一株假单胞菌WSH1001的脱氮特性

研究了假单胞菌WSH 1001(Pseudomonas sp.WSH 1001)对氨氮及硝态氮去除性能的影响因素以及WSH 1001在实际污水处理中的应用情况,并将其与市售硝化菌制剂的脱氮性能进行了比较.结果表明:菌株前培养方式对后续的氮去除性能影响较大,葡萄糖或柠檬酸钠是最适碳源;在20～35℃的范围内,温度对氨氮及硝态氮的去除率没有明显影响;溶氧浓度对氨氮及硝态氮的去除效率影响很大;金属离子Cu2+、Co2+和Zn2+极大地抑制了该菌株对氨氮及硝态氮的去除能力;菌株WSH 1001在6 h内对70 mg L-1的氨氮去除率高达99.64%,总氮去除率达94.94%,在8 h内对50 mgL-1的硝态氮去除率达到了87.69%,说明该菌株同时具备硝化和反硝化的能力;当菌株WSH 1001应用于实际污水(初始氨氮和COD浓度分别为44和113 mg L-1)、并额外添加3 g L-1的丁二酸钠作为外加碳源时,氨氮去除率在6 h时达到99.23%,较其它市售硝化菌制剂脱氮性能高.该研究表明假单胞菌WSH 1001在实际污水的处理上具有较好的应用潜能.     

生态沟渠净化稻田排水动力学分析和生物相特征

本研究以太湖流域常见的菱角、水葫芦、梭鱼草、圆币草等水生植物和人工水草、塑料立体弹性填料为生态强化载体,构建"水生植物-载体生物膜-菌藻"复合型生态系统,研究了稻田排水中的氮、磷等营养元素的去除特性,构建氮、磷污染物的降解动力学模型,并调查了沟渠内"微生物-藻类"生物相特征.结果表明,生态沟渠运行期间,随着水稻进入不同的生长阶段,系统内氮、磷等营养元素的去除率都呈普遍下降趋势,总磷、氨氮、总氮、硝态氮平均去除率分别达到87.1%、92.3%、77.5%、88.6%,其中氨氮的去除率最高,化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果并不显著,各实验周期的污染物降解趋势均符合一级动力学降解模型.经生物相分析揭示:随着复合生态系统运行延续,系统内微生物、藻类的种类及Shannon-Weiner index等多样性指数呈不断增长趋势,表明复合生态系统水质改善后更适于多种类细菌与藻类生存与繁殖;复合生态系统中的菌、藻、水生植物及其表面附着的生物膜对污染物的去除具有协同作用,强化了生态沟渠的自净能力.     

溶藻菌对受污染水源水除藻及脱氮特性研究

针对我国水源地藻类污染日趋严重等问题,利用前期分离获得的溶藻菌Streptomyces sp.HJC-D1研究固定化微生物技术强化污染水源水除藻以及脱氮性能。结果表明,对照组和试验组的水体叶绿素a平均去除率分别为（71.66±5.35）%和（80.94±4.36）%,NH4＋—N的平均去除率为（77.76±2.83）%和（72.36±3.18）%,而高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）平均去除率为（24.99±1.52）%和（18.74±1.38）%;不同曝气条件的影响研究发现,曝气/停曝时间比2：4、曝气量60 L.h-1工况下,系统CODMn和NH4＋—N去除率均有所提高,相比对照组NO3-—N积累更为明显;水力停留时间（HRT）变化对系统NH4＋—N、CODMn等的去除影响不大,但缩短HRT时叶绿素a去除率有所降低;分析反应器内填料表面微生物相发现,试验组填料表面有溶藻菌富集,推测对照组除藻主要通过填料对藻类的吸附去除,而试验组则是藻类吸附在填料表面后通过溶藻微生物实现藻类去除。     

