 口恶英等有害物质的浓度。ｂ)因 2次燃烧时空气在排气管中进行再循环 ,使炉内的空气与废弃物充分混合 ,加快了废弃物的燃烧 ,进而控制了ＮＯｘ的增加。ｃ)由于排气量减少 ,因此 ,锅炉及其排气处理装置可以小型化。ｄ)因高温燃烧和排气量减少 ,因而提高了锅炉的热回收率。水中总氮的测定分…     

生物质直接燃烧发电技术的探索

介绍了生物质直接燃烧发电技术原理及其设备的工作过程,着重讨论了生物质锅炉燃烧过程中的燃料收集和存储、送料堵塞以及受热面结焦等问题,并提出了优化运行和提高锅炉效率的改进措施。     

工业火炬气NOx排放的模拟实验

为准确核定石化企业火炬气NO_x的排放情况,采用模拟火炬燃烧装置对现场采集的不同种类火炬气进行燃烧,取得了燃烧温度及NO_x排放数据。实验结果表明：火炬气的燃烧温度及燃烧烟气中的NO_x质量浓度与火炬气组分中H₂的体积分数呈正相关;兰炭荒煤气、煤甲醇合成驰放气、合成氨变换气和合成氨合成解析气的燃烧温度分别为410,430,560,650℃。通过计算得到4种火炬气的NO_x排放系数分别为：合成氨合成解析气0.3154~0.5406kg/t,煤甲醇合成驰放气0.1245~0.2263kg/t,合成氨变换气0.0591~0.0813kg/t,兰炭荒煤气0.0801~0.1762kg/t。     

燃煤痕量元素转化、排放及控制的研究进展

综述了煤燃烧过程中痕量元素转化、排放规律及实用的控制技术,重点介绍了当前最受关注的汞排放控制技术,并反映了量子化学在燃煤痕量元素研究中的最新应用。分析了燃煤痕量元素研究存在问题及发展方向。     

巴西将废旧轮胎变为燃料

巴西圣保罗大学的研究人员经过多年的努力,终于研究出一种将废旧轮胎充分燃烧、又不污染环境的新方法,使废旧汽车轮胎变成了理想的燃料. 废旧汽车轮胎的处理一直是令环保人员头疼的问题,许多国家的科学家都在进行研究,以通过热解将废旧轮胎分解为煤气、碳和燃料油,但到目前为止,无一获得成功. 圣保罗大学的研究人员认为,目前处理废旧轮胎最好的方法就是将其直接燃烧,使之成为燃料,但燃烧过程中产生的烟垢和污染物问题必须解决. 为此,他们在烧毁轮胎的炉中,放置了一种能耐 1000摄氏度高温的含硅酸盐的瓷制过滤器. 这种过滤器上有许多微小的也隙. 在燃烧过程中,99% 的烟圬和污染物都吸附在空隙中,消除了对环境的污染. 经过多次的实验,他们发现,把废旧轮胎的燃烧分成两个阶段进行,这样既使轮胎得到了充分的燃烧,又减少了烟雾中的悬浮物和一氧化碳的释放. 研究人员说,1千克废旧轮胎含 27.59kJ热量,是很好的能源,这一发现将促进废旧轮胎的回收利用,减少石油、石油制品和煤炭等能源的消费量,并可减少城市垃圾. 据报道,仅巴西每年的报废轮胎就达 3000多万个. (殷永建 )     

Synthesis and identification of graft copolymers of wood pulp and styrene

Based on the graft copolymerization reactions of lignin and vinyl monomers, a series of graft copolymers of wood pulp and styrene (1-phenylethene) has been synthesized. The wood pulps used in this research are unbleached products produced by chemical, thermal, and mechanical pulping. All of them contain a high content of lignin (25–29 wt%). The grafting reaction is a free radical polymerization coinitiated by calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and wood pulp in dimethylsulfoxide at 30°C. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of the reactants on the conversion of monomer, yield of product, weight increase of pulp, and grafting efficiency of monomer has been studied. The grafted wood pulp was separated from homopolystyrene formed during the reaction by extraction of the reaction product with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus for at least 48 h. The results show that after the reaction, the weight of all wood pulps was significantly increased and the weight increase of very high yield sodium bisulfite pulp (VHYS) was 333%. This proves that a part of the polymerized styrene was chemically bound to the wood pulp. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the extracted products show absorbance peaks characteristic of both wood and polystyrene and, thus, provide strong proof of grafting. Grafting has completely changed the surface properties of the starting wood pulp from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and under ordinary thermal compression conditions, thermoplastic composite objects of good uniformity can be made directly from reaction products which contain up to 52 wt% wood pulp.     

