负压防护急救车车厢内生物污染物运动扩散的数值模拟与试验验证

为掌握负压防护急救车车厢内生物污染物的分布情况,运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法和拉格朗日颗粒随机轨道模型,对该车车厢内生物污染物的运动扩散进行数值模拟;并通过试验对比研究车厢内污染物浓度场的分布状态,试验与模拟的结果基本一致。同时表明:该随机轨道模型较好地反映生物污染物运动扩散的时空分布特点;负压防护急救车车厢内污染物浓度较高,医护人员应穿戴有效的个人防护器材。     

具有超压/负压防护功能的急救车防生物污染的安全性试验研究

采用粘质沙雷菌气溶胶,对具有超压/负压防护功能的急救车防生物污染的安全性进行试验考核。分别测试气溶胶发生后30s,1min,5min,10min时,车厢在超压防护和负压防护下的过滤效率,其结果表明:急救车在超压防护状态下开启空调时的平均过滤效率能达到99.99%,不开空调时的平均过滤效率能达到99.95%;在负压防护状态下开启空调时的平均过滤效率能达到99.93%,不开空调时的平均过滤效率能达到99.95%。证明急救车能够通过生物污染区域安全运送、急救伤病员,也能够运送、急救生物污染伤病员或烈性传染病员确保沿途环境不受污染,该研究成果为应对生物恐怖袭击和突发公共卫生事件(烈性传染病)提供了一种安全可靠的机动医疗救治平台。     

化学事故救援方舱舱室环境安全性模拟研究

运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,对具有超压防护功能的某化学事故应急救援手术方舱室内气体污染物运动扩散的规律以及对人员安全的影响进行了数值模拟,其研究结果表明:当大气环境中氢氰酸(HCN)浓度为5mg/L时,前10s从常规进风口进入舱室的HCN在滤毒通风装置开启后,随气流运动逐渐向整个舱室扩散,经净化空气的混合稀释作用,绝大部分通过舱体缝隙排出舱室,30min内舱室HCN浓度的总量下降了95.1%,说明超压防护很好地保证了舱室环境的安全性。     

基于Google Earth的城市大气污染扩散模拟分析

针对城市环境下的大气污染物扩散问题,采用Google SketchUp,从Google Earth地图中提取建筑物高程、经纬度等地理位置信息,建立城市三维模型。基于湍流理论和气体运动方程,模拟污染物在城市环境中的扩散演化过程,重点讨论了污染物扩散的运动规律及危险区域的变化。实验结果说明,污染物浓度一般集中在泄漏口的下方向,高浓度污染区呈现为狭长的椭圆区域,并随时间逐步扩大,但经过较长时间的扩散高浓度污染区趋于稳定。根据污染物扩散数值模拟结果,结合Google Earth地图绘制了污染物扩散危险区域图,为相关部门制定事故应急决策提供参考。     

随机游动模型在大气污染扩散分析中的应用探讨

应用随机游动扩散模拟方法,并结合天津市的实际气象数据,对某区域的大气污染扩散情况进行了模拟计算.由模拟过程和结果可以看出,相比于高斯模型等其他常用方法而言,随机游动扩散模拟适用的范围较广,可用于瞬时以及非均匀的浓度扩散分布状况,也能够不受污染物质的特性所限制(气态物和重粒子都可进行模拟).模拟结果对有关部门的污染防护与事故处理有一定的参考意义.     

轴入式旋风子气粒分离特性的数值模拟与试验

对轴入式旋风子通过数值模拟和试验测试分析其阻力性能与效率性能.将气体相作为连续介质,采用κ-ε湍流模型,对流场进行数值模拟;将颗粒相作为离散体系,采用随机轨道模型,根据已算出的流场来计算颗粒轨道,分析其阻力与效率性能.计算时选用不同粒径的颗粒相进行模拟,从而得到不同工况下的阻力性能与效率性能.试验测试时,通过改变风速,测定不同风速下多管旋风的阻力损失以及额定流量下的除尘效率.并对模拟结果与试验作比较分析,阐明了利用数值模拟在工程设计实施前或产品生产(改造)前预测方案的实际效果与产品性能的可行性.     

