地震应急救援信息需求及获取建议

地震应急救援实践表明,破坏性地震,尤其是造成重大人员伤亡和严重经济损失的大地震发生后,快速、全面获取地震灾区包括人员伤亡、生命线工程损毁、道路桥梁破坏、次生灾害分布、尚存医疗设施、可调配救援力量等在内的各种信息资源,对及时组织开展应急救援,快速部署救援力量,提高生命救援效率,高效应对大震巨灾将起到至关重要的作用。该文在调研的基础上,对地震应急救援信息需求进行初步归纳,并对开展大震巨灾信息获取工作提出建议。     

地震现场搜救力量部署模型研究

从搜救力量部署模型的原理出发,分别建立了区域搜救力量部署模型和局部搜救力量部署模型,并以汶川地震为背景,依托地震现场救援行动跟踪与监控软件,制作了区域搜救初次部署图、区域搜救自动部署图、局部搜索力量部署图以及局部营救力量部署图。结果表明,所提模型可供地震灾害救援现场的指挥和力量部署参考。     

中国自然灾害区域应急救援中心布局设计研究

我国自然灾害频发,且灾害区域分异特征明显,然而应急救援基地布局与建设仍存在着救援力量部署缺乏针对性、基地运行机制不完善、跨区域协同救援体系不健全等问题。针对自然灾害进行综合区划,建设区域应急救援中心、对救援力量进行针对性部署,是优化我国突发事件区域应急联合救援体系的有效途径。在分析我国自然灾害区域分布特征的基础上,对我国进行区域划分,提出遵循依托现有的原则,在各区域内设立区域应急救援中心,同时对救援网络构建、中心建设与运行机制进行思考:将我国划分为九大区域,依托国家陆地搜寻救护基地,由政府牵头、大中型企业投资入驻,建设九大区域应急救援中心;建立以消防为主,其他救援力量为辅的综合应急救援队伍等观点认识。     

美国突发事件搜救队伍分类分级及其对我国救援队伍建设的启示

重大突发事件特别是地震这种影响范围广、救援技术要求高的灾害,有效的人员搜救是减少人员伤亡的关键环节。其关键因素除了能够及时赶到灾害发生地点外,最重要的是所部署救援队的能力能够满足救援需求,携带的装备及技术能够在现场开展相应的搜救工作。为有效地部署救援力量,美国联邦紧急管理署(FEMA)针对突发事件的响应需求形成了一整套搜救队伍分类、分级体系。研究该体系对于中国救援队伍的建设及灾后第一时间救援队伍的部署有重要的借鉴意义。在详细剖析美国搜救队伍的分类分级及其相应的技术能力要求,并在分析中国紧急救援队伍建设现状的基础上,提出了中国专业救援队伍分类分级的建议,为国内应急救援资源的灾后部署、调整、追踪提供参考。     

地震紧急救援区域优先度判定模型研究

震后如何快速获取灾情,判定救灾重点区域,部署救援力量是减少人员伤亡的重要途径。根据历史地震应急处置案例,列举了地震紧急救援区域优先度判定应当考虑的主要指标,设计调查问卷,采用德尔菲法筛选了主要影响因子及其权重系数,构建了地震紧急救援区域优先度判定模型。以汶川8.0级地震为例对模型进行了验证分析,模拟计算结果表明,紧急救援优先区域与实际救援重点区域吻合,验证了模型可靠性和实用性,为地震应急救援力量的调配提供了一定理论依据和技术支撑。     

地震灾区救援力量优化调配模型

从救援对象的确定、救援队伍的需求和救援力量的调配三个方面,较为全面的讨论了地震灾区如何根据灾害情况和救援资源的分布,科学合理地开展救援力量的优化调配,以达到快速营救受困人员的目的。根据受灾情况确定对救援队伍的实际需求是分配救援力量的前提,从对象的确定和需求经验关系的给出两方面,讨论了如何根据地震破坏和灾区实际情况确定灾区对救灾力量,尤其是专业救援队伍的具体需求。队伍的优化调配是运筹学中运输问题的求解,基于现有线性优化算法,在地理信息平台上,建立了队伍优化分配的模型和软件。采用汶川地震的实际数据进行了实例计算和分析,给出了今后在救灾过程中科学调配救援力量的可参考样本。     

