传统主流价值观与现代文学

以儒家文化为核心内涵的传统主流价值观与中国现代文学的发生、发展有着非常微妙而复杂的联系．一方面，传统主流价值观启示着现代作家在其审美活动中高张“人”的个性，从而实现对传统主流价值的反拨；另一方面又导引着作家以启蒙和救亡为主题担负起对社会的责任与义务，由此而实现对主流价值的归属．     

论流域水质与水量集成规划

“水量”与“水质”是流域大系统的两个特征,水环境研究偏重于水质,而水资源研究则更偏重水量,但是“质”与“量”是不能截然分开的,它们之间既相互关联,又互影响,相互制约,构成矛盾的统一体,基于这一出发点,本文从规划方法学的历史发展与流域水环境大系统的结构分析入手,系统阐述了提出流域水质与水量集成规划基本概念,目标及其策略与技术路线。     

城市生态系统服务功能的价值结构分析

本文从城市生态系统价值体系出发,探讨城市自然资本,经济资本和社会资本综合测算的理论与方法,结果表明：示范区的自然总资本以年均４％的速度递减,其真实总资本年均增长率为４．５％而不是国内生产总值的１２．６％,自然资本的增减应成为衡量一个城市或区域是否实现可持续发展的核心指标。城市生态系统中自然资本由持续递减变为递增,是实现人类共同追求的可持续发展目标必由之路。     

第八讲 农业生态工程与我国农业现代化

近些年来,国内外在为石油农业寻找出路而开展的“替代农业”研究中,特别是在我国传统有机农业经验基础上所开展的各种综合农业研究,取得了丰硕的成果,积累了丰富的经验。只有在系统地研究自然界物质运动形态发展的历史、人类社会物质生产形态发展的历史与自然科学学科发展的历史,系统地研究我国和世界农业发展的历史与人类农业知识发展的历史,系统地研究农业工业化的历史与农业现代化的现状,系统地研究现代科学与现代农业科学的全部成果的基础上,将所有这些新鲜成果和经验结合起来加以综合研究,才能为我国农业现代化跳过石油农业阶段走直接实现综合化的道路,提供系统的而不是零散的知识,选择成套的而不是单一的技术。     

匈牙利技术改进的体制支持

匈牙利像其它中东欧国家一样，从１９５０年代以来一直处于一种技术上的“时间差”，本文不分析匈牙利与更先进国家之间这种技术差距的大小．更确切地说，它集中论述为支持革新、工业技术开发等而需要重建的体制结构．它探讨了支持这种类型发展的体制类型，国际合作形式，也提到了以行业为基础的研究的一些结果．     

绿化办公誓言

绿化办公誓言环境署工业与环境中心的工作人员推行了一个内部计划，旨在“实行我们自己的说教”．每天，环境署工业与环境中心都要研究那些需要国际反应的全球环境问题．这个“办公室绿化计划”是研究环境问题的系统性本质这一不可避免的事实方面的一个虽小而重要的步骤．...     

岷江百合的生物量分配对策及其海拔效应

生物量分配关系是植物生活史对策研究的核心内容,生境梯度对植物各组分生物量分配关系特别是营养与繁殖分配权衡具有重要影响.以集中分布于岷江上游的珍贵野生资源植物岷江百合(Lilium regale)为对象,采用标准化主轴估计(Standardized major axis estimation,SMA)和异速生长分析(Allometric scaling analysis)的方法,研究其各组分在海拔梯度上的分配比例及各组分之间的生物量分配关系.结果表明,岷江百合个体总生物量在数值上以中海拔较高(中海拔为100.45 g,高、低海拔分别为81.48 g,67.94 g),但各组分生物量百分比随着海拔变化呈现出不同的分配格局,总体上营养分配比例随着海拔升高而降低,繁殖分配比例随着海拔升高而升高.植株各组分(除叶外)生物量之间均呈现成比例(同速,共同斜率为0.963-1.127,P为0.416-0.985)生长关系.岷江百合全株、地上和地下部分的营养与繁殖分配均为同速生长关系(共同斜率为0.856-0.891,P为0.403-0.873);在营养分配一定的情况下,高海拔植株的繁殖分配比例较低海拔高.植物叶片生物量与总生物量呈现不成比例的生长关系(斜率大于1,P=0.575),可能原因是叶面积与叶生物量和总生物量分配的"报酬递减效应".因此,与群落尺度上的研究类似,单个物种各组分之间的生物量分配同速生长关系是普遍存在的;生境压力相对较大的高海拔物种的生物量分配对策倾向于繁殖分配高于营养分配.     