基于DPM模型的建筑小区内颗粒物扩散研究

近年来,颗粒物污染是影响居民居住环境的关键因素,为了控制颗粒污染物扩散、改善居民生活环境、提高居民生活质量,有必要研究不同风向和不同污染源位置下颗粒物的扩散规律。根据几何参数建立了建筑小区的三维模型,采用FLUENT软件,选用RNG k-ε两方程模型和离散相模型(Discrete Phase Model,DPM)对建筑小区内的气流运动、颗粒物扩散及浓度分布进行数值模拟,给出不同风向、不同污染源位置下人呼吸高度和窗高处的空气流场和颗粒物浓度场。研究显示,结合当地主导风向,合理安排建筑小区布局及车道的走向可以有效减轻建筑小区受污染的程度,从而提高建筑小区风环境质量,改善居民的生活环境。     

突发性河流污染事故水质预警模型

研究河流中污染物的输移扩散及其影响因素,引入死区预警模型及其解析解,模拟污染物在水体中的时空变化,进而预测污染物到达下游特定地点的浓度值及相应时间.实例模拟结果,尤其是对下游断而污染物最大浓度值及其出现时间的预测结果较好,表明建立的模型能够较准确地模拟河流中污染物的输移扩散规律.本研究可为环境风险管理及突发性环境污染应急预案的制定提供科学依据.     

防护工程口部人员携入污染物数值模拟

外界染毒人员通过防护工程口部携入的有毒污染物会破坏内部安全性。使用高精度曲面3维人体模型,结合雷诺时均方程与大涡模拟耦合的方法模拟人员通过防护工程口部时卷携颗粒污染物的过程。首先以人体尾涡扩散过程和门洞断面的速度通量为考察对象,描述尾涡演化规律,然后改变行进速度、初始距离,考察速度通量对这些因素的敏感程度,完成人员行进特征流场的研究;通过计算行进方向上断面的不均匀度和清洁空间的污染物累积量,描述污染物向清洁区扩散的时空变化过程,完成对携入污染物过程的研究。结果表明:与国外相关文献工作相比,该方法可以较小的计算资源捕捉到相似的尾涡发展扩散过程;人员通过门洞时间与携入的污染物体积分数出峰时间(Tp)线性相关,且其与峰值(Vmax)呈指数关系,携入清洁室的污染物约占污染物总量的3%。     

基于FLUENT的炼钢电炉车间粉尘控制措施优化*

为降低炼钢电炉车间粉尘对作业人员的危害,通过对某钢铁厂电炉车间实际情况为研究背景,利用现场调研与数值模拟对炼钢电炉车间的粉尘空间分布以及粒子运动规律进行分析。在采用FLUENT粒子流场综合计算的理论基础上,利用DPM颗粒运动轨道中的离散运动模型,加载粒子相,并综合计算两相流,最终得到粒子的运动规律。通过分析逃逸扩散粉尘在不同空间分布中的情况以及扩散粉尘颗粒物逃逸率的情况,综合分析对车间环境造成的影响。结果表明:粉尘粒径越小,对气流的跟随性越好,排风口对粉尘的捕集效果越差;集气罩的安装位置距离污染源越近捕集效果越好;集气罩的尺寸越大对粉尘的捕集效果越好。     

Mitigation performance of the process protection system on the accident consequences of H2S-containing natural gas release and explosion

Toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads pose grave threats to the offshore oil and gas industry. Many safety measures are adopted to prevent and mitigate the adverse impacts caused by toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads. As a general safety barrier, the process protection system has been widely used but rarely evaluated. In order to assess the barrier ability, the mitigation performance of the process protection system is concerned in this study. Firstly, several chain accidents of H₂S-containing natural gas leakage and explosion are simulated by varying the response time of the process protection system with CFD code FLACS. Qualitative assessment is conducted based on the variation of the dangerous load profiles. Furthermore, the quantitative assessment of the mitigation performance is accomplished by considering its ability in reducing the probability of fatality. Emergency evacuation and no emergency evacuation are considered respectively in the quantitative assessment. The results prove that the process protection system takes effect on mitigating the toxic impact and explosion overpressure impact. The results also demonstrate that although the emergency evacuation may result in a severer explosion load to the operator, the process protection system can mitigate the adverse impacts regardless of whether the emergency evacuation is conducted or not.     

Numerical investigation and analysis of indoor gas explosion: A case study of “6·13” major gas explosion accident in Hubei Province,China

Taking the ' 6·13 ′ major gas explosion accident in Shiyan, Hubei Province, China as an example, three problems were studied in this work: (1)The determination of the volume of natural gas involved in the explosion; (2)The propagation process of shock wave inside the building and the damage evolution process of the accident-related building; (3)The overpressure and fragment injury to the person outside the building. Through the numerical simulation in ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, the volume of natural gas involved in the explosion is determined to be 10240 × 1400 × 400 cm (length × width × height) from three perspectives: the damage to the building, the distribution of overpressure inside the building, and the TNT equivalent of the explosion energy. The simulation results are in good line with the accident, which verifies the effectiveness of the scheme and the accuracy of the numerical model. Based on the reasonable filling scheme, the propagation process of shock waves inside the building, the damage evolution process of the building, and the injury ranges of overpressure and fragments outside the building are analyzed. It can be found that the propagation of shock waves in confined space is complex and variable. The explosion shock waves are first reflected and superimposed in the watercourse, resulting in pressure rise. At about 8ms, the shock waves rushed into the first-floor space of the building, and the maximum overpressure was about 0.56 MPa. At about 50 ms, the shock waves rushed into the second-floor space, and the maximum overpressure was about 0.139 MPa. The first and second-floor slabs and infilled walls were almost completely destroyed. The interior walls of the infilled walls are mainly collapsed, and the exterior walls are ejection around the building as the center. The peak displacement and peak velocity of the interior walls of each floor are about 15% of the exterior walls. The fragments which cause fragment injury mainly come from the retaining wall above the watercourse, the maximum velocity is about 89 m/s, and the maximum displacement is 8.9 m. The safety distance of fragment injury is about 8.8 m, while the safety distance of overpressure injury is about 4.6 m. The lethal distance of fragment injury is greater than that of overpressure injury. Compared with the distance between different damage levels of overpressure injury, the difference in fragment injury is small. Therefore, the safety assessment at the engineering level only needs to consider the safety distance of fragment injury. This study can provide suggestions for evaluating the damage of natural gas cloud explosions in confined spaces and is helpful for accident investigation and safety protection.     

Design considerations to enhance the safety of patient compartments in ambulance transporters

The safety of the interior of ambulances is dubious and, in the event of sudden impact during emergency transport, potentially perilous to patients they carry. The workplace ergonomics of the interior of the passenger cabin is lacking. This article discusses an improved ergonomic interior design based on study findings, observations and subjective perception. It suggests design aspects and safety concepts aimed at increasing the safety of patients and paramedic staff inside the ambulance as a mobile workstation.     

