餐厨垃圾管理的现状、问题及对策

针对我国餐厨垃圾产生量大、产生面广,餐厨垃圾含水率高、有机质含量高、容易污染环境的特点,分析研究了我国餐厨垃圾的产生现状、处理技术和工程概况,指出了当前我国餐厨垃圾管理中存在的主要问题,并提出了有关对策。     

基于餐厨垃圾的多基质协同厌氧发酵产气研究进展

随着经济的快速发展,餐厨垃圾的产生量日益增大,如何有效处理餐厨垃圾已成为一个亟待解决的问题。与传统的餐厨垃圾处理方式相比,餐厨垃圾与其它生活垃圾的协同厌氧发酵技术是一种较为理想的处理技术,可以实现餐厨垃圾的稳定化、无害化、资源化处置。针对餐厨垃圾的协同厌氧发酵技术进行文献的归纳和分析,重点介绍了餐厨垃圾等基质的协同厌氧发酵产气的现状、影响因素及产气预测方法,并展望了餐厨垃圾协同厌氧发酵技术的研究方向与应用。     

成都市餐厨垃圾产量分析预测及监管体系建设研究

整理汇总了成都市中心城区及郊县餐厨垃圾产生和收运现状,对其产量作出预测;在此基础上提出适合成都市自身情况的餐厨垃圾监管体系构建设想。     

上海市食品废弃物处理处置现状综述

对上海市生活垃圾中食品废弃物和餐厨垃圾近年来的产生状况进行了综述,讨论了上海市对生活垃圾中食品废弃物和餐厨垃圾的管理和处理处置现状,并分别进行了总结。最后对上海市食品废弃物的资源化利用进行了展望。     

UASB-A/O-MBR组合工艺处理餐厨垃圾废水研究

随着垃圾分类的政策的实行，餐厨垃圾成为我国亟待解决的一大生态环境难题，随着餐厨垃圾的产生，必然也会产生大量的餐厨垃圾废水。餐厨垃圾废水具有水质复杂、水质波动性大、有机污染物及营养物质含量高，且不同地区餐厨废水水质含量区别较大等特点。为能有效处理餐厨垃圾废水，本文采用了UASB-A/O-MBR的组合工艺，探究了UASB工艺对餐厨垃圾废水中COD的去除效果及工艺参数，进而考察UASB-A/O-MBR整体工艺对COD、NH₃-N、TN的去除效果及工艺参数。研究表明，当UASB反应器中pH控制在6.5～7.3之间、上流速度控制在0.58 m/h～0.65 m/h之间、温度控制在35℃±3℃、HRT为24h, A/O-MBR工艺中HRT为48h,回流比为300%时，此套系统对COD、NH₃-N、TN的去除效果最低可达到95%、97%、75%。可以为以后在处理餐厨垃圾废水的实际工程应用中提供一种优良技术。     

餐厨垃圾资源化处理的激励机制研究

针对餐厨垃圾处理的环境问题,梳理了餐厨垃圾资源化处理的运营模式。通过实例分析了目前激励政策下餐厨垃圾处理的绩效和问题,针对存在的问题提出监督餐厨垃圾排放、合理收费、激励餐厨垃圾处理企业项目联合、丰富资源化产品等激励措施。     

乌鲁木齐市餐厨垃圾资源化处理处置探讨

本文介绍了餐厨垃圾的概念及乌鲁木齐餐厨垃圾的主要来源,对目前国内外餐厨垃圾资源化处理技术进行了探讨,介绍了饲料化技术、肥料化处理技术、生物厌氧发酵处理技术以及生物柴油技术,分析了各种技术存在的优缺点,并对国内外处理处置现状进行综述,对乌鲁木齐市餐厨垃圾处理工作进行了展望和探讨.     