植物--实时富集大气持久性有机污染物的被动采样平台

对植物富集大气持久性有机污染物(POPs)的机理及其在大气POPs污染监测中的应用,主要是地衣、苔藓、树叶、树皮作为大气POPs的被动采样器在大气POPs监测中的应用做了介绍,指出树木“时间隧道”作为实时记录大气历史污染状况的又一“新标本”将在大气污染“历史监测”中发挥重要作用．     

浅谈高校学生管理

管理法治化是学生管理正规化、规范化,以及高校减员增效、遏制腐败的客观需要,也是将高校学生管理纳入法治轨道实行严格管理,避免管理工作中侵害学生合法权益和自由的发生所势在必行的事情．笔者针对我国传统高校长久以来存在的“人治”传统而提出的高校学生管理之法治化,着重阐述了高校学生管理“人治”与“法治”的利与弊．参5．     

湿地保护对农户生计结果的影响及作用机制：基于自然保护区问卷调查的实证研究

准确评估生态环境保护对居民生计结果的影响及作用机制,对解决保护与发展的矛盾具有重要意义。基于可持续生计模型,构建湿地保护背景下农户生计结果的分析框架,利用云南省大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区农户问卷调查数据,采用偏微分最小二乘法的结构方程模型,分析农户参与湿地保护对生计结果的影响机制。结果表明,农户参与湿地保护对家庭收入的直接效应为负,并通过“湿地保护-生计资本-生计策略-家庭收入”链条产生正向间接影响,但间接影响效应低于直接影响效应,因此农户参与湿地保护对家庭收入的总效应显著为负。农户参与湿地保护对家庭减贫和主观福祉的直接效应均为正,并通过“湿地保护-生计资本-生计策略-家庭减贫/主观福祉”链条产生正向间接影响,因此农户参与湿地保护对家庭减贫和主观福祉的总效应显著为正。相较部分退耕农户样本,湿地保护对生计结果的影响效应和显著性在全部退耕农户样本中表现更明显。基于此,针对农户生计选择和区域可持续发展提出相关建议：增强湿地保护政策与当地居民生计发展的结合力度,有效促进农户生计资本积累;积极推广经济林木种植和生态养殖业,推动集约化发展,促进农业转型;合理规划和发展生态旅游,鼓励外出务工,引入生态产...     

Social Capital in Biodiversity Conservation and Management

Abstract:  The knowledge and values of local communities are now being acknowledged as valuable for biodiversity conservation. Relationships of trust, reciprocity and exchange, common rules, norms and sanctions, and connectedness in groups are what make up social capital, which is a necessary resource for shaping individual action to achieve positive biodiversity outcomes. Agricultural and rural conservation programs address biodiversity at three levels: agrobiodiversity on farms, nearby nature in landscapes, and protected areas. Recent initiatives that have sought to build social capital have shown that rural people can improve their understanding of biodiversity and agroecological relationships at the same time as they develop new social rules, norms, and institutions. This process of social learning helps new ideas to spread and can lead to positive biodiversity outcomes over large areas. New ideas spread more rapidly where there is high social capital. There remain many practical and policy difficulties, however, not least regarding the need to invest in social capital formation and the many unresolved questions of how the state views communities empowered to make their own decisions. Nonetheless, attention to the value of social relations, in the form of trust, reciprocal arrangements, locally developed rules, norms and sanctions, and emergent institutions, has clearly been shown to deliver a biodiversity dividend in many contexts. This suggests a need to blend both the biological and social elements of conservation.     

开发我国农村人力资源的探讨

我国12.95亿人口,其中8.5亿在农村,农业滞留了我国50％以上的劳动力.农民、农村、农业这“三农”问题,是我们这一代人,乃至我们的下代都无法回避的现实问题.而探讨中国农村人力资源的开发,无疑是适应知识经济时代的到来,从人力资本理论的角度来寻求解决中国农村面临的诸多问题的迫切需要.     

我国纺织行业上市公司资本结构实证研究

资本结构是企业筹资的核心问题之一,上市公司资本结构是否合理直接关系到其企业价值最大化的实现.以纺织行业上市公司公开数据为样本,运用回归分析方法,分析影响我国纺织行业资本结构的因素,认为:资本结构与企业获利能力、资产担保价值正相关,与企业规模负相关,与成长性、实际税率相关不明显.     

The environment as a factor of production

This paper uses firm-level data about electric utilities to develop an empirical model of how electric utilities use and bank SO₂ pollution permits under the Acid Rain Program. The empirical model considers emissions, fuels, and labor as variable inputs with quasi-fixed stocks of permits and capital. Consequently, substitution possibilities between the environment and other production factors can be measured and tested. The results reveal substantial substitution between emissions, permit stocks, capital, fuel, and labor. The empirical findings also indicate that firms bank permits primarily as a hedge against uncertainty and for other firm-specific reasons. Overall, the results suggest that cap-and-trade approaches can reduce the cost of meeting environmental goals by providing a mechanism for addressing regulatory and market risks and by signaling an appropriate price for factor use, especially irreversible capital investments.     

