吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的研究

本文提出了吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的新工艺。研究了粘土作为吸附剂在此工艺中对矿物油、COD、浊度和色度的去除效果;比较了膨润土、活性炭、煤泥、高岭土等的处理效果。对处理水中悬浮物的沉降性能以及粘土吸附剂的再生等作了初步探讨。在推荐的流程下,可使出水中矿物油<2ppm、COD<100ppm SS<1ppm。     

用于湿法净化黑烟表面活性剂筛选的数学模型研究

湿法净化燃煤窑炉中的黑烟,关键在于表面活性剂对炭黑的润湿、增溶和降低表面张力作用.根据研究筛选的数学模型,计算AEO-9和SDBS混合表面活性剂溶液的亲水亲油平衡值HLB、临界胶束浓度CMC与胶束形成吉布斯自由能ΔG0mf.通过实验测得不同配比AEO-9和SDBS溶液的CMC和处于该CMC时黑烟的去除效率η,分析混合溶液中HLB、CMC、ΔG0mf与η的关系,建立新的数学模型.结果表明,理论CMC与实测CMC吻合度较好;HLB与ln[CMC]线性相关;ΔG0mf与η存在二次函数关系.降低CMC可以有效增大HLB,增加溶解度,减小形成胶束的吉布斯自由能,降低表面张力,使形成胶束的反应更容易自发进行,有效提高黑烟去除效率.     

Highly efficient reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) with novel ZnO/SnS nanocomposites through the piezoelectric effect

In this work, novel ZnO/SnS nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal approach, which is developed for piezoelectric catalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in an aqueous solution. The constructed ZnO/SnS nanocomposites exhibited higher catalytic efficiency for Cr(VI) reduction under a mechanical force (e.g., ultrasonic vibration) compared to pristine ZnO and SnS. In particular, the ZnO/SnS (with 30 wt.% of SnS) heterojunctions revealed an optimal degradation activity among all the prepared samples, which completely removed the Cr(VI) (20 mg/L) solution within 35 min. Moreover, the piezoelectric catalytic activity of ZnO/SnS remained stable after four consecutive cycling experiments. The results of the morphology observations indicated that the SnS nanoparticles adhere to the surface of the ZnO nanorods. The improved piezoelectric catalytic performance of the ZnO/SnS heterojunctions can be attributed to the formation of an intimate interfacial between ZnO and SnS, which effectively inhibits the electron-hole recombination and speeds up the rate of charge transfer. The study reveals a new design of ZnO/SnS heterojunctions as a high-performance and eco-friendly piezoelectric catalyst and provides a promising strategy for addressing environmental problems and energy crises.     

A two-stage anaerobic system for biodegrading wastewater containing terephthalic acid and high strength easily degradable pollutants

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｅｒｅｐｈｔｈａｌｉｃａｃｉｄ (ＴＡ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｒａｗｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｅｔｒｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｓｕｃｈａｓｒｅｓｉｎ ,ｔｅｒｙｌｅｎｅｆｉｂｒｅ ,ｐｌａｓｔｉｃｆｉｌｍａｎｄｄｙｅａｎｄｓｏｏｎ .Ｉｎ 1999,ｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｏｕｔｐｕｔｏｆＴＡｗａｓａｂｏｕｔ10 0ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｔｏｎｐｅｒｙｅａｒ,ａｎｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｏｒａｒｅａｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇＴＡｉｎｃｌｕｄｅＵＳＡ ,Ｊａｐａｎ ,Ｓｏｕ…     

基于BP神经网络的吡虫啉农药废水纳滤分离模型

为了有效控制农药废水纳滤分离工艺运行,基于DK膜预处理吡虫啉废水的试验数据,采用神经网络算法仿真模拟了纳滤系统去除污染物的过程,建立了纳滤分离动态模型,预测了多影响因素作用下的吡虫啉农药废水中污染物去除规律和实时性动态变化,不仅完善了纳滤分离理论系统,而且模型精度满足应用要求,计算的COD、盐分去除率与实测值的相关系数大于0.99,误差在±4%范围内,为农药废水的有效治理提供了必要的技术支持。     