聚合氯化铝与黏土的改性对富营养水体磷和蓝藻的同步去除

为了解决富营养化水体原位除藻、除磷同步安全进行的问题,采用黏土(凹凸棒土,AT)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)的复合改性,研究了原料本身(AT、PAC)、原料直接复配(AT+PAC)与复配后再改性处理(PHAT)之间的除磷与除藻效果、铝离子与氯离子的残留风险,并对其中的机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,改性的PHAT和PAC除磷效率高,总磷去除率可达99.14%±0.31%,显著优于AT+PAC,但PHAT的成本仅为PAC的71.10%.PAC去除无机磷(IP)和可溶性总磷(DTP)的效果更优,PHAT去除有机磷(OP)和颗粒态磷(PP)的效果更优.投加PHAT后水体Al3+和Cl-残留量均符合国家饮用水标准.PHAT对蓝藻的去除率显著高于PAC和AT+PAC,去除率可达97.15%±1.35%,且对低密度蓝藻和高密度蓝藻的去除率差异不显著.比表面积测定结果显示,来源于PHAT中的AT比来源于AT+PAC中的AT单点比表面积提高了19.10%,孔表面积提高了11.13%.且来源于PHAT中的AT在处理富营养化水体前、后的Al含量明显减少.这些结果表明,由黏土结构的优化与络合沉淀的协同所增强的架桥网捕作用可能是PHAT更高效除磷、除藻的原因.     

聚乙烯醇凝胶包埋固定化细菌联合植物的除氮研究

为了解聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶包埋固定化菌在富营养化水体生态修复中的效果,利用PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌并联合水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)和蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)2种植物进行21 d的除氮试验。结果表明,加菌试验组TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N及TP去除率显著高于无菌试验组(P0.05);各试验组N的去除效率与添加PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌呈显著正相关(P0.05)。添加PVA凝胶固定硝化和反硝化细菌的蕹菜和水芹试验组植物的平均生长速率(RGR)分别为38.5和19.6 mg·g-1·d-1,而单纯蕹菜和水芹试验组RGR分别为29.9和9.5 mg·g-1·d-1。     

牧草轮作对奶牛场污水氮、磷的净化效果研究

以土壤为基质,选择象草（Pennisetum purpureum）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）两种牧草作为植被模拟人工湿地净化系统,研究牧草全年轮作在间歇流人工湿地中对奶牛场高质量浓度污水的适应性及对污水氮、磷的净化效果。结果表明：象草、黑麦草在间歇性高质量浓度污水中生长良好,可作为畜牧场高质量浓度污水修复植物进行全年轮作,并适时的收割,去除污水中的氮、磷。在不同污水质量浓度处理的牧草净化系统中,水力停留时间为8 d的条件下,铵氮的去除率为75.9%~94.9%;硝态氮的去除率为65.4%~90.9%;总氮的去除率64.2%~90.1%;总磷的去除率在90%以上;象草和黑麦草对污水中氮、磷的吸收转化在系统对氮磷净化中的贡献率平均分别为氮25.12%和20.03%、磷31.20%和20.42%;各处理氮、磷的去除效果与污水的质量浓度呈负相关。     

水生植物滤床去除富营养化湖泊水中微囊藻毒素的研究

水生植物滤床(HFB)是一种用于净化富营养化水体的新型无基质型人工湿地系统。为考察HFB系统对水体中微囊藻毒素的处理效果,在太湖湖滨进行了中试研究。结果表明,在7—9月份,总藻毒素去除率在36.5%~75.8%之间,平均去除率为59.4%;胞外藻毒素平均去除率为50.0%;胞内藻毒素平均去除率为63.9%。不同植物组合型式的HFB系统对总藻毒素去除效果无显著差异。在水力负荷1.0~6.0m3/(m2·d)范围内,HFB系统去除藻毒素效果也无显著差异。系统对藻毒素的去除效果与富营养化指标(叶绿素-a、CODMn、TP)的处理效果成直线正相关性,藻毒素可作为一辅助指标从健康效应角度来反映富营养化水体水质改善情况。HFB系统在水源地藻毒素污染控制方面具有应用价值。     

