温度和污泥浓度对碱性条件下剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)是脱氮除磷过程中易于利用的碳源。剩余污泥在碱性条件下发酵能产生大量的VFAs,而温度和污泥浓度是影响剩余污泥发酵的两个重要因素,为此考察了厌氧环境,温度15℃和35℃,pH为10的条件下,剩余污泥挥发性悬浮污泥浓度(VSS为1.708～11.049 g/L)对水解酸化的影响,为实现剩余污泥的资源化提供理论依据。研究得出如下结论:污泥浓度对剩余污泥溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出率影响不大。低污泥浓度和高污泥浓度均不利于剩余污泥产酸,最佳产酸的污泥浓度为8.540 g/L。各污泥浓度条件下产生的6种挥发性有机酸中乙酸的比例总是最大,且低污泥浓度条件下乙酸的百分含量要高于高污泥浓度条件下。温度对高污泥浓度条件下污泥的最大SCOD溶出量影响较大,而对低污泥浓度条件下污泥最大的产酸量影响较大。无论15℃还是35℃,中等污泥浓度对氨氮的释放量影响不大,35℃条件下污泥浓度对正磷酸盐的释放要比15℃条件下大。     

电子束辐照结合低温热水解协同提高污泥破解率

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥为供试材料,通过比较电子束辐照、热水解及组合工艺对污泥破解率的影响发现:随着热水解温度从90℃提高到120、140和160℃,污泥破解率分别从14.82%升高至19.97%、23.16%和33.28%。当热水解温度低于140℃时,氨氮/溶解性总氮的比值(NH_3-N/TSN)在0.14~0.17之间波动,而温度达160℃时,NH_3-N/TSN升高至0.22。另一方面,当污泥吸收剂量由5 k Gy增加至10、15、20 kGy时,污泥破解率分别由3.77%缓慢上升到4.87%、5.01%、5.42%。但是,NH_3-N/TSN维持在0.32~0.33之间,比热水解处理约提高1倍。在组合工艺中,15 kGy+90℃热水解30 min污泥破解率最高,达25.1%,NH_3-N/TSN≈0.22。实验证明:热水解对污泥破解效果显著,但电子束辐照可进一步将大分子有机物质降解为小分子物质。     

热水解预处理对剩余污泥可生物降解性的影响

针对剩余污泥可生物降解性差的问题,以热水解作为预处理手段,研究了其对剩余污泥可生化性的提高作用。热水解在175℃,0.6~0.8 MPa条件下进行30 min。结果表明,剩余污泥经热水解后,水解率可达48%,挥发性脂肪酸浓度提高7~8倍,COD当量平均7 800 mg·L~(-1),生化产甲烷潜力提高43%左右。厌氧消化实验中,组合有热水解预处理的温度两相工艺和中温单相工艺容积产甲烷率为0.760和0.719 L·(L·d)-1,甲烷产率为0.288 L·g-1和0.255 L·g-1,均显著高于传统中温单相工艺的0.376 L·(L·d)-1和0.138 L·g-1。组合工艺的挥发性有机物去除率为48.64%和46.51%,比传统工艺高8%~11%。比甲烷产率提高约50%,表明这些被转化的有机物较传统工艺中被转化者产能更多。工艺对比发现,虽然热水解联合温度两相工艺效率最高,但热水解联合中温单相工艺几乎同样高效且工艺更简单实用。     

城市污水污泥高温好氧/中温厌氧两级消化研究

采用高温好氧/中温厌氧两级污泥消化(AerTAnM)工艺处理城市污水污泥,通过考察挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)去除率和沼气产量,研究了进泥浓度、中温相污泥投配率、搅拌速度、高温相污泥停留时间(SRT)对AerTAnM工艺消化效率的影响。结果表明,AerTAnM工艺的最佳运行条件:进泥总悬浮固体(TSS)为4.2%(质量分数),VSS为26.59g/L,高温相SRT为2.0d,中温相污泥投配率为8%,搅拌速度为100r/min。在该最佳运行条件下,系统稳定运行阶段出泥VSS去除率达45%以上,沼气产量达到1.06L/g(以VSS计),粪大肠杆菌和蛔虫卵的杀灭率达到95%以上,出泥可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)控制要求。     

脱水污泥热调质的特性

热调质方法是污泥深度脱水的有效办法之一。研究结果表明,污泥热调质过程中反应温度和反应时间对污泥热调质效果影响较大,搅拌速度影响较小。当反应温度从160℃升至180℃,反应时间从30 min增至60 min时,污泥溶液中挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)急剧溶解,释放出细胞里的结合水,表明污泥细胞破壁的温度条件为160～180℃,时间条件为45～60 min。热调质后污泥的比阻变化较大。随着反应温度的不断提高,比阻不断减小,污泥的脱水性能越来越好。实验确定了污泥热调质的最佳反应条件为:反应温度180℃,反应时间60 min,搅拌转速30 r/min。在此条件下,压滤后泥饼含水率约50%,滤液中COD浓度可达19 000 mg/L,有利于后续污泥的消化。     