油田含油污水处理方法对比研究

石油因应用广泛,其开采量不断加大,而石油在开采过程中会产生大量的含油废水,油田采出水其水量大、水质成分复杂,若不有效处理,将对周围造成不利影响。通过论述油田含油污水的来源、分类、常用处理方法,并从三级处理、四个油形、COD去除效率三方面进行分析,最终得出富含浮油污水优选重力分离法进行处理;富含分散油污水优选浮选法、过滤法进行处理;富含乳化油污水优选膜分离法进行处理;富含溶解油污水优选活性污泥法进行处理。     

微电解法处理阴离子表面活性剂废水的研究

利用微电解反应器对阴离子表面活性剂（ＬＡＳ）溶液、洗浴废水和采油废水进行了实验研究，考察了电压、停留时间、ｐＨ值和电导率对处理效果的影响，并对处理机理进行了初步探讨。实验表明：ＬＡＳ废水的最佳处理电压在２０Ｖ以下，停留时间６０～９０ｍｉｎ，ＣＯＤｃｒ、ＬＡＳ的去除率在６５％以上，处理电耗受原水电导率影响很大。     

United membrane biological reactor in the treatment of wastewater

The united membrane biological reactor(UMBR) was studied for the treatment of some simulate and municipal wastewater. The removal efficiency for COD and turbidity are greater than 80% and 99% respectively. Effluent COD is less than 100 mg/L while turbidity less than 5. The removal of LAS in bath wastewater is greater than 70%. In treatment of dinning-hall wastewater, removal of fatty oil is greater than 90%, and its concentration in effluent is less than 5 mg/L. The match of biological reactor and the membrane separation component were calculated. The stable performance of wastewater treatment can be maintained by the optimization of operation conditions and the eleanout of membranes.     

Biodegradation of oil wastewater by free and immobilized Yarrowia lipolytica W29

The ability of Yarrowia lipolytica W29 immobilized by calcium alginate to degrade oil and chemical oxygen demand(COD) was examined.The degradation rules of oil and COD by immobilized cells with the cell density of 6.65 × 106 CFU/mL degraded 2000 mg/L oil and 2000 mg/L COD within 50 h at 30℃(pH 7.0,150 r/min),similarly to those of free cells,and the degradation effciencies of oil and COD by immobilized cells were above 80%,respectively.The factors affecting oil and COD degradation by immobilized cells were i...     

油田采出液乳化程度的影响因素试验研究

通过模拟油田采出液,考察了油水比、聚合物、表面活性剂及天然固体颗粒物对油田采出液乳化程度的影响。试验表明:随着油水比下降,模拟水样含油量降低,油珠Zeta电位升高,平均粒径变大,水样乳化稳定性减弱;HPAM会吸附于油珠表面从而增强其负电性,降低油珠间的有效碰撞,使油珠的平均粒径较小,导致油水分离较困难;表面活性剂会直接降低水样的表面张力,增强油水亲和性,导致水样含油量增大,同时增强了油珠的负电性,不利于油珠的集结聚并;天然固体颗粒物本身有一定的电负性,降低了油珠的Zeta电位,增加油珠的静电排斥,妨碍油珠的聚并,同时使水样的含油量升高,最终导致乳状液稳定。     

高浓度超稠油乳化段废水前处理工艺研究

以高浓度超稠油乳化段废水为研究对象,对其基本性质及前处理工艺进行了系统研究.试验结果表明,超稠油废水前处理的技术关键在于:①采取合适的隔油沉降工艺参数,有效分离污水中的原油和渣泥;②采用适当的絮凝工艺,保证气浮出水水质,最大限度降低前处理出水的矿物油、渣泥和COD.为此提出了低负荷隔油沉降,高负荷组合气浮前处理工艺.通过延长隔油池的水力停留时间,可回收污水中80%的原油;两级气浮组合,污染物的去除率可达到:矿物油99%,渣泥98%,COD 86%.日处理量800 t污水处理厂采用该工艺方案和参数进行设计,系统运行稳定可靠.      