餐厨垃圾预处理工艺研究及现场应用

餐厨垃圾有机质含量大,具有较高的回收价值,资源化利用是发展的趋势,但是我国餐厨垃圾具有含水量大、杂物多、油脂提取难等特点,增加了处理的难度。研发一套餐厨垃圾预处理工艺,并对相关设备的结构尺寸进行了优化,形成了以精分选、高提油为特点的工艺技术,综合杂物拣出率达到95%以上,提油率达到98%以上。该工艺在光大国际宿迁100t/d和吴江300t/d餐厨项目进行了应用,运行效果良好,为后期餐厨项目的推广提供了技术支撑。     

基于利益相关者理论的城市餐厨垃圾特许经营研究

近年来,国家对餐厨垃圾回收处理越来越重视,对特许经营给了很多政策支持。作为缓解政府压力的一种方式,餐厨垃圾特许经营在满足公众多层次的食品与环境需求方面发挥了巨大的作用。本文运用利益相关者理论,对餐厨垃圾特许经营的各个利益相关者进行分析并提出建议,为更好地发展餐厨垃圾特许经营提供参考。     

餐厨垃圾废水处理研究进展

餐厨垃圾废水是一种成分复杂、高有机污染、高氨氮,高油污染高但可生化性好的废水,随着全国垃圾分类不断推进,对餐厨垃圾处理过程中所产生的废水处理将对污水处理带来新的机遇和挑战,从废水处理工艺效果出发,重点介绍了适用于餐厨垃圾处理过程中所产废水的物理法、化学法、物理化学法、土地处理法、生物处理法及多种方法的联合工艺以及各工艺的优缺点等。     

吡唑和吡咯类农药残留检测技术研究进展

吡唑和吡咯类农药具有高效、良好杀菌能力、对环境友好等特点,已经成为当前使用量较大的一类农药.随着该类农药在农业生产中的广泛使用,其残留问题已经引起关注.由于吡唑和吡咯类农药在环境、农作物和食品中痕量存在,最大残留限量值也日益严格,其残留分析便成为了一项重要的工作.本文综述了近年来土壤、蔬菜、蜂蜜、环境水等基体中吡唑和吡咯类农药残留分析的加压溶剂提取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取、QuEChERS法等前处理方法和气相色谱法、液相色谱法及其与质谱联用的色谱检测技术的研究进展,以上前处理技术有机溶剂量小、高效快速、对环境友好,与色谱技术联用后具有灵敏度高、检出限低、精密度高等特点,并对未来的发展进行了展望.     

QuEChERS提取法在农产品农药残留检测中的应用进展

食品中的农药残留检测长期以来一直是一项艰巨的挑战,其杂质干扰多,残留含量低,传统的提取方法常常因为无法将杂质分离而影响检测结果。由于食品中杂质种类众多,农药的种类繁多且理化性质各异,新型农药日益涌现,所以对样品的前处理提出了更高的要求。近年来,QuEchERs（Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,RuggedandSafe）作为一种新型的提取方法,由于具有快速、简单、廉价、有效、可靠、安全的特点,成为国内外广泛采用的样品前处理新技术,在多种农药、医药、兽药的气相或液相色谱分析中已经得到广泛应用。本文就国内外对QuEChERS法在各类食品以及其他动植物性农产品的农药残留检测中的应用和方法的改进进行了综述,并对QuEChERS法在今后农药残留检测的应用前景以及发展方向进行了展望。     

Assessing hygiene and health related improvements of a rural water supply and sanitation programme in northern Ghana

A case control study was carried out to assess hygiene and health related improvements of the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Hygienic improvements were measured in terms of sources of water collection and storage arrangements, waste disposal, hand washing, food storage arrangements, and defecation and practices associated with faeces. The perception of women on the mode of transmission and treatment of selected water and sanitation related diseases were the criteria used to assess health related improvements. Comparison of the results in the programme and non-programme communities indicates that the water and sanitation programme has achieved some degree of success in the areas of water use and water and food storage for the beneficiaries. However, little has been accomplished in changing people's attitude towards the disposal of household, animal and human waste. In addition, the programme has so far been minimally effective in enhancing women's knowledge about the transmission and treatment of water and sanitation related diseases.     

