手机基站电磁辐射问题释疑

本文就社会普遍关心的手机基站电磁辐射对人体健康的影响问题,从基站电磁辐射属性,强度,对人体健康的影响等,作了较为详细的论述。     

大气颗粒物形状判别的研究

大气颗粒物是以不同形式进入大气的各种来源颗粒的集合,其分布形式是各种源颗粒分布形式迭加的总结果。由于不同来源颗粒的形状、粒径以及进入大气的方式不尽相同,决定了大气颗粒物的形状更为复杂,而形状和粒径的差异将直接影响到颗粒物在大气中的迁移转化规律和对人体健康的危害程度。为此新疆环保科研所在对乌鲁木齐市大气污染现状及特征     

联邦德国的大气污染

1994年3月26日联邦德国健康部水、土和空气对人体健康影响研究所空气对人体健康影响部Dr.Bernd seifert在中国石油天然气总公司环境监测总站作了联邦德国的大气污染报告．参加报告会的有总公司技术监督局、石油规划设计总院、石油大学(北京)和西南石油学院的环境保护科技人员。     

水污染与人体健康的研究

环境保护工作是为防治环境污染,保持正常生态平衡和保证人体健康为目的,研究环境污染对人体健康的影响,是环境保护的主要内容之一。近年来我国环境科     

渡口市大气污染对人体健康影响的流行病学调查

本文对渡口市大气污染对人体健康影响的探讨,采用流行病学的调查方法,选取以钢铁工业为主的弄弄坪片区,市政机关、事业单位为中心的炳草岗—54公里片区以及近市郊的仁和片区健康人群(成人和学生)的抽样体检,并结合三片区环境大气中飘尘、降尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物监测资料的现状分析,从统计学上反映大气污染对人体呼吸道系统某些慢性疾病及眼角膜改变具有宏观的相关性,方进一步探讨大气污染物对人体健康影响提供了有用的线索。     

成都市大气污染对人群健康影响的研究(1980—1986)

为了探讨成都市大气污染对人体健康的影响,我们对成都市大气污染水平进行了连续五年的动态观测(1980—1984),并在1984—1986年开展大气污染对人体健康影响的研究。我们希望本研究结果对成都地区制订能源政策,研究城市防病对策,制定大气质量卫生法规和城市规划与建设等方面提供科学依据。     

成都市大气污染对人群健康影响的研究(1980—1986)

为了探讨成都市大气污染对人体健康的影响,我们对成都市大气污染水平进行了连续五年的动态观测(1980—1984),并在1984—1986年开展大气污染对人体健康影响的研究。我们希望本研究结果对成都地区制订能源政策,研究城市防病对策,制定大气质量卫生法规和城市规划与建设等方面提供科学依据。     

对农村垃圾处理问题的思考

对农村垃圾的来源及分类进行了介绍,阐述了其对环境与人体健康的影响,并提出了农村垃圾治理措施。     

电磁环境对人体的影响及其防护措施

说明电磁波不仅对电子设备有影响，而且对人体健康也有影响，从对高频电磁波的认识开始，讨论电磁波对人体的影响及人们为了身体健康而对电磁波采取的防护措施，同时对电磁波的安全性测定和正确使用安全性指标也做了说明。     

人体中微量元素的功与过

一、人体中的微量元素人,同其他生物一样是由化学元素组成的。随着人类社会的发展,人的自然环境发生了变化,人体的某些元素同样受到了影响:有些增加了,而有些减少了。人体的化学元素与人类生命活动密切相关,它对人体的生长与发育、健康与疾病,衰老或死亡具     

室内有毒易爆气体的检测

随着城市生活水平的提高,室内装修装饰日益普及.各种新材料的引入,使得室内的各种有害气体总量日益增加.长期生活在这样的环境下,会对人体健康产生极为不利的影响.居民生活用煤气,在给人们生活带来便利的同时,作为一种可燃性、有毒气体,也具有极强的危害性.因此,研制一种能检测多种有害气体的实用仪器,具有很大的应用价值.本仪器为便携式多功能仪器,采用可充电电池供电,可以检测ppb的挥发性气体,显示气体浓度值,也可检测煤气,并具有声光报警功能.     