微藻在南美白对虾养殖废水中的生长及净化效果

为了解不同微藻对南美白对虾养殖尾水的净化作用,通过室内微藻培养试验,分析8株微藻在南美白对虾养殖尾水中的生长性能及不同时间内其对氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,8株藻均能在南美白对虾养殖尾水中生长,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻生长较好,平均相对生长速率分别为0.309 3、0.246 9和0.215 5.8种藻对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果差异较大,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻对TN去除效果较好,培养结束时去除率分别达到74%、69%和60%;铜绿微囊藻和衣藻均具有较好的TP去除效果,去除率达60%以上,其次为蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对不同形态氮的吸收存在较大差异,铜绿微囊藻和衣藻具有较好的硝态氮去除效果,去除率达到70%左右;衣藻对氨氮具有较快且持久的去除率,去除率高达100%,铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻稍慢,而斜生栅藻、针杆藻和舟形藻最慢,在培养16 d后,去除率均达到90%以上;隐藻和蛋白核小球藻对亚硝态氮具有较好的去除效果,培养至第8天时即达到80%的去除率,且隐藻去除效果较持久.本研究获得了不同藻类对对虾养殖尾水的吸收利用特点,可为南美白对虾养殖过程中藻相的定向培育及养殖尾水净化提供科学参考依据.     

利用实际市政污水培养小球藻及优化外加碳源

为探究不同工段市政污水培养小球藻过程中生物量与氮、磷、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效率,利用灭菌前后的进水、初沉池出水、污泥脱水液培养小球藻,经过7 d培养,在未灭菌污泥脱水液中获得最大藻生物量1.17 g/L;总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD的去除率分别为85.3%、99.0%、90.4%、62.0%.为进一步提高污泥脱水液培养小球藻的生物量,对比两种低成本外加碳源CO_2和粗甘油不同浓度(CO_2:5、10、15、20%;粗甘油:1、2、4、6 g/L)下的藻生物量与污水处理效果.结果在5%CO_2和2 g/L粗甘油条件下得到最大藻生物量,分别为1.57 g/L和1.45 g/L,氨氮的去除率分别为95.1%和99.3%,总氮的去除率分别为95.5%和97.5%.本研究表明未灭菌污泥脱水液更适合小球藻的培养,外加碳源于该工段污水中可提高藻生物量和氮的去除,结果可为能源微藻培养耦合实际市政污水处理和生物柴油副产物粗甘油的再利用提供基础参考.     

厌氧除磷同步脱氮及影响因素研究

采用鸡粪污泥为种泥,在厌氧混合连续流反应装置内进行厌氧还原磷产生磷化氧功能菌的富集,进行硝酸盐、硫酸盐、不同碳源和氮源条件下厌氧除磷效率的研究,并考察磷化氧的生成与硝酸、总磷、氨氮去除的关系.结果表明,(1)SO_4~(2-)-S适宜的投加量为26 mg·L~(-1),不投加NO_3~--N.水中含有氧化态的无机物在厌氧条件下与磷争夺[H]导致厌氧除磷的效率下降.(2)合适的碳源为葡萄糖1 000 mg·L~(-1),纤维素不适合作为碳源,合适的氮源为蛋白胨500 mg·L~(-1),水中含有的还原糖和有机氮源促进磷化氧的生成.(3)pH值控制在6.5～7.0的范围,最适宜的生长温度在35℃左右.(4)氨氮的去除率随着总磷的去除率而增加,在厌氧条件下可达到同时脱氮除磷的效果.磷的去除由厌氧除磷菌还原磷生成磷化氧完成,氨氮由生成氮气或生成蛋白质来去除.     

保护性耕作土壤线虫成熟度及区系分析

土壤线虫的生活史和功能多样性能够反映土壤健康质量和生态环境的演变,耕作措施的改变可能通过影响土壤环境进而影响土壤线虫的生活史和功能多样性,然而关于保护性耕作条件下土壤线虫成熟度及区系分析的研究,国内外尚鲜见报道。为了深入揭示土壤线虫对保护性耕作土壤生态环境变化的生物指示作用,以辽宁彰武县保护性耕作示范推广基地土壤为研究对象,通过实地调查和取样分析,对比研究了传统犁耕和6年保护性耕作（免耕秸秆覆盖）条件下的土壤线虫成熟度指数及区系分析。研究发现,与犁耕相比,保护性耕作显著降低了表层土壤自由生活线虫成熟指数MI、总成熟指数MMI、c-p值为2~5的自由生活线虫成熟指数MI2–5和总成熟指数MMI2–5,降低幅度分别为11%、9%、9%和10%,然而对植物寄生线虫成熟指数PPI以及PPI/MI比值的影响不明显。线虫区系分析结果表明,保护性耕作土壤线虫的富集指数EI和结构指数SI,比犁耕土壤分别显著降低56%和24%。保护性耕作造成的土壤pH降低和可能带来的土壤农药污染,可能是导致其上述影响的主要原因。简单相关分析和主成分分析结果证明,线虫成熟指数MI、MMI、MI2–5和MMI2–5以及结构指数SI与土壤pH关系密切。综上,土壤线虫生活史多样性和功能多样性对于揭示保护性耕作对土壤环境的影响具有良好的作用。     

