直接抽取式CEMS安装调试中应注意的问题

对火电厂直接抽取式烟气连续监测系统(简称CEMS)应用技术进行综述，系统地介绍了直接抽取式CEMS监测的方法、系统安装调试以及日常维护等方面应注意的技术问题。     

烟气连续监测系统可靠性分析

系统地介绍了200型烟气连续监测系统的对比试验方法，烟气连续监测系统的可靠性等.     

燃煤电厂烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试方法

简述了ISO标准和美国EPA关于烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试的相关规定，并详细介绍了我国燃煤电厂烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试方法。     

烟尘对光谱法烟气在线监测系统的影响分析

介绍了紫外吸收光谱法烟气在线监测的原理和数据处理方法，分析了烟尘对不同光谱数据处理结果的影响及各方法的优缺点，利用紫外光谱法不仅可以进行烟气排放的在线监测，同时能进行烟尘检测，与其他光谱法相比，差分吸收光谱法计算结果受烟尘的干扰最小，比较适合用于烟气排放在线监测系统。     

三维荧光技术在水环境监测中的应用研究进展

介绍了三维荧光技术的测定原理、测定结果的表征方法和数据解析方法（峰值拾取法、荧光区域积分法和平行因子分析法）。讨论了三维荧光典型荧光峰与BOD₅、COD和TOC等水质指标的相关性,证明了三维荧光技术在水环境监测中的应用能力。综述了三维荧光技术在生活污水、工业废水和雨水等水环境监测中应用的研究进展,展望了其发展前景。     

环境质量评价中值得注意的几个问题

本文结合评价及监测实例,重点介绍了采样容器的选择;分析方法的等效性;监测项目的拟定及大气环境质量多种评价方法的应用比较。     

烟气排放连续监测系统存在问题及建议

介绍了烟气排放连续监测系统（CEMS）中气态污染物监测子系统、烟尘监测子系统、烟气排放参数监测子系统的配置现状。针对现场CEMS的安装、运营、环保检查、质控比对监测中常见的问题,进行了研究与分析,对分析、校准、测量等关键单元进行了优化,提出了合理改进建议和对策。     

除尘器效率在线监测系统研究

通过2个电厂安装除尘器效率在线监测系统的实例,阐述了该系统的原理、方法以及广泛的开发应用前景。     

大坝安全监测的现状与发展趋势

阐述了大坝安全监测的内涵及意义。分别从大坝安全监测的内容、思维、分析方法和技术手段四个方面介绍了大坝安全监测的现状和发展趋势，并指出自动化、数字化、一体化、效益化是大坝安全监测的最终发展方向。     

烟气浊度在线监测仪校准中应注意的几个问题

介绍了烟气浊度在线监测仪在烟尘浓度测定中应采用的校准方法以及实际操作中应注意的问题，为适时监测烟尘排放浓度及除尘器除尘效率提供一种快速、可靠的方法。     

《循环经济促进法》施行效果评估分析

《循环经济促进法》正式施行以来,循环经济法规制度体系逐渐完善,循环经济发展模式日趋成熟,循环经济试点工作进展显著,催生了一批符合循环经济要求的新技术和工艺。但是也存在着循环经济发展地区间尚不平衡,配套法规规章和规范性文件尚不健全,支撑体系尚较薄弱,激励措施和相关政策有待完善等问题。为此,要抓紧制定完善配套法规、规章和标准,进一步理顺体制机制,加快出台循环经济发展规划和经济激励政策,强化关键技术研发,全面推广循环经济发展典型模式,积极培育循环经济服务产业,加快相关支撑体系建设。     

Recent Sediment of Lake Bled (NW Slovenia): Sedimentological and Geochemical Properties

Sediment cores collected in eutrophic subalpine Lake Bled (NW Slovenia) were analyzed sedimentologically in terms of grain size, mineralogy and sedimentation rates, and geochemically in terms of metals and nutrients. Surficial sediment is composed of dark gyttya type clayey silt with 5%–10% of organic matter. The sediment below is fine laminated and composed of homogenous silt and clayey silt: Mineralogically, low-Mg calcite prevails, followed by dolomite, quartz, partially of diatomaceous origin, and feldspar. Clay minerals are composed of muscovite/illite and chlorite. Authigenic minerals are pyrite and ‘lake chalk’ (low-Mg calcite). Lake sediment is especially polluted by Pb, Zn and P. Higher contents were found in the northwestern and eastern parts due to the particle input by local inflows. Increasing eutrophication and pollution, indicated by Cd, Cu, V, Cr, Co and total N and P enrichment in the top layers of the cores, started almost 100 years B.P., and especially 50 years ago.     

