石家庄市主要农作物灌溉节水潜力研究

利用田间作物灌溉试验数据，对作物单产产量与需水量的关系进行了模拟，并据此以县域为单元，计算了1984～2001年石家庄市主要农作物冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花获得逐年实际产量的理论总需水量、理论灌溉总需水量、实际灌溉用水量，测算了3种作物灌溉节水的空间。结果表明，1984～2001a。按照节水高效试验所得的产量需水模式。获得石家庄市3种主要作物产量的理论需水总量为23-29亿m^3／a，理论灌溉需水总量为8．8-13．8亿m^3／a，实际灌溉用水量平均约为17亿m^3／a，农业年均超采地下水5．67亿m^3／a。按照目前的种植结构和产量水平，石家庄市今后作物灌溉节水的理论上限为9亿m^3／a。即使加大节水投入，实现最大节水潜力的一半。仍不能弥补目前地下水的超采量。在2010年实现南水北调，部分城市用水归还农业用水，且实现最大节水潜力的一半的情况下，水资源方能勉强维持平衡。因此，石家庄市今后应一方面加大农业节水投入和管理。另一方面，也应根据水资源承载力适当减少高耗水的冬小麦播种面积，同时全面建设节水型社会，方能实现可持续发展。     

企业发展的"环境-资源"平衡战略

本文分析了关于企业发展的两种观点：企业环境决定论和企业资源决定论；提出了实现企业发展的“环境-资源”平衡战略的理念；为了达到企业环境与资源两者的整合和平衡，保持持续竞争优势，企业应以创新为核心，确立核心业务，重视组织的学习，作为一种特殊的企业资源，企业家精神和能力对企业的生存和发展起着重要作用。     

论推进循环经济发展的"两个替代"

循环经济的终极目标。是以尽可能少的资源消耗创造尽可能高的社会福利。因此，我们应该以减物质化为首要原则，依靠人的发展，来实现经济增长和社会生活对自然资源的依赖程度下降。探讨了如何通过“两个替代”．即以服务流替代物质流，以人力资本替代自然资本．来改变原先那种过度消耗自然资源的经济生活方式。推进循环经济的发展。最后．对应“两个替代”的路径选择，提出了制度重构设想：①使价格体系正确反映资源稀缺程度和真实成本；②使市场主体为资源消耗和生态环境负责；③建立社会资谭投向机制。     

沿海地区人地关系演化及优化分析

人地关系是人类社会同周围环境之间的相互关系，在不同时期，随着人类社会的发展表现特征不同。本文以沿海地区“人”与“地”之间矛盾的产生、发展以及追求协调的历史过程为线索，将人地关系的发展变化历程划分为混沌阶段、原始和谐阶段、矛盾发展阶段、矛盾激化调整四个阶段。影响人地关系的因素较多，自然因素主要是地形、气候、地理位置、自然资源等，人为因素主要包括人口的急剧增长以及人类各种不合理的破坏性活动。从人地关系演化的历史过程，可知人地关系的发展是一个动态的过程，针对沿海地区的实际情况，沿海地区应突出以下几个方面以优化人地关系：①利用中国加入世贸组织为契机，深化对外开放；②通过生态工作建设、产业结构调整、城市化等实现社会经济、资源与环境的协调发展；③大力发展海洋经济，以缓解陆上资源与环境的压力。     

梯级水库叠梁门分层取水水温改善效果的衰减

分层取水是国内目前改善水库下泄低温水不利影响的重要工程措施。为明确叠梁门分层取水措施在梯级水库开发河段的衰减效果，以金沙江下游4个梯级水库为研究对象，采用宽度平均的立面二维水温数学模型，定量研究梯级水库联合调度条件下上游水库采取分层取水措施后对下游水库水温的影响。结果表明：乌东德水库采用叠梁门取水对改善低温水效果有限，白鹤滩水库采用叠梁门取水后下泄低温水现象得到明显缓解；对于白鹤滩下游溪洛渡和向家坝的下泄低温水，受白鹤滩分层取水影响的改善效果略有减弱，其中向家坝4、5月下泄水温可升高0.8℃和1.0℃。乌东德采用叠梁门取水对改善溪洛渡和向家坝下泄水温几乎没有影响；在梯级水电开发中，分层取水措施应尽可能实施在强调节能力水库上。     