综合管廊燃气舱结构形式对燃气爆炸超压的影响*

为研究地下综合管廊燃气舱结构形式对燃气爆炸超压的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,改变燃气舱高度,通风分区长度和局部开口大小,分析不同情况下的燃气爆炸超压变化规律。结果表明:冲击波传播速度随燃气舱高度的增加而减小,随着高度的增加,超压峰值曲线由“驼峰状”逐渐变为两端高中间低的“盆形”,爆炸过程产生的最大超压与高度成反比关系。超压峰值在340 m处接近0 kPa,延长通风分区并不会增加超压峰值,可以在考虑防火的要求下根据实际情况适当延长通风分区的长度。局部开口的存在使得爆炸气流能够自由泄压,超压峰值与开口的大小成反比关系。     

Seat belt use in the ambulance patient compartment by emergency medical services professionals is low regardless of patient presence,seating position,or patient acuity

Background: Inconsistent use of seat belts in an ambulance may increase the risk of injury for emergency medical services (EMS) professionals and their patients. Our objectives were to: (1) describe the prevalence of seat belt usage based on patient acuity and seat location, and (2) assess the association between EMS-related characteristics and consistent use of a seat belt. Methods: We administered a cross-sectional electronic questionnaire to a random sample of 20,000 nationally-certified EMS professionals, measuring seat belt use in each seating location of an ambulance during transport of stable, critical, or no patients. We included practicing, non-military, emergency medical technicians or higher who reported working in ambulances. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the odds of consistent (≥50% of the time) use of seat belts for the rear-facing jump seat and right-sided crew bench during transport of stable and critical patients. Results: A total of 1431 respondents were included in the analysis. Patient compartment seat belt use varied with the highest use in forward-facing seats when no patient was being transported (59.8%) and lowest use in the left-side “CPR” seat with a critical patient (9.4%). Only 40.2% of respondents reported an agency policy regarding seat belt use while riding in the patient compartment. In all multivariable logistic regression models, advanced life support level certification and fewer years of experience were associated with decreased odds of consistent seat belt use. An agency seat belt policy was strongly associated with increased odds of seat belt use in the patient compartment. Conclusions: Seat belt use was low and varied by seating location and patient acuity in the patient compartment of an ambulance. Practical Applications: EMS organizations should consider primary prevention approaches of provider education, improved ambulance designs, enactment and enforcement of policies to improve seat belt compliance and provider safety.     

输气管道高后果区蒸气云爆炸超压预测方法探究

为准确预测输气管道高后果区在发生蒸气云爆炸事故时的超压分布情况,对国内外运用较为广泛的蒸气云爆炸超压预测经验模型和数值模拟方法进行调研,并分别应用其对某输气管道全尺寸泄漏燃爆实验进行超压预测,结合实验数据和输气管道高后果区管理现状进行方法准确性和工程适用性分析。研究结果表明：基于等效TNT假设的Henrych模型、Mills模型和等效TNT当量数值模拟方法均不适合准确预测蒸气云爆炸超压,TNO多能法和混合气体数值模拟方法所预测的结果较为接近实验结果。TNO多能法使用简便且推广性强,但主观性较大,易高估或低估爆炸后果;混合气体数值模拟方法操作繁琐且推广性差,但分析结果精度较高。在对高后果区进行安全管控时,可结合TNO多能法与混合气体数值模拟方法同时对管道工况进行评估,确定TNO多能法的爆源强度等级,继而推广使用TNO多能法。该研究结果可在较大程度上保证评估的准确性并节约成本。     

不同曲率弯曲巷道爆炸冲击波传播特性数值模拟研究

为研究爆炸冲击波在不同曲率弯曲巷道内的传播规律,采用数值模拟手段建立了不同曲率弯曲巷道爆炸模型,分析了爆炸冲击波在巷道内的传播特性及其变化规律, 并结合冲击波超压对人体的伤害程度分类,研究了不同曲率弯曲巷道内爆炸破坏效应分区。模拟结果表明,弯曲角度改变了巷道内冲击波超压分布,随着巷道弯曲角度的不断增大,壁面反射对冲击波超压峰值分布起主要作用,随着传播距离的增加,冲击波超压峰值衰减显著,体现了超压峰值变化的距离效应。此外,巷道弯曲角度的增加整体减小了爆炸损伤严重程度。研究结果可实现对不同曲率弯曲巷道内冲击波超压分布的预测,并为巷道内爆炸事故预防及应急救援提供借鉴。