城市黑臭水体整治前后上覆水和孔隙水的生物毒性对比和评价

以常州市典型城市黑臭水体神童浜为对象,采用小球藻和大型溞作为急性毒性测试手段,对整治前、后神童浜4个点位的上覆水和孔隙水的毒性效应进行了对比和评价。结果表明,整治后神童浜上覆水水质明显改善;上覆水在整治前、后对小球藻生长均无抑制作用,反而呈促进作用;对黑臭水体的整治降低了上覆水和孔隙水的生物毒性,但整治后的上覆水仍存在富营养化问题,且孔隙水对水生生物仍具有一定的毒性风险。提出,利用生物毒性测试能反映出黑臭水体整治前、后的毒性变化,可应用于对黑臭水体整治效果的评价。     

不同藻密度条件下铜绿微囊藻与大型溞的相互影响

通过设置模拟摄食试验,使用铜绿微囊藻藻液及滤液对大型溞同时进行急性毒理试验,探讨了不同藻密度条件下铜绿微囊藻与大型溞之间的相互影响。结果表明,大型溞的摄食行为对铜绿微囊藻的生长有抑制,抑制作用随藻密度升高而下降,中、低藻密度(1.01×108mL~(-1)、1.01×107mL~(-1))下的抑制率分别为54.6%、65.7%,高密度(1.01×109mL~(-1))下的抑制率为29.7%。同时,铜绿微囊藻对大型溞有毒性作用,在毒理试验中,藻液组24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为0.455×107mL~(-1)和0.036×107mL~(-1),滤液组24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为1.299×107mL~(-1)和0.179×107mL~(-1)。藻液组的LC50值明显低于滤液组,结合镜检表明,大型溞摄食铜绿微囊藻,铜绿微囊藻对大型溞的毒性影响以胞内毒素为主。在藻-溞微生态系统中,当藻密度低时,大型溞种群对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果显著,藻细胞被摄食殆尽后大型溞迅速死亡;当藻密度适中时,大型溞种群对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果良好,存活时间最长;当藻密度高时,大型溞种群受藻毒素强烈影响,短时间内死亡殆尽,对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果差。     

大型蚤急性毒性试验的质量控制

为加强大型蚤急性毒性试验的质量控制,采用重铬酸钾作为参考毒物分析了不同日龄母蚤所产幼蚤的毒性效应变化。研究发现,在大型蚤急性毒性试验中,对于在11~56日龄期间的母蚤,以35日龄母蚤所产幼蚤对重铬酸钾的敏感度最高,47日龄母蚤所产幼蚤的敏感度最低。在一定范围内,提高稀释水硬度可显著降低大型蚤对重铬酸钾的敏感度。重铬酸钾的24h-EC ₅₀值的实验室精密度以29~42日龄母蚤组所产幼蚤最好,其次为15~28日龄母蚤组;经t检验,大于42日龄母蚤组所产幼蚤对重铬酸钾24h-EC ₅₀值与15~28日龄母蚤组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),与29~42日龄母蚤组有高度显著性差异(P＜0.01),表明以20℃为大型蚤培养温度时,大型蚤毒性试验宜选用15~42天母蚤所产幼蚤。进行大型蚤急性毒性试验时,应定期使用参考毒物检查毒性试验的实验精密度并运用质量控制图来验证持续的实验室能力。     

高通量发光细菌法在水质评价中的应用研究

通过改进传统的单管式发光细菌毒性测试方法,测定了发光细菌悬液在高通量测试体系中的发光动力学数据和发光强度的校正因子,以评价发光细菌在高通量测试体系中的稳定性。采集了长三角示范区水乡客厅及周边区域12个采样点环境水样,并对该方法在评价环境水质中的适用性进行验证。结果显示,在75 min内,稀释10～100倍的发光细菌悬液的发光强度约为10⁵～10⁶RLU/s,各稀释梯度发光细菌悬液发光强度的校正因子平均值范围为0.78～1.10。各采样点环境水样的毒性单位范围为0.007～0.11,水质毒性分级均为I类,水质良好。研究结果表明,高通量发光细菌法稳定可靠,适用性强,可快速高效地评价环境水质。     

典型化工污水处理厂废水及受纳水体的生物急性毒性监测方法应用研究

为了研究生物急性监测方法对监测典型化工污水处理厂废水的适用性,选择2家常州市典型的化工园区污水处理厂(“常A”和“常B”),进行了发光细菌、藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵4种不同层次受试生物的急性毒性检测。研究表明,发光细菌急性毒性、藻类叶绿素荧光毒性在2个污水处理厂中均被检测到,发光细菌急性毒性通常进水大于出水,但在投放大量氧化消毒剂时,出水表现出剧毒。藻类叶绿素荧光毒性最高值出现在常B进水中。大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性仅在常B进出水样中有检出,受纳河道下游水样虽未表现出急性毒性,但可观察到斑马鱼卵各类发育畸形。4种生物急性毒性检测方法中,发光细菌适用范围最广,藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性方法可根据监测目的和工业园区特点相应选择。实验结论可为化工污水处理厂尾水排放过程中生物毒性监测的常态化提供方法选择,为管理部门制定排放标准提供依据。     