Biobased Fiber Production: Enzyme Retting for Flax/Linen Fibers

Flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) is the source of natural fibers that provides biobased products for a variety of existing markets, but considerable processing and cleaning is required. Flax fibers, and bast fibers generally, are produced in the outer regions of the stem between bark and inner core tissues and require retting, which is the microbial separation of fiber from nonfiber tissues, as the first and most limiting stage of processing. Enzyme retting offers a method to overcome disadvantages of the current method, i.e., dew-retting, for high- and consistent-quality fibers with tailored properties for specific applications. Using chemical analyses, microscopy, and microspectroscopy, sites of carbohydrates, aromatics, and waxes plus cutins were identified in flax stems and their relationship to effective enzyme retting determined. Aromatics occur mostly in the inner, core tissues, with the fibers containing only small amounts located sporadically in cell corners of fiber bundles. Therefore, effective retting using enzymes to separate the aromatic-containing tissues from the fibers, but not to degrade aromatic compounds per se, is required. Waxes and cutin in the epidermal regions are effective barriers to enzyme penetration, and mechanical disruption facilitates enzyme penetration into the stems. Pectinases, with chelators to remove Ca⁺⁺ and destabilize pectin molecules, remove matrix compounds holding fibers within the stem and have been used in effective formulations to ret flax stems.     

Aging properties of extruded high-amylose starch

The structural and mechanical properties of extruded high-amylose and normal cornstarch were studied as a function of time and humidity to determine the suitability of high-amylose cornstarch for use in biodegradable plastic materials. After extrusion at 170°C and 20–30% moisture, high-amylose starch was mostly amorphous, with small amounts of V- and A-type crystal structures. Tensile strengths for the extruded high-amylose starch ribbons were rather stable with time (65, 50, and 35 MPa at 20, 50, and 80% RH) and were higher than those for normal cornstarch (25, 40, and 15 MPa after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH). Elongations at break declined gradually with time for high-amylose starch (6, 11, and 11% after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH), while rapid declines were seen for normal cornstarch at higher humidities (3, 9, and 3% after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that normal cornstarch aged at a high humidity had much larger sub-T _g endotherms than high-amylose cornstarch. These endotherms reflect decreases in enthalpy and free volume which occur in amorphous polymers due to structural relaxation. It appears, therefore, that plastic materials prepared from gelatinized or melted high-amylose cornstarch should have greater strength and flexibility and slower physical aging than those prepared from gelatinized normal cornstarch.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.Product names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的研究进展

随着矿产开采、冶炼等工业活动以及污水灌溉、施用污泥和劣质化肥等农业活动的进行，Cd，Pb等有害重金属不断进入农业环境中，对农田、菜地等造成污染。生物炭作为重要的土壤改良剂，在对Cd，Pb污染土壤的修复中表现出巨大的潜力。从生物炭的特性及制备、修复效果及其影响因素、修复机理等方面，对近年来国内外有关生物炭修复Cd，Pb污染土壤的研究成果和现状进行了总结，并对生物炭修复Cd，Pb污染土壤的发展前景和未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Feedstock recycling from plastic and thermoset fractions of used computers (I): pyrolysis

The increasing production of computers, the progress in their performance, and the shorter time between innovation and production has led to increasing numbers of obsolete products. It has thus become necessary to recover some materials from old computers and to protect the environment from a new type of pollution. Such recycling is difficult because of the diversity of polymeric materials used, e.g., thermoplastics (polystyrene or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and thermosets (epoxy resins), and the relatively high levels of flame retardants (halogen- and nitrogen-containing compounds) added during production. Pyrolysis seems to be a suitable way to recover materials and energy from such waste without component separation if an efficient method for reducing toxic compounds can be applied. In this study, the pyrolysis of plastic and thermoset fractions (keyboards, casings, printed circuit boards, and mixtures thereof) of used computers was studied by thermogravimetry and batch reactor pyrolysis. The degradation products were separated into three fractions, solid, liquid, and gaseous, each of them being characterized by suitable methods such as gas chromatography (GC-MSD, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection; GC-AED, gas chromatography-atomic emission detection), infrared (FT-IR) and 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonanace) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. It has been established that most of the halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur is concentrated in the residue. However, the elimination of hazardous toxic compounds, mainly those containing bromine, is necessary before being able to safely use the pyrolysis oils as fuels or in refinery or petrochemical industry flows.     

含砷废料资源化利用与无害化处置现状

砷及其砷化物有剧毒,若处置不当,通过土壤、大气和水介质等各种途径进入环境,严重影响人类的生存环境。因此对含砷废料资源化利用和无害化处理一直是环保工作重要研究课题。针对含砷废料来源、稳定性评价方法和资源化综合利用技术进行分析,在此基础上提出含砷废料资源化利用和无害化处置建议。要从根本上建立健全相应的法律法规、标准体系,建立管理网络,培育市场运行体系,强化技术支撑体系,大力推广减量化、资源化、无害化的高新实用技术。     

金属全生命周期风险防控管理对策

通过解析《关于汞的水俣公约》的管理对策及措施,分析了我国重金属污染防治管理中存在的问题及开展对策研究的必要性。以重金属污染防治管理战略、基础研究、政策法规和标准体系建设、信息管理体系建设、技术研发和推广、监督管理能力建设、协调机制建设等领域为切入点,分析得出了各领域存在的关键问题并提出了对策建议。