酵母菌处理系统中氮缺乏引起的污泥膨胀控制

研究了酵母菌处理色拉油加工废水系统中投加氮源对处理效果的影响及对污泥膨胀的恢复作用批量实验结果表明:①添加氮源有助于提高去除效果,碳氮比(COD/N)为50/1～20/1的条件下,油去除率最高,达90%以上;②添加氮源能够改善污泥沉降性,COD/N比为50/1、20/1时污泥沉降性明显优于100/1、200/1和不加氮的条件.连续试验中按COD/N为20/1添加氮源,污泥体积指数(SVI)稳定在100～200,油和COD去除率分别达95%和90%以上.氮缺乏色拉油加工废水中添加氮源是控制污泥膨胀的有效方法之一.     

炭纤维生物膜载体在两相厌氧生物处理中的应用研究

考察并对比了聚丙烯腈基炭纤维(PAN-CF)、醛化维纶(PVA)和聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维载体对硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌的固着化能力,然后考察了它们在两相厌氧生物处理中的应用.结果表明,两种厌氧细菌在PAN-CF载体上的固着速率较快,固着量较大,固着在其表面的产甲烷菌活性更高,对硫酸盐和COD的去除能力更强,这可能与PAN-CF表面较强的疏水性及其优异的生物相容性有关;PAN-CF作为生物膜载体在两相厌氧处理含高浓度硫酸盐废水的应用中具有明显的优势,产酸相出水碳硫比大幅升高;产甲烷相COD去除率PAN-CF远高于PVA和PAN载体,约为它们的1.5~1.8倍;两相厌氧处理过程及效果受硫酸盐浓度变化的影响小,可更好地实现两相分离功能,促进有机物的生物降解.     

用凹凸棒石净化污染河水的研究

凹凸棒石或其活化产物对严重有机污染河水的色度、挥发酚、油、NH_3-N和COD_(cr)等均有明显的去除效果:对COD_(cr)的吸附净化符合Freundlich吸附等温式,并呈现一级反应动力学的特征:当与某些混凝剂组合使用时,对SS和COD_(cr)的净化呈明显的增强作用。从而可使污染河水的整体水质大获改善,其中某些水质指标可达到我国地面水Ⅰ—Ⅱ级的质量标准。提出了几种应用方式,并作了简要的效益和费用评估     

酵母菌-SBR法处理油脂碱炼废水研究

研究了8株酵母菌应用于序批式反应器(SBR)直接处理油脂碱炼废水的效果,并探讨了酵母菌的扩大培养方法和影响系统稳定运行的关键因素.结果表明,在不投加任何霉菌和细菌抑制剂的32 L开放体系中,6 d培养出MLSS 19 g/L、SVI 35 mL/g的酵母菌;30 d的连续运行结果表明,在COD 9000～23 000 mg/L、油4500～16000 mg/L的进水情况下,系统高效、稳定运行,COD、油去除率分别达到了86.8%～96.9%和99.5%;短期的pH冲击对系统造成的不利影响是可逆的;污泥龄对酵母菌的SVI有一定影响;长期氮缺乏会诱发某些酵母菌细胞由单细胞向菌丝形态转化,并影响到酵母菌的沉降性.     