土壤环境中锑的生物毒性评价方法比较

锑的生物毒性测试可以间接反映锑及其化合物对生物与生态系统的影响.在简要介绍锑在土壤环境中赋存特征的基础上,综述了不同类型生物对土壤及其浸提液中锑的毒性响应,比较了不同的生物毒性测试方法在土壤环境中锑污染识别的可行性及适应性,并提出了考虑土壤性质及老化时间对锑生物毒性评价的影响,以及使用不同营养等级指示生物(微生物、动物...     

Spatial Extent of Sediment Toxicity in U.S. Estuaries and Marine Bays

Acute, laboratory toxicity tests were performed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on 1543 surficial sediment samples collected during 1991 through 1997 throughout 25 estuaries and marine bays. Selected areas were sampled along the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific coasts. The toxicity of each sample was determined with 10-day amphipod survival tests performed with solid-phase (bulk) sediments. Collectively, the 1543 samples tested through 1997 represented a total area of approximately 7300 km². Toxicity was observed with the amphipod survival tests in samples that represented approximately 6% of the combined area. Using similar tests conducted on samples collected in different, but overlapping, study areas, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that approximately 7% of the combined estuarine area sampled was toxic. Generally, toxicity was most severe in northeastern and southwestern estuaries and least prevalent in southeastern and northwestern areas. However, considerable portions of the Pacific coast have not been tested with the same methods. In tests of CYP1A enzyme induction (n=464), samples were toxic that represented about 5% of the combined study areas. Toxicity was much more widespread, however, when the results of two sub-lethal tests were analyzed. Significant results occurred in samples that represented approximately 25% and 39% of the study areas in tests of sea urchin fertilization (n=1309) and microbial bioluminescence (n=1215), respectively.     

陆源排海污水生物毒性控制限值研究——以秦皇岛市为例

在枯水期和丰水期,对秦皇岛市15个典型入海排污口污水进行生物效应监测,选用发光细菌(费歇尔弧菌)、藻类(中肋骨条藻)、甲壳类(卤虫)、鱼类(海水青鳉幼鱼)4种不同的生物毒性测试生物对污水进行短期急性毒性测试。结果表明:排海污水的毒性大小易受雨水稀释影响;海水青鳉幼鱼对污水最为敏感,其次为卤虫和中肋骨条藻,费歇尔弧菌敏感性最低。对排海污水毒性评估结果与理化指标的相关性分析进一步表明,仅仅依靠理化指标来评估污水的环境影响具有局限性。     

工业废水与河流水体的急性毒性研究

测试并研究了焦化、染料、制药、电镀、造纸、食品加工等不同类型工业废水对生物急性毒性的影响和特性,探索了河流水体急性毒性的污染类型、污染来源及与理化污染指标的相关性,提出了水质的急性毒性评价指标。     

香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼急性毒性试验的研究

用毒理学方法测定香烟烟雾水溶液(water-soluble contents of cigarette smoke,WSCCS)对小草鱼的TLM24,用TLM24的WSCCS对小草鱼进行急性毒性试验并观察鳃丝组织切片,了解WSCCS对小草鱼的急性毒性作用。结果表明,香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼有较强的急性毒性作用,WSCCS对小草鱼的半致死浓度为0.4支/L。急性中毒小草鱼出现跳跃、侧翻、反应迟钝、丧失平衡力及死亡的现象,鳃丝排列不规则,发生弯曲。     

Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Tests on Wastewater Treatment Plants with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum

Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests, with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum, were introduced to evaluate the biological toxicities of effluents from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. In WET tests of WWTPs effluents, 33.3% (33/99) for D. magna and 92.6% (75/81) for S. capricornutum revealed greater than 1 toxic unit (TU), even though all the treatment plants investigated were operating in compliance with the regulations, as assessed using conventional monitoring methods (i.e., BOD and total concentration of N or P, etc). There were only minor differences in toxicities according to the types of influents (municipal and agro-industrial) in all treatment plants. However, the effluents treated by an activated sludge treatment process were found to exhibit significantly lower toxicity than those treated by rotating biological contactor (RBC) and extended aeration processes. The seasonal variations in the toxicity were lower in the summer compared to winter, which may have been due to the rainfall received to the sewage intake system during the former period. The impact of WET on river water was also investigated based on the discharge volume. At sites A and B, the total impact of toxicity to stream and river waters was observed to be 70.9% and 90.4% for D. magna and S. capricornutum, respectively. The other four small treatment plants (sites F, G, H and I), with relative discharging volumes between 0.001 and 0.002, contribute less than 1% to the total toxicity.