超声联合热碱预处理对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

以不同含固率剩余污泥为研究对象,在超声联合热碱预处理条件下,考察了污泥在厌氧消化过程中的减量以及细胞物质释放的特性。厌氧消化阶段,经过预处理作用的预处理泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)、溶解性COD(SCOD)的去除率均高于原泥,且VSS、SCOD去除率均随污泥含固率的增加而减少,SCOD去除率(X_(SCODr),%)和产气量(Y_(QY),mL/g)存在定量函数关系,即Y_(QY)=-0.148 7 X~2_(SCODr)+24.771 X_(SCODr)-775.68,同时SCOD去除率与VSS去除率(X_(VSSr),%)存在线性关系X_(SCODr)=0.533 3 X_(VSSr)+43.411。预处理对污泥在厌氧消化阶段氨氮、磷酸根磷的影响也随含固率的增大而减小,含固率为1.5%的预处理泥氨氮、磷酸根磷浓度相较原泥增幅最大,依次增长了97.3%、166.0%。     

不同类型污泥中非溶解性有机物水解产酸特性研究

分别以化学生物絮凝污泥(以下简称絮凝污泥)、初沉污泥和剩余污泥3种污泥为基质,对比研究了不同类型污泥中的非溶解性有机物的水解产酸特性,并进一步考察了水解酸化产物挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的产量和组成。结果表明,与初沉污泥和剩余污泥相比,絮凝污泥的水解酸化性能最优,稳定运行期间,絮凝污泥单位质量挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的VFAs产量为(410.3±26.8)mg/g,分别为初沉污泥和剩余污泥的1.2、1.9倍。此外,絮凝污泥水解酸化产生的VFAs结构最优,乙酸占VFAs的比例高达64.3%(质量分数),絮凝污泥水解产酸发酵液中C/N、C/P均远高于典型城镇污水处理厂生化处理系统进水需求,可以作为后续生物脱氮除磷过程的优质补充碳源。     

混合液氨氮浓度对短程硝化影响的数学模拟和实验研究

通过调节进水流量,维持混合液氨氮浓度在某一设定值,在保持混合液中挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)浓度稳定的条件下,采用数学模拟和实验方法研究混合液氨氮浓度对短程硝化的影响。数学模拟结果表明,维持一定的混合液氨氮浓度对实现短程硝化有帮助,较低温和较高DO条件下,可通过提高混合液氨氮浓度来实现短程硝化;混合液DO分别为0.6、1.5、3.0mg/L的条件下,20℃时需要维持混合液氨氮分别为2.0、3.0、5.0mg/L以上才能达到100%的亚硝酸盐氮累积率,维持短程硝化,10℃时则需要维持混合液氨氮分别为5.0、30.0、30.0mg/L以上。实验结果表明,在混合液DO为1.5mg/L条件下,通过调节进水流量维持混合液氨氮为20.0mg/L,实现了短程硝化过程,初步证明了数学模拟的结论。     

CaO_2对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

近年来,污泥厌氧消化得到了广泛关注,一方面能够实现污泥的减量化,另一方面又能得到有价值的消化产品。由于水解过程是限制厌氧反应的重要步骤,因此利用CaO_2强化污泥厌氧消化中水解和酸化过程。结果表明,适量的CaO_2的投加量能够显著促进污泥的水解和酸化过程,但对甲烷化有抑制作用。当CaO_2投加量为0.2g/g(污泥以挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)计)时,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的最大积累量为253.6mg/g,但CaO_2对VFA的组成影响不大。     

MBR污泥热水解强化厌氧消化中试研究

针对MBR污泥开展热水解强化厌氧消化中试研究,考察了热水解对污泥性质、厌氧消化效率和污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,热水解后污泥中总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)的含量基本不变,但污泥的溶解性总固体(s TS)和溶解性挥发性固体(s VS)含量提高至原泥的10倍左右,总固体解离度(TSDD)和挥发性固体解离度(VSDD)分别为31.7%和51.9%,同时污泥的黏度由927.8 m Pa·s降低至550.4 m Pa·s,污泥流动性显著增强。热水解处理可有效提高污泥厌氧消化反应效率,沼气产量和有机分解率均提高1倍,化学需氧量(COD)消减率由33%上升至44%,但热水解厌氧消化后污泥NH+4-N浓度为传统厌氧消化的2倍。此外热水解能有效改善污泥脱水性能,不添加任何药剂时,热水解污泥经板框压滤机脱水后含水率可降至33.29%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.