International standardized procedures for in vivo evaluation of multi-walled carbon nanotube toxicity in water

The classical approach in ecotoxicological evaluation of chemical substances consists of conducting standardized bioassays on organism models. In this work, the potential impact of industrial multi-walled carbon nanotubes was investigated by ecotoxicological standardized procedures using aquatic organisms of different trophic levels, namely bacteria, green algae, invertebrates, fish, and amphibians. The results indicated (1) inhibition of growth in amphibians at 50 mg L^?1 and higher, and (2) no effects on daphnia and fish up to 100 mg L^?1. With the exception of algae (for which Fe deficiency is measured), it seems that the observed toxicity may be due to physiological effects in relation to the ingestion of carbon nanotubes not necessarily related to their intrinsic effects.     

二氧化氯对水中病毒、藻类和浮游动物的失活效果

本文研究了二氧化氯对水中一些主要病毒、藻类和浮游动物的失活效果,以及在不同消毒剂投量、接触时间和pH值等条件下,二氧化氯(ClO_2)对水体中一些微生物的杀灭和失活效果.与液氯对比的结果表明:ClO_2对藻类失活效果优于或相当于液氯;ClO_2对病毒和浮游动物的失活效果显著优于液氯;ClO_2可在一广泛的pH值范围内杀灭微生物.此外,还从理论上初步探讨了ClO_2对病毒的失活机理.研究结果表明,ClO_2是一种优良的液氯替代消毒剂,这对开展ClO_2的研究及其应用有重要意义.     

A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles

The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO₂ nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC₅₀ for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed.     

淡水水体溶解有机氮对有毒藻种的生物有效性

溶解有机氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)是多数天然水体中溶解氮的主要组成部分。天然水体DON是许多微生命体包括有毒藻种的氮营养源,在供水安全以及水体富营养化等方面的生态环境效应不容忽视。文章系统地介绍了淡水水体DON含量与来源、生物有效性与估算方法,以及对有毒藻种生长的影响。DON的来源是影响水体中DON含量动态特征的关键因素。DON来源包括陆地径流,植物碎屑,土壤淋溶液,沉积物释放,大气沉降,藻类、大型植物、细菌与细胞死亡或自我分解,微型及大型浮游动物捕食和排泄、分泌物释放等。研究表明约有12%～72%的DON可迅速被生物所利用,具显著差异,究其原因可能是其来源组成、化学本质(分子质量与极性)、测试生物组成、是否有细菌作用等因素造成的。不同藻种具有不同氮源利用能力,DON对藻类生长具有直接或间接的作用,并可能影响藻类群落结构(有毒藻类成为优势种)。考虑到水环境保护与饮用水安全供水的重要性,未来研究应重视淡水水体DON生物有效性与其化学本质的揭示,尤其是对有毒藻种。     

Comparison of bacterial and algal utilization of orthophosphate in an estuarine environment

Bacterial utilization of orthophosphate in an estuarine environment has been differentiated from algal utilization by using flow-filters of 5.0, 1.2 and 0.45 m poresize. Examination by light microscopy showed that most of the bacterial population passed through a 5.0-m filter, whereas most algae were retained. In all experiments, bacterial and algal cell numbers and biomass were estimated. P-uptake by algae and bacteria was closely correlated with cell biomass. P-uptake by algae was high only in the summer months, whereas P-uptake by bacteria was high throughout the year. Neither algal nor bacterial P-uptake, however, was correlated with temperature or dissolved orthophosphate, total organic phosphate or total phosphate concentrations. Cell biomass of algae at a given time had a high correlation with dissolved organic phosphate levels in 2 weeks prior to sampling (r=0.830) and a low correlation in the 2 weeks following sampling (r=0.0005). Algal cell numbers had a high correlation with bacterial cell numbers (r=0.950). The biomass of algae and bacteria also had a high correlation (r=0.902). The rate of P-uptake from the water by algae and bacteria varied with season and with the species composition of the natural population.     