基于智慧校园人脸识别的地震灾害应急救援方法研究

在地震灾害应急救援中由于无法准确定位救援位置,导致救援速度比较慢,因此,研究基于智慧校园人脸识别的地震灾害应急救援方法,构建一个包含校园内所有人员的基础信息库,并安装相关人脸识别设施。地震灾害发生后,对设备采集信息进行识别,确定地震灾害中校园内被困人员数量以及被困人员最后出现区域（即被困区域）,以建筑破坏指数表示地震灾害下校内建筑结构风险,将建筑结构风险由高至低划分为5个等级,结合智慧校园人脸识别、校内建筑结构风险等级以及路网模型,生成包含基础资料、校内复合灾害分析与应急救援要素规划等的地震灾害应急救援方案,根据救援方案完成救援力量的合理部署,再加上多种救援技术的应用,最终实现有效的地震灾害应急救援,并提出安全优先、安保优化等校园防震减灾规划策略。     

基于救援风险的隧道群消防力量优化

高速公路隧道群区段消防力量设置为影响救援效率的重要因素。以消防车辆应急响应时间作为消防救援风险的判断标准，提出了基于救援风险的消防力量优化流程及方法。以浙江公路苍岭隧道群区段为例，在对其消防灭火救援风险分析的基础上，提出优化隧道群区段消防力量的构想，以期提高应急救援的时效性。     

基于仿真原理的地震应急志愿者规模研究

中国是个地震多发但应对能力不强的国家,汶川地震再次暴露了中国专业地震应急救援力量不足的弊端。我们应该借鉴发达国家的经验,构建应急志愿者队伍,以提高我国的地震应急能力。根据仿真原理结合人力资源规模的确定方法,设计了地震应急救援系统仿真模型,并利用该模型计算了高校志愿者队伍的人数。该研究不但有助于丰富志愿者管理理论,同时能有效利用社会资源,提升我国地震应急救援能力,因此具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

四川省房屋数据空间化及在芦山7.0级地震灾情快速评估中的应用

在四川省城乡布局和经济分区的基础上,通过308个房屋数据抽样点(1 km×1 km)并结合土地利用数据,建立分类的房屋数据空间化模型。将其结果应用到芦山7.0级地震震例中,得到以下结论:灾区毁坏与严重破坏房屋数量591 077间,误差为4.1%;房屋直接经济损失估算259.6~300亿元,误差为4.5%~10.2%;死亡人数误差为26.0%~71.9%;受伤人数误差12.7%~22.3%。结果表明:提出的房屋空间化方法较好地体现了实际房屋分布情况,为建立大区域的房屋空间数据提供了途径。用该数据评估得到的灾区房屋倒损、人员伤亡、经济损失数据有较高的可信度。在此基础上以房屋倒损结构类型和面积为指标划分救援区域,为救援力量的合理部署提供依据。     

地震灾害现场救援行动标识系统设计

地震灾害现场救援行动信息的表达对规范和协调救援力量的行动具有重要意义;地震灾害现场救援行动标识系统是地震紧急救援工作体系中不可或缺的一部分。阐述了地震灾害现场救援行动标识的定义及内涵;探讨了地震灾害现场救援行动标识的分类、设计以及使用要求。     

Advanced rescue techniques: lessons learned from the collapse of a building in Nairobi, Kenya

This paper examines the collapse of a five-storey building in Nairobi, Kenya, on 23 January 2006. It draws on reports from local authorities and on debriefings by Israel's Home Front Command (HFC), including information on injury distribution, rescue techniques, and the mode of operation. Most of the 117 people found under the structure were evacuated on the first day to a public hospital, which was overwhelmed by the incident. HFC forces arrived 23 hours after the disaster. At that stage, two people were still buried under the building and special techniques (tunnelling and scalping) were required to secure their evacuation. The two people quickly recovered after a short stay in hospital. Local technology is the preferred option during such events because time is crucial. International cooperation is required when this technology is not available. All of the hospitals in the disaster area, including private facilities, should participate in treating casualties.     