激光散射技术对絮凝剂分子性能的研究

介绍以激光散射技术对絮凝剂进行的研究。利用激光散射技术实现了对絮凝剂胶体分子粒径、形态结构和粒径分布的精确测量,从而对评价该絮凝剂的沉降性能及有关性能的改进提高起指导作用。     

Analysis of Cell Concentration,Volume Concentration,and Colony Size of Microcystis Via Laser Particle Analyzer

The analysis of the cell concentration, volume concentration, and colony size of Microcystis is widely used to provide early warnings of the occurrence of blooms and to facilitate the development of predictive tools to mitigate their impact. This study developed a new approach for the analysis of the cell concentration, volume concentration, and colony size of Microcystis by applying a laser particle analyzer. Four types of Microcystis samples (55 samples in total) were analyzed by a laser particle analyzer and a microscope. By the application of the laser particle analyzer (1) when n = 1.40 and k = 0.1 (n is the intrinsic refractive index, whereas k is absorption of light by the particle), the results of the laser particle analyzer showed good agreement with the microscopic results for the obscuration indicator, volume concentration, and size distribution of Microcystis; (2) the Microcystis cell concentration can be calculated based on its linear relationship with obscuration; and (3) the volume concentration and size distribution of Microcystis particles (including single cells and colonies) can be obtained. The analytical processes involved in this new approach are simpler and faster compared to that by microscopic counting method. From the results, it was identified that the relationship between cell concentration and volume concentration depended on the colony size of Microcystis because the intercellular space was high when the colony size was high. Calculation of cell concentration and volume concentration may occur when the colony size information is sufficient.     

Aerosol chemical and optical properties during the Mt. Zirkel Visibility Study

Aerosol chemical and optical properties were measured near the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness Area in northwestern Colorado. Six-hour PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 microm) mass concentrations and PM2.5 dry particle light scattering at 550 nm averaged 4.6 microg m(-3) and 8.6 Mm(-1), respectively. Sulfates, organic carbon, and geological material were the principle components of particle mass and light scattering. Hygroscopic growth was consistent with that expected for ammonium sulfate aerosols. Size distributions derived from three-wavelength (i.e., 450, 550, and 700 nm) nephelometer data were similar to those measured in other remote areas of the western USA. Quasi-dry chemical light scattering efficiencies derived using Mie theory were 3.6 m2 g(-1) for organic carbon, 2.5 m2 g(-1) for sulfates (ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate), 2.6 m2 g(-1) for ammonium nitrate, and 1.76 m2 g(-1) for geological material. These values are lower than but consistent with previously reported results. Realistic efficiencies could not be derived using the multiple linear regression (MLR) approach.     

Application of lean flammability limit study and large eddy simulation to burner development for an oxy-fuel combustion system

Previously, we developed a model to predict lean flammability limit L and flame propagation velocity Sb for pulverized coal. In the present paper, we have extended the model to apply it in development of oxy-fuel combustion systems. The basic model consists of two particles. One of the two particles burns first, then, the other particle is ignited by the heat of combustion of the one burning particle. We analyzed at what distance the first burning particle could ignite the next particle, and how fast the first burning particle could ignite the next particle. The model was verified both for air and oxy-fuel combustion conditions. Next, a method to support burner development was examined by using the model. Local Sb and L near the ignition points of the burner could be analyzed from the concentration and temperature profiles of CFD results. Flame stability was judged by the calculated Sb and L profiles, and past results of blow-off limits obtained with actual- and pilot-scale experiments. A DS^®T-burner was developed by Hitachi Power Europe, and installed at the Schwarze Pumpe pilot plant. Combination of the technique and large eddy simulation was applied to confirmation of the system.     

Thermal radiation in oxy-fuel flames

This work investigates thermal radiation in oxy-fuel flames, based on experiments and modelling. Experiments were conducted in a 100 kW test facility in air and oxy-fuel combustion atmospheres, using two different types of fuels, lignite and propane. In-flame measurements of gas composition, temperature and total radiation intensity, were performed and used as input to radiation modelling to examine the influence of oxy-fuel conditions on gas and particle radiation characteristics. In the modelling, the spectral properties of CO₂ and H₂O are treated by means of a statistical narrow band model and particle radiation is modelled for both scattering and non-scattering particles.Experiments on the propane flame show that the flame radiation conditions are drastically influenced by the recycling conditions. With OF 27 conditions (27% oxygen in the feed gas) and dry recycling, the temperature is slightly lower compared to air-fired conditions, but the emitted intensity is significantly increased. Modelling shows that this is mainly caused by a significantly increased soot radiation. Propane flame images show that the presence of soot in oxy-fuel conditions varies strongly with recycling conditions. The contribution due to an increased emission by CO₂ is of minor importance. In the lignite experiments similar flame temperatures were kept during air and oxy-fuel combustion (OF 25 conditions with dry recycling). The measurements show that the intensity levels in both flames are similar which is due to a strong particle radiation in both environments. The modelling reveals that the dominance by particle radiation contra gas radiation is closely related to whether the particles are scattering or non-scattering.     