Electricity consumption: The growth pattern as an ecological indicator

Ecological problems are mainly caused by growth processes. The energy input is a key indicator for ecosystems. In this context, the use of the most valuable kind of energy is of special importance. Economic systems may be considered as special ecosystems. The most valuable kind of energy used in economic systems of industrialised countries is electricity. For some industrialised countries the growth pattern of electricity consumption and its relation to the gross domestic product is considered in this contribution. A linear relation between both indicators for about 3 decades after the Second World War and a coupling of these indicators starting at 1973 has been found. The aim of the contribution is to present this relation and to initiate a discussion about its reason and its interpretation.     

Molecular Taxonomy and the Conservation of the Red Wolf and Other Endangered Carnivores

Recent publications have reaffirmed that the red wolf ( Canis rufus ) is a hybrid of the coyote and the gray wolf. Besides the implications these results will likely have for future conservation efforts and allotment of resources through the Endangered Species Act for recovery of the red wolf, it is likely that broader consequences will be felt throughout the conservation community as species come under the scrutiny of a more powerful means of taxonomic identification. As molecular technology is refined in its ability to resolve taxonomic histories and uncertainties, it is likely that hybridization event(s) will be recognized in more species. This may be of particular importance for large carnivores, whose small population sizes make them susceptible to hybridization episodes with closely related, sympatric species. Because of negative perceptions, powerful antipredator advocates, conservation and resource constraints, and an enigmatic hybrid policy within the Endangered Species Act, how red-wolf taxonomy is decided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may affect the future of large carnivores in general.     

The environment as a factor of production

This paper uses firm-level data about electric utilities to develop an empirical model of how electric utilities use and bank SO₂ pollution permits under the Acid Rain Program. The empirical model considers emissions, fuels, and labor as variable inputs with quasi-fixed stocks of permits and capital. Consequently, substitution possibilities between the environment and other production factors can be measured and tested. The results reveal substantial substitution between emissions, permit stocks, capital, fuel, and labor. The empirical findings also indicate that firms bank permits primarily as a hedge against uncertainty and for other firm-specific reasons. Overall, the results suggest that cap-and-trade approaches can reduce the cost of meeting environmental goals by providing a mechanism for addressing regulatory and market risks and by signaling an appropriate price for factor use, especially irreversible capital investments.     

Growth accounting in a fishery

Since 1950, the real value of fish catches in Norway has about doubled, while the number of fishermen has declined by about 85 percent. This has made it possible to maintain fishermen's incomes roughly on par with other occupational groups in Norway. It is investigated to what extent this increase in labor productivity is due to accumulation of capital, increasingly abundant fish stocks, or technological progress. Since the capital stock in recent years is not much greater in real terms than in the early 1960s, it is tempting to ascribe most of the increase in labor productivity to technical progress. This, however, would leave out the role of fish stocks; if stocks have increased over this period, this would explain some of what otherwise appears as a technical progress. Using data on labor, capital, fish catches, and fish stock abundance 1961–2004 the development of total factor productivity is examined. Ignoring changes in fish stocks, total factor productivity is estimated to have increased by 0.8 percent per year. Accounting for changes in fish stocks raises this to 1.7–4.3 percent per year, depending on the importance assigned to stocks as factors of production.     

中国生态资产估价研究进展

随着对全球变化、生态破坏、环境污染等问题的出现,生态资产研究已成为政府、科研院所等的热点研究领域。本文将生态资产研究按行政区、流域与单一生态系统分3类进行分析,发现在流域尺度上的生态资产估算,以及生态资产的驱动机制研究较为薄弱;同时,文章对生态资产估算技术的适用范围、特点与缺点进行分析。在此基础上,探讨了目前我国生态资产研究存在的难点与不足,并对中国生态资产估算做了一些前展性的讨论。     

Capital structures matrix: a model for public access to project interpretation

A growing demand for transparency and accountability in local decision-making has grown substantially in recent years due to an increasing awareness of finite natural resources. Sustainable development captures the interrelatedness of the economy, the environment and social expectations. In addition, transparency in the decision-making process provides the public a method of accountability for public funds. The Capital Structures Model developed in this paper addresses the demand for accountability by focusing on local development projects classified by type of capital (built, human, social and natural) in order to provide information to the average constituent regarding specific county and community development projects. Local assets are initially categorized according to the type of capital to which they most contribute, and then indicators are employed to measure the contribution of a project with respect to increasing the capacity of each type of capital. These indicators are then cross-referenced with local policy to demonstrate how that policy is implemented in local development projects, and which policies contribute to which type of capital. It is the intention of this model to create an informative tool for planners and constituencies that monitors how development projects contribute to communities in terms of each of the four types of capital.