物联网技术在地震救灾中的应用

研究了物联网技术在地震救灾中的应用。在体系结构设计中主要针对无线传感器网络节点、自组网技术、数据采集与灾情分析软件、多源信息融合等几个方面开展研究,构造出基于物联网技术的信息处理平台,在此基础上组建一个地震监测、预警及救灾部署控制中心,并实现信息处理平台与城市基础设施的互连接口。最终,在地震救灾中能够利用多源信息融合技术为控制中心实现决策和指挥提供科学、高效的服务。     

Disaster management and mitigation: the telecommunications infrastructure

Among the most typical consequences of disasters is the near or complete collapse of terrestrial telecommunications infrastructures (especially the distribution network–the 'last mile') and their concomitant unavailability to the rescuers and the higher echelons of mitigation teams. Even when such damage does not take place, the communications overload/congestion resulting from significantly elevated traffic generated by affected residents can be highly disturbing. The paper proposes innovative remedies to the telecommunications difficulties in disaster struck regions. The offered solutions are network-centric operations-cap able, and can be employed in management of disasters of any magnitude (local to national or international). Their implementation provide ground rescue teams (such as law enforcement, firemen, healthcare personnel, civilian authorities) with tactical connectivity among themselves, and, through the Next Generation Network backbone, ensure the essential bidirectional free flow of information and distribution of Actionable Knowledge among ground units, command/control centres, and civilian and military agencies participating in the rescue effort.     

Decision‐making behaviour during urban search and rescue: a case study of Germany

The objective of assisting with tasks and decisions during incident response is to reduce the risks to victims and rescue personnel while increasing the efficiency of the rescue operation. Handling uncertain information during urban search and rescue (USAR) missions represents additional stress to the decision‐maker. The aim of this study is to identify the decision‐making behaviour of rescuers during USAR missions to pinpoint trapped or buried victims in debris in order to design assistance technologies and decision‐support systems that meet their needs. In 2010, a survey was conducted among 10–15 per cent of all German rescue personnel specialised in search tasks. One of the major results of this survey is that a subjective assessment of the reliability of information available from heterogeneous sources influences the rescuers’ actions and that there is no methodology for decision‐making involving uncertain information. In addition, the study found that compliance with procedures does not require assistance.     

Control or rescue at sea? Aims and limits of border surveillance technologies in the Mediterranean Sea

The matter of boat migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea, seeking to reach Europe, is interchangeably defined as a ‘security issue', requiring stricter border controls, and as a humanitarian issue with corresponding rescue and protection requirements. This paper seeks to understand what role various surveillance technologies, such as radar, satellites, and unmanned aerial vehicles, can play in this respect (legally and technically), in comparison to the role that they are assigned (that is, political expectations). To unravel what surveillance technologies can and cannot do vis‐à‐vis the aims of control and rescue, there is a need to comprehend what information can be collected and what information is needed to fulfil these objectives. The paper contends that there is a mismatch between the information sought to ‘control’ borders, but which cannot be gathered effectively by or processed using surveillance technologies, and the valuable information needed to perform rescue operations, which these surveillance technologies can supply.     

国外突发事件应急救援标准综述

对美国、澳大利亚、英国、新西兰等发达国家在应急救援领域的标准及规范的建设情况进行了分析研究;总结了这些国家特别是美国应急救援标准建设的特点。对比我国现有的应急救援标准及需求,提出了我国地震应急救援标准建设的建议。     

THE PRELIMINARY THEORY OF COMMAND PREPARATIONS ON URBAN SEISMIC DISASTER RESCUE AND RELIEF

ＴＨＥＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＴＨＥＯＲＹＯＦＣＯＭＭＡＮＤＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＮＵＲＢＡＮＳＥＩＳＭＩＣＤＩＳＡＳＴＥＲＲＥＳＣＵＥＡＮＤＲＥＬＩＥＦＹａｏＱｉｎｇｌｉｎ（姚清林）（ＴｈｅＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓ...     

Comparison of the expectations of residents and rescue providers of community emergency medical response after mudslide disasters

The integration of community resources is critical for emergency response. A thorough understanding of a community's requirements in advance is essential. This study examines communities that suffered mudslide disasters, and discusses expectations of the emergency medical response provided to the community from the perspectives of residents and rescue groups. The questionnaire used in the study was designed to adopt the Likert Scale for quantification purposes. Its content was divided into six categories based on emergency response. Both residents and rescue providers acknowledged that finance and reimbursement were the highest priority. Public information was regarded as the least important by both groups. Significant differences existed between the groups on patient care activities and supportive activities (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), which were more appreciated by residents. We conclude that residents had higher expectations of evacuation, temporary relocation, lodging, food, and sanitary management than the rescue groups.