Hormesis-like growth and photosynthetic physiology of marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin exposed to polystyrene microplastics

• Polystyrene microplastic caused hormesis-like effects in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. • Low concentration of microplastic promoted growth, otherwise the opposite was true. • The change trends of pigment contents were opposite at two initial algae densities. • The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were more sensitive at low algae density. The effects of pristine polystyrene microplastics (pMPs) without any pretreatment at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L) on Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin at two initial algae densities (10⁵ and 10⁶ cells/mL) were assessed in this study. Hormesis-like effects were found when microalgae grew with pMPs. The results showed that pMPs inhibited microalgae growth under a high concentration of microplastics tolerated by individual algal cell (low initial algae density) (up to −80.18±9.71%) but promoted growth when the situation was opposite (up to 15.27±3.66%). The contents of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c and carotenoids showed resistance to pMPs stress under a low initial algae density and increased with time, but the opposite was true under a high initial algae density. Compared with the low initial algae density group, Qp received less inhibition, and NPQ (heat dissipation) also decreased under the high initial algae density. Under the low initial algae density, OJIP parameters such as S_m, N, Area, Pi Abs, ѱ_o, φ_Eo, TRo/RC and ETo/RC were more perturbed initially and returned to the levels of the control group (without pMPs) over time, but they remained stable throughout the experiment at high initial algae density. These results show that microplastics in the marine environment may have different toxic effects on P. tricornutum at different growth stages, which is of great significance for understanding the impact of microplastics on marine microalgae and aquatic ecosystems.     

Collembola gut passage shapes microbial communities in faecal pellets but not viability of dietary algal cells

Microarthropods are known as vectors for soil microorganisms, predominantly fungi. This laboratory study uses the widespread unicellular green algae Chlorella vulgaris as model to assess the role of Collembola in algal dispersal and to determine the effects of gut passage on propagation. Living algal cells were observed in 70 % of the faecal pellets of Folsomia candida, Heteromurus nitidus and Protaphorura fimata. Moreover, marker fatty acids for green algae, i.e. 16:2ω6,9 and 16:3ω3,6,9, were consistently detected in the pellets. Compared to the algal diet, the high content of methyl-branched total lipid fatty acid (TLFA) with hydroxyl substitution indicated microbial colonisation during gut passage. The TLFA profile of faeces revealed no species-specific differences but similar changes in microbial communities over the duration of feeding, indicating comparable indigenous bacteria and colonisation mechanisms during gut passage. In sum, faecal pellets of soil microarthropods such as Collembola can act as a vector for both dietary algae and specific gut-associated microorganisms, with the latter likely involved in resource degradation inside and outside the gut habitat.     

Inhibitive effects of three compositae plants on Microcystis aeruginosa

Based on common phenomena of biochemical interaction between plants and microorganisms, the inhibitive effects of three common terrestrial compositae plants, namely Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., and Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.-Bip. on the blue algae Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. Live compositae plants are co-cultivated with algae in two different inoculation doses for 10 days in 5-pools incubators, in order to exclude the influence of bacteria and nutrients. The results show that Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC has the most inhibitive potential among the three plants as evidenced by the most drastic decrease in optical density (OD₆₈₀) of the algae. The inhibition rate is 93.3% (with initial inoculation dose of 2.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) and 89.3% (with initial inoculation dose of 4.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) respectively on the 10^th day of cultivation. The average inhibition rate during the later half of the experiment is 0.76 (with initial inoculation dose of 2.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) and 0.71 (with initial inoculation dose of 4.06106 Cells/mL), respectively. Logistic model analysis shows that compositae plants such as A. lavandulaefolia DC. causes the reduction of the habitat’s carrying capacity of algae. ANOVA analysis is used to determine the similarity and differences between every experimental group and an average inhibitive rate model is used to evaluate the inhibition effects. The results show that A. lavandulaefolia DC., which grow well in the aquatic environment, may have a great potential in controlling algae bloom in eutrophic water.