甘肃省"资源-环境-经济系统"动态仿真研究

立足于生态经济理论,利用系统模型方法。构建了对有关区域发展政策的可能结果进行动态仿真的模拟实验室。对甘肃省“资源-环境-经济”系统运行规律进行探索和实证研究。旨在描述甘肃省“资源-环境-经济系统”可能的运行情景。为甘肃省的可持续发展决策提供参考。模型运行的结果表明：甘肃省目前的发展模式是不可持续的；技术对自然资源表现为弱可替代性；转变经济发展模式是实现甘肃省可持续发展的唯一途径。     

中国区域经济与资源丰度相关性研究

以省域面板数据为基础．选取水、耕地、森林、能源、矿产等五种资源．验证了1978—2004年中国不同种类资源丰度与区域经济发展之问的相关关系。研究表明：①资源诅咒原理在中国内部区域之间仍然成立，除水资源外．耕地、能源、矿产和森林等四种资源的丰度与区域经济发展水平都呈现负相关关系．其程度由裔到低依次是：耕地资源、矿产资源、能源资源、森林资源；②遭遇“资源诅咒”的省处于“资源丰度一经济发展”坐标系第Ⅳ象限。并绝大多数都位于西部地区和东北地区；③各省人均GDP与综合资源丰度的对数成反比．我国资源丰裕度与经济发展水平成相反的变化趋势；④自然资源对于经济增长的影响作用往往是通过多种机制共同作用的结果．中国资源诅咒的传导机制主要包括“荷兰病”效应、制度效应、“挤出”效应以及区位和交通因素等方面。     

"十一五"期间环境保护和生态建设的思路、目标及对策

通过回顾“十五”期间环境和生态目标的完成情况．结合对“十一五”期闾我国经济增长特点及其对环境影响的分析。提出了“十一五”期间我国环境保护和生态建设的基本思路一强化对重点地区的“点上治理”．并据此确定了主要目标。同时建议采取以下对策：开展资源环境核算等以树立正确的政绩观：强化政策导向．通过产业政策和治理行动积极调整产业结构;大力发展循环经济．实现环境治理模式从末端治理向源头和全过程控制的转变;在污染末端治理中深化市场机制．建立“谁治理、谁受益”制度;完善法规和标准,加强环境管理能力建设;抓住重点流域水污染治理和改善自然保护区管理这两个重点目标;将生态建设和扶贫开发进一步结合起来。     

公海渔业资源养护和利用国际法律制度研究

公海渔业资源养护和利用的国际法应当是建立在资源生物特性之上的一种法律规范,只有符合资源生物特性的制度安排才能有效应对世界渔业危机。实践证明,将投入控制和产出控制相结合的制度安排是对资源生态整体特性的有力回应,能有效遏制资源衰退。从制度的本质来看,不得超越总可捕量的共同义务是制度有效运行的前提条件,一旦突破总可捕量底线,权利的实现便不能得到保障,这是一种"皮之不存,毛将焉附"的逻辑关系;其次,海洋渔业权制度公法色彩浓厚。无论是准入制度还是监管层面,离不开公权力的有效干预和保障;此外,渔业权权利束中的配额权和捕捞权亦非等同,没有获得配额并不意味着捕鱼权的消灭,有捕鱼权也并不意味着能够获取配额。权利的持续实现以遵守自然规律的捕捞为前提。最后,从制度整体看,公海渔业危机的化解,应是一个基于不同产权实施模式的综合管理问题,不仅仅是私人财产权,还应包括公共财产权、混合财产权等。只有牢牢把握制度实质,在科学确定总可捕量的前提之下,通过落实有限准入、健全分配机制、加强监管、深化合作等手段互相配合,才能实现公海渔业资源的永续利用。     

江苏省电力工业空间结构优化研究

能源资源短缺奠定了江苏省电力工业以资源输入为主的发展格局,在空间上相对集中于沿江地区、徐州地区和苏南负荷中心区,形成向右倾倒的“小”字型结构。系统阐述了江苏省电力工业“小”字型空间结构特点及存在的问题,分析其形成机制,结合江苏省能源资源分布特点及经济发展格局,提出构建以“OZ”字型为主体骨架的电力工业空间新格局：①进一步提升沿江电力密集带,构成“OZ”字型结构中的“/”字部分;②大力推进沿海,加快沿海能源轴线的隆起,突显“OZ”字型空间结构的上部“-”字;③依托“西气东输”,推动苏南电力生产的结构升级,重塑“OZ”字型空间结构的下部“-”字。④加强徐州能源综合体建设,壮大“OZ”字型空间结构的“O”字部分。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.