浅议碳排放与废钢铁的节能减排功效

二氧化碳是导致全球气候变暖、人类生存环境恶化的主要原因。简要介绍世界钢铁工业二氧化碳排放情况,针对我国钢铁工业碳排放的具体情况,提出发展我国废钢产业,提高废钢铁的供应能力,是我国钢铁工业摆脱危机,实现低碳发展、绿色发展的主要途径。     

Fate and effect of linuron and metribuzin on the co-composting of green waste and sewage sludge

The fate and effect of the herbicides linuron and metribuzin on the co-composting of sewage sludge and green waste were addressed in this work. The experiments were conducted in metal cubic containers of 1.0 m³ volume simulating a windrow composting system. A mixture of sludge and green waste was prepared at a ratio of 1:5 v/v. The mixture was split in four equal parts and the two herbicides were added, using a pressure sprayer, as sole or mixed pollutant in each of the three mixtures. The forth mixture was composted without any addition of herbicide, to serve as control. Temperature, physicochemical characteristics, herbicide concentration, carbon dioxide emission, methane emission and microbiological parameters were measured either daily or every time the mixtures were turned, for a period of 80 days. Both herbicides’ concentration decreased significantly resulting in removal efficiencies of 99.1–99.7% and 95.8–96.0% for linuron and metribuzin, respectively. Incubation of microbiologically inactive mixtures at a temperature schedule following the spontaneous temperature evolution in the composters resulted in very little (1–11%) decomposition for both herbicides. Comparison of the variation of physicochemical parameters and microbial populations during composting indicated that both herbicides did not affect the composting process.     

资源循环科学与工程专业课程体系优化与教学内容创新实践的探索

针对资源循环科学与工程本科专业课程教学,以西安建筑科技大学该专业课程体系为案例,通过对毕业生和专业研讨会调研,分析了课程体系建设的现状和存在的问题。借鉴其他高校资源专业的课程体系和教学内容,通过梳理各门专业课程的教学内容和相互联系,构建了资源专业课程体系课程群,探索了课程体系优化的方法和增加创新实践环节的具体措施。     

Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

我国废旧电子电器产品拆解技术、设备应用现状及改进建议

从我国废旧电子电器回收行业基本情况、专业技术人才情况、相关企业拆解技术设备情况等方面,阐述了我国废旧电子电器产品拆解技术、设备应用现状,并提出相关改进提升建议。     

电子废弃物的再循环利用:企业、政府与公众的角色和责任

电子废弃物不仅种类繁多,而且成分复杂,含有多种有毒、有害物质,已成为固体废物中最大的重金属污染源.长期以来,由于对电子废弃物问题缺乏足够认识和有效管理,电子废弃物对人体健康及生活环境可能构成的危害常常被忽视.实现电子废弃物的再循环利用,关键是明确企业、政府和公众在电子产品设计、生产、消费、回收、处置和再利用整个过程中的相关责任.因此,解决电子废弃物的问题,首先要对相关行为主体的角色进行准确定位.     

TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Norway Spruce and Eucalyptus Pulps: Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibers and Nanofiber Dispersions

This study deals with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation of cellulose. Softwood and hardwood pulp fibers were suspended in water and oxidized to various extents at pH 10 and 22 °C using sodium hypochlorite in the presence of TEMPO radical and sodium bromide. This reaction system is known to be the most efficient one for the introduction of both surface carboxyl and aldehyde groups. Important relationships between formation of these functional groups and the fibrillation yield, light transmittance of the water dispersions and degree of polymerization of the oxidized softwood and hardwood pulps were established in the present study. A birefringence test confirmed the presence of nanofibers which according to atomic force microscopy analyses had diameters in the 1.6–3.8 nm range.     

炼油废水处理的现状、问题及对策

针对原油性质日趋恶劣、排放标准日益严格的形势,介绍了炼油废水的处理现状,分析了炼油废水在达标排放、处理回用、运行成本等方面面临的主要问题,提出了从源头挖掘节水减排潜力、实施装置排水分级控制与高浓度废水预处理、对废水处理场进行适度改造和补充完善、开发含盐废水处理技术等对策。     

Laboratory Experiments and Estimation of Cumulative Infiltration and Sorptivity

Soil water cumulative infiltration affects the environment by controlling the irrigation rate and consequently the water and pollutants movement through the ground. In order to study the cumulative infiltration in a sandy soil sample, experiments were performed in the laboratory. The sample was placed uniformly in a transparent column with an inner diameter of 6 cm. A constant head boundary condition of a 2 mm height was applied on the surface of the sample and the cumulative volume of the incoming water was measured. Soil moisture at four locations of the column was measured, by using the TDR method in order to obtain the moisture profiles. By comparing the values of the infiltrated water volumes with those calculated by the integration of the moisture profiles, a good agreement was found out. Also the Parlange theoretical model fitted very well with the infiltration experimental points.