Resource conservation strategies for rice‐wheat cropping systems on partially reclaimed sodic soils of the Indo‐Gangetic region,and their effects on soil carbon

The Indo‐Gangetic plain is characterized by intensive agriculture, largely by resource‐poor small and marginal farmers. Vast swathes of salt‐affected areas in the region provide both challenges and opportunities to bolster food security and sequester carbon after reclamation. Sustainable management of reclaimed soils via resource conservation strategies, such as residue retention, is key to the prosperity of the farmer, as well as increases the efficiency of expensive initiatives to further reclaim sodic land areas, which currently lay barren. After five years of experimentation on resource conservation strategies for rice‐wheat systems on partially reclaimed sodic soils of the Indo‐Gangetic region, we evaluated changes in different soil carbon pools and crop yield. Out of all resource conservation techniques which were tested, rice‐wheat crop residue addition (30% of total production) was most effective in increasing soil organic carbon (SOC). In rice, without crop residue addition (WCR), soils under zero‐tillage with transplanting, summer ploughing with transplanting and direct seeding with brown manuring showed a significant increase in SOC over the control (puddling in rice, conventional tillage in wheat). In these treatments relatively higher levels of carbon were attained in all aggregate fractions compared to the control. Soil aggregate sizes in meso (0.25‐2.0 mm) and macro (2‐8 mm) ranges increased, whereas micro (< 0.25 mm) fractions decreased in soils under zero‐till practices, both with and without crop residue addition. Direct seeding with brown manuring and zero tillage with transplanting also showed an increase of 135% and 95%, respectively, over the control in microbial biomass carbon, without crop residue incorporation. In zero tillage with transplanting treatment, both with and without crop residue showed significant increase in soil carbon sequestration potential. Though the changes in accrued soil carbon did not bring about significant differences in terms of grain yield, overall synthesis in terms of balance between yield and carbon sequestration indicated that summer ploughing with transplanting and zero tillage with transplanting sequestered significantly higher rates of carbon, yet yielded on par with conventional practices. These could be appropriate alternatives to immediately replace conventional tillage and planting practices for rice‐wheat cropping systems in the sodic soils of the Indo‐Gangetic region.     

Environmental impact evaluation of feeds prepared from food residues using life cycle assessment

There is increasing concern about feeds prepared from food residues (FFR) from an environmental viewpoint; however, various forms of energy are consumed in the production of FFR. Environmental impacts of three scenarios were therefore investigated and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA): production of liquid FFR by sterilization with heat (LQ), production of dehydrated FFR by dehydration (DH), and disposal of food residues by incineration (IC). The functional unit was defined as 1 kg dry matter of produced feed standardized to a fixed energy content. The system boundaries included collection of food residues and production of feed from food residues. In IC, food residues are incinerated as waste, and thus the impacts of production and transportation of commercial concentrate feeds equivalent to the FFR in the other scenarios are included in the analysis. Our results suggested that the average amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from LQ, DH, and IC were 268, 1073, and 1066 g of CO(2) equivalent, respectively. The amount of GHG emissions from LQ was remarkably small, indicating that LQ was effective for reducing the environmental impact of animal production. Although the average amount of GHG emissions from DH was nearly equal to that from IC, a large variation of GHG emissions was observed among the DH units. The energy consumption of the three scenarios followed a pattern similar to that of GHG emissions. The water consumption of the FFR-producing units was remarkably smaller than that of IC due to the large volumes of water consumed in forage crop production.     

Application of cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution

The cupuassu shell (Theobroma grandiflorum) which is a food residue was used in its natural form as biosorbent for the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 194 and C.I. Direct Blue 53 dyes from aqueous solutions. This biosorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosage and shaking time on biosorption capacities were studied. In acidic pH region (pH 2.0) the biosorption of the dyes were favorable. The contact time required to obtain the equilibrium was 8 and 18 h at 298 K, for Reactive Red 194 and Direct Blue 53, respectively. The Avrami fractionary-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and chemisorption kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Radke-Prausnitz isotherm models. For both dyes the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model.     