Treatment of oilfieid produced water by anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis

Treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated using an anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis (ME), focusing on changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biodegradability. Results showed that COD exhibited an abnormal change in the single anaerobic system in which it increased within the first 168 hr, but then decreased to 222 mg/L after 360 hr. The biological oxygen demand (five-day) (BOD5)/COD ratio of the water increased from 0.05 to 0.15. Hydrocarbons in the wastewater, such as pectin, degraded to small molecules during the hydrolytic acidification process. Comparatively, the effect of ME was also investigated. The COD underwent a slight decrease and the BOD5/COD ratio of the water improved from 0.05 to 0.17 after ME. Removal of COD was 38.3% under the idealized ME conditions (pH 6.0), using iron and active carbon (80 and 40 g/L, respectively). Coupling the anaerobic process with ME accelerated the COD removal ratio (average removal was 53.3%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze organic species conversion. This integrated system appeared to be a useful option for the treatment of water produced in oil fields.     

磁性氧化石墨处理乳化含油废水及磁致增强效应

以高铁酸钾为氧化剂,基于改进Hummers法制备了新型磁性氧化石墨材料,在SEM、FTIR、氮气吸脱附和表面接触角表征基础上,探究了该材料处理乳化含油废水的效果及磁致增强效应.结果表明：相较于石墨,磁性氧化石墨比表面积增大,表面有卷曲结构并负载着Fe₃O₄颗粒,具有含氧官能团,存在疏水性较强的微观孔隙结构.在外加磁场条件下,磁性氧化石墨团聚,形成疏水性宏观孔隙结构,利于乳化油滴的吸附和附着.磁性氧化石墨处理乳化含油废水的能力远好于石墨与粉末活性炭,且处理效率与磁场强度成正相关,COD去除率可达95%以上.使用后的磁性氧化石墨进行溶剂萃取或热处理,可以循环使用.磁性氧化石墨经过4次循环使用,热再生效率为92%,溶剂萃取再生效率为86%.以上研究为乳化含油废水的处理提供了一种有效的方法.     

炼油废水高效处理的工艺流程和操作方法

本文论述了采用组合式隔油与两级混凝气浮串联工艺处理某炼油厂的含油废水的运行情况。由于各个处理单元及整套工艺的设计合理、操作方法正确 ,该套废水处理系统出水中的油类浓度降至 5～ 8m g/ L,COD浓度降至 45～ 5 5 mg/ L ,SS降至 3 1～ 5 1mg/ L,去除率分别超过 98%、92 %与 83 %。工程实施两年多来 ,运行稳定 ,能回收油类 ,具有良好的经济效益。     

磁性活性污泥在废水处理中作用机理的探讨

文章主要讨论了磁性活性污泥在废水处理中的作用机理,指出了在活性污泥中加入磁性粉末后,使活性污泥的结构得到了改善,污泥的沉降性能、污泥中微生物活性及抗污染物冲击负荷能力都优于普通活性污泥,并且使污泥对废水中的有机物、N、P等营养物质及重金属的去除效率有较大的提高.这主要与磁性粉末有较大比表面积及表面的键态、电子态有关.     

微气泡臭氧化预处理实际制药废水去除SS和有机物性能

采用臭氧微气泡预处理实际制药废水,并与氮气微气泡、臭氧普通气泡和氮气普通气泡处理过程比较,考察悬浮固体（SS）和有机物去除过程和性能.结果表明,臭氧微气泡存在强吸附-气浮-氧化作用,显著增强SS去除能力,60 min时SS去除率可达到81.67%,同时SS粒径减小,SS表面负电荷转变为正电荷.微气泡臭氧化具有强·OH氧化作用,显著增强有机物降解去除能力,60 min时溶解性COD （SCOD）去除率可达到36.60%,且SS去除可加速SCOD去除,UV₂₅₄去除率可达到36.91%,同时可生化性改善和生物毒性消除作用明显.三维荧光和GC-MS分析表明,微气泡臭氧化可有效氧化破坏废水中复杂结构大分子有机物,显著降低废水中有机物芳香性.微气泡臭氧化可为高浓度难降解实际制药废水提供高效可行的预处理手段.