不同氮素浓度与空间条件下青萍生长特征

以西部地区优势浮萍品种青萍为实验对象,研究了它在不同总氮(TN)初始浓度和空间条件下的生长特征。结果表明,在表面积为95 cm2,TN初始浓度为0、1、2、3 mg/L的条件下,青萍的生长能较好地服从经典生长模型,对数生长阶段的相对生长速率(RGR)随TN浓度的增长而线性增长,分别为0.10、0.11、0.13、0.13 d-1。在TN浓度为10 mg/L,表面积为95、130和230 cm2的条件下,青萍的生长能较好地服从Logistic生长模型,其环境最大承载量和对数生长阶段的RGR分别为1 899、2 101和1 962 g/m2以及0.21、0.21和0.20 d-1。     

两池轮流曝气活性污泥法处理城市污水的试验研究

提出一种新型活性污泥工艺--两池轮流曝气活性污泥法,试验研究了其对城市污水处理的效果及可行性.试验表明,两池轮流曝气活性污泥法处理城市污水对有机物和氨氮的去除效果明显.在进水COD浓度为402.18～413.06 mg/L,总氮为54.02～61.86 mg/L,氨氮为51.46～58.72 mg/L,总磷为2.43～3.51 mg/L时,该工艺对COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别为82.06%～88.11%、76.81%～81.36%、78.64%～85.87%和62.53%～70.26%,出水可达<污水综合排放标准>中的二级标准.本工艺具有良好的适用性,为城市污水处理提供了一条新的途径,为进一步研究提供了理论依据及思路.     

滤食性生物孵化器净化微污染景观水的试验研究

搭建滤食性生物孵化器,利用藻类吸收水体中氮、磷,滤食性生物捕食藻类,实现微污染景观水体的原位净化。试验结果表明,当TN、TP初始质量浓度分别为5.0、0.100mg/L时,30L微污染景观水的最佳滤食性生物孵化器载体(50mm×65mm×75mm聚氨酯泡沫塑料块)投放量为15块;滤食性生物孵化器对微污染景观水中的叶绿素a、TN和TP均有较明显的去除效果。对于TN、TP初始质量浓度分别低于5.0、0.100mg/L,更换周期在3d以上的微污染景观水,采用滤食性生物孵化器可将叶绿素a的质量浓度控制在10mg/m3以下,TN、TP可分别控制在2.0、0.010mg/L以下。     

增蓝剂停留时间及对水质和浮游植物影响分析

水体遮光剂能干扰水下光照,抑制藻类生长。为了探讨水体遮光剂-增蓝剂在自然水体的作用情况,对围隔内增蓝剂的停留时间及水质、浮游藻类和沉水植物的变化特征进行分析。结果表明,当围隔水体中增蓝剂浓度为1 mg/L时,5周内其降解超过50%,9周后降解超过95%。与对照组相比,增蓝剂对围隔内总氮、总磷浓度无明显影响,易氧化成分的存在导致CODMn浓度升高至8.60 mg/L,但CODMn浓度随增蓝剂的降解逐步降至7.81 mg/L。在增蓝剂作用下水下光照度衰减明显,水深0.2 m处仅占水表面光强的21.16%,光衰减系数(k)为0.7 m-1。增蓝剂对藻类生长抑制作用明显,抑制率高达56.24%,但对金鱼藻生长无显著影响。     

舟山定海护城河氮磷含量季节变化研究

在舟山定海护城河的城西河、城东河、南珍河和蓬莱河设置了20个调查站点,于2016年5月(春季)和9月(秋季)进行了总氮、总磷分析。结果显示,定海护城河总氮浓度波动较大,春季质量浓度为(5.18±0.63)mg/L,秋季为(6.70±0.59)mg/L。总磷浓度相对较为稳定,春季质量浓度为(0.753±0.097)mg/L,秋季为(0.751±0.095)mg/L。大部分调查站点总氮与总磷的质量浓度比小于10。     