Indigenous Systems of Forest Classification: Understanding Land Use Patterns and the Role of NTFPs in Shifting Cultivators’ Subsistence Economies

This article discusses the system of classification of forest types used by the Pwo Karen in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand and the role of nontimber forest products (NTFPs), focusing on wild food plants, in Karen livelihoods. The article argues that the Pwo Karen have two methods of forest classification, closely related to their swidden farming practices. The first is used for forest land that has been, or can be, swiddened, and classifies forest types according to growth conditions. The second system is used for land that is not suitable for cultivation and looks at soil properties and slope. The article estimates the relative importance of each forest type in what concerns the collection of wild food plants. A total of 134 wild food plant species were recorded in December 2004. They account for some 80–90% of the amount of edible plants consumed by the Pwo Karen, and have a base value of Baht 11,505 per year, comparable to the cash incomes of many households. The article argues that the Pwo Karen reliance on NTFPs has influenced their land-use and forest management practices. However, by restricting the length of the fallow period, the Thai government has caused ecological changes that are challenging the ability of the Karen to remain subsistence oriented. By ignoring shifting cultivators’ dependence on such products, the involvement of governments in forest management, especially through restrictions imposed on swidden farming practices, is likely to have a considerable impact on the livelihood strategies of these communities.     

Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment of soybean: influence of crop variety on residue decomposition

Elevated atmospheric CO2 can result in larger plants returning greater amounts of residue to the soil. However, the effects of elevated CO2 on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling for different soybean varieties have not been examined. Aboveground residue of eight soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties was collected from a field study where crops had been grown under two different atmospheric CO2 levels [370 micromol mol(-1) (ambient) and 550 micromol mol(-1) (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment, FACE)]. Senesced residue material was used in a 60-d laboratory incubation study to evaluate potential C and N mineralization. In addition to assessing the overall effects of CO2 level and variety, a few specific variety comparisons were also made. Across varieties, overall residue N concentration was increased by FACE, but residue C concentration was only slightly increased. Overall residue C to N ratio was lower under FACE and total mineralized N was increased by FACE, suggesting that increased N2 fixation impacted residue decomposition; total mineralized C was also slightly increased by FACE. Across CO2 levels, varietal differences were also observed with the oldest variety having the lowest residue N concentration and highest residue C to N ratio; mineralized N was lowest in the oldest variety, illustrating the influence of high residue C to N ratio. It appears (based on our few specific varietal comparisons) that the breeding selection process may have resulted in some varietal differences in residue quality which can result in increased N or C mineralization under elevated CO2 conditions. This limited number of varietal comparisons indicated that more work investigating varietal influences on soil C and N cycling under elevated CO2 conditions is required.     

The influence of collection facility attributes on household collection rates of electronic waste: The case of televisions and computer monitors

In the US, household electronic waste collected for recycling is primarily by voluntary drop-off at designated collection facilities. This study examines the influence of specific collection facility attributes (recycling fees charged, number of days open, and driving distance) on the household collection rate of e-waste in the US state of Maine. Data were collected for household computer monitor and television collection for 92 municipal waste transfer facilities representing 30% of the state's population for one year. Results suggest that recycling fees are negatively correlated with the number of televisions and computer monitors collected; furthermore, the more frequently facilities were open, the more televisions and computer monitors were collected per capita. The distance from the facility had no correlation, which prompted an analysis of whether the existence of a curbside collection system in the municipality was influential. Results show a negative correlation between computer monitor and television collection and a municipality having recycling (but not e-waste) curbside collection. Based on the results of this study, policymakers may be able to increase the collection rate of household e-waste by eliminating or lowering recycling fees, expanding collection days and hours to increase convenience, and/or considering curbside collection of e-waste.