Differential Individual Particle Analysis (DIPA): applications in particulate matter characterization

Operator-controlled and computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) are used extensively to characterize particulate matter in environmental media. Analysis in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with chemical extraction is a potentially powerful tool that is capable of determining how various sample components are associated at the individual particle level. This involves initial characterization in a SEM, after which the material is exposed to a liquid or gas phase reaction for a specified time, and once exposure is concluded, the particles are reanalyzed in the SEM. This particle analysis by difference, or differential individual particle analysis (DIPA), possesses considerable potential for describing the behavior of environmental particles under changing chemical conditions. Here we describe DIPA applications with illustrative examples drawn from the analysis of particulate matter modified by reactions in a fluid environment. In situ DIPA permits the same particles to be analyzed in the SEM before and after modification. Repeated exposure to the same, or different modifying conditions, provides information on the time dependence of specific reactions. Significant numbers of particles can be analyzed using CCSEM, and the same particles can be analyzed after the reaction by accurate sample relocation in the SEM. Ex situ DIPA, which involves a bulk sample modification, uses CCSEM to characterize significant numbers of particles pre- and postreaction. The CCSEM approach is extremely efficient; recent developments in silicon drift detectors have increased the speed of characteristic X-rays detection, and very large numbers of particles can be analyzed in a short period of time.     

OPTICAL IMPACTS AND SOURCES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN ONONDAGA CREEK,U.S.A.1

ABSTRACT: The degradation of the optical aesthetics in the mouth of Onondaga Creek, New York, that occurs during high flow periods as a result of the influx of large quantities of suspended solids, is documented. Features of the degradation include very low clarity (Secchi disc minimum of approximately 0.1 m) and a brown ‘muddy’ appearance. The reduced clarity is mostly a result of increased light scattering. Loading and concentration profiles obtained for an approximately 35 km interval above the creek mouth over a wide range of flow indicates most of the suspended solids received during runoff events is resuspended stream sediment and eroded bank material. Application of microscopy-based individual particle analysis techniques indicates that the origin of most of these deposits and much of the suspended solids during runoff events is point source inputs, termed ‘mud boils,’ located approximately 32 km upstream of the creek mouth.     

Low VOC latex paints from a precipitation polymerization process

Even though paints and coatings have been very useful in protecting various substrates, their use has been accompanied by a heavy environmental price. There is a need to minimize the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the formulation of these materials. In the latex paint area, we have implemented a conventional precipitation process in emulsions to form binder particles that contain block copolymers and have softer blocks on the particle surface. The softer surface provides the binder film-forming properties without the need for the use of solvents or VOCs. The covalent connections between the soft blocks and the hard blocks are expected to impart good performance in the resulting dry coatings. Indeed, we have shown that our test coating from these binder particles containing block copolymer have similar properties in most performance categories to those of a semi-gloss control paint that has been formulated with typical amounts of VOCs.     

Size distributions of manure particles released under simulated rainfall

Manure and animal waste deposited on cropland and grazing lands serve as a source of microorganisms, some of which may be pathogenic. These microorganisms are released along with particles of dissolved manure during rainfall events. Relatively little if anything is known about the amounts and sizes of manure particles released during rainfall, that subsequently may serve as carriers, abode, and nutritional source for microorganisms. The objective of this work was to obtain and present the first experimental data on sizes of bovine manure particles released to runoff during simulated rainfall and leached through soil during subsequent infiltration. Experiments were conducted using 200 cm long boxes containing turfgrass soil sod; the boxes were designed so that rates of manure dissolution and subsequent infiltration and runoff could be monitored independently. Dairy manure was applied on the upper portion of boxes. Simulated rainfall (ca. 32.4 mm h(-1)) was applied for 90 min on boxes with stands of either live or dead grass. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, and particle size distributions obtained from laser diffractometry were determined in manure runoff and soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachates and manure runoff samples decreased exponentially. Turbidity of manure runoff samples was on average 20% less than turbidity of soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachate samples from boxes with dead grass was on average 30% less than from boxes with live grass. Particle size distributions in manure runoff and leachate suspensions remained remarkably stable after 15 min of runoff initiation, although the turbidity continued to decrease. Particles had the median diameter of 3.8 microm, and 90% of particles were between 0.6 and 17.8 microm. The particle size distributions were not affected by the grass status. Because manure particles are known to affect transport and retention of microbial pathogens in soil, more information needs to be collected about the concurrent release of pathogens and manure particles during rainfall events.