海河干流天津段氮磷对藻类生长的影响及动力学分析

本实验以海河干流天津段水体为对象,对其中四种典型共存藻类(即铜绿微囊藻、小球藻、卵囊藻和席藻)在不同氮磷营养盐环境条件下的响应生长规律进行了过程表征及动力学研究。实验结果表明,N/P在10~40范围适宜藻类生长,N/P为10时藻类比增长率最大;氮浓度水平在2.0~15 mg·L~(-1)、磷浓度水平在0.2~1.5 mg·L~(-1)内,藻类比增长率随着氮磷浓度的升高而增大,当氮浓度为15 mg·L~(-1),磷浓度为1.5 mg·L~(-1)时达到最大,优势藻为卵囊藻;通过Monod藻类生长动力学分析得出,藻类最大比增长率为0.050 8,半饱和常数为0.157,表明目标河段水华暴发风险相对较低,且磷是藻生长限制性因子。     

3种药剂对普通小球藻的抑制作用

针对再生水回用于景观水体生长的主要藻类普通小球藻,进行了药剂抑制实验。通过实验研究发现,在小球藻生长的对数期分别投入不同剂量的2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯（EMA）、大麦秸萃取液（BSE）和异噻唑啉酮3种抑藻药剂后,小球藻的生长受到不同程度的抑制。其中,EMA对藻类的抑制效果甚微,最大抑藻率仅为31%,且对小球藻的生长有低促高抑的作用。BSE对小球藻有明显的抑制作用,且药效期长、不复发;当投加浓度为1 mg/L,能起到抑制藻类生长的作用;当投加浓度为10 mg/L,能起到杀灭水体藻类的作用。异噻唑啉酮可有效抑制小球藻生长,5 mg/L的投加浓度就能起到杀灭水体藻类的作用,且药效期长、不复发。     

生物墙对地下水中六价铬的去除效果模拟研究

通过土柱实验模拟地下水环境,研究以发酵树皮为主要反应介质的渗透性生物墙对地下水中六价铬的去除效果,为六价铬污染地下水的修复提供方法和依据。结果表明,模拟生物墙运行数天后,墙内形成弱碱性(pH 7~8)、强还原(Eh<-100 mV)环境,有利于六价铬转化为三价铬并生成沉淀。在进水六价铬浓度为20 mg/L、水流速度为3.7 cm/d的运行条件下,3周期间生物墙对六价铬的去除率稳定在98%左右,生物墙内沿水流方向三价铬的浓度先上升后下降(最高达6.6 mg/L),出水三价铬约为1.0 mg/L。吸附和微生物转化是生物墙对水中六价铬去除的主要反应。     

生活垃圾加载介质层填埋法对初期渗滤液污染抑制效果研究

以传统卫生填埋柱R2为对照,通过往生物反应器填埋柱R1内加载可渗透反应介质层1和2进行模拟试验,主要探讨了填埋柱R1垃圾渗滤液COD、总氮、氨氮及总磷的变化趋势,探索一种新型的加载介质层垃圾填埋处理方法。试验结果表明,填埋20周后, R1柱COD浓度基本维持在40 000～45 000 mg/L间,约为R2柱的20%～30%;第24周,R1柱总氮和氨氮分别为206.5 mg/L和167.3 mg/L,在16～24周内,R1总氮和氨氮分别约为R2的14.5%～17.5%和36.2%～43.6%;18周时,R1柱总磷达最大值1.704 mg/L,至第24周降为0.673 mg/L, 整个实验过程R1柱总磷约为R2的0.15%～0.56%。     

梯级电站作用下北江河流秋季藻类水华特征及关键因子分析

为探究梯级电站作用下北江河流藻类水华的关键因子,采集了北江非水华和水华期间水质监测数据,通过相关性和冗余分析探讨北江藻类水华暴发与影响因子之间的关系。结果表明,北江水华正相关影响因子为水温、pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和总磷,负相关影响因子为总氮、氨氮和流速及流量。在营养盐满足条件的情况下,秋季水温上升,梯级电站作用下水体流动慢,水体分层明显,导致具备悬浮能力的微囊藻处于有利的理化环境,成为绝对优势种,并大量聚集从而发生蓝藻水华。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.