基于投入产出法的大连市生产性服务业产业关联研究

以大连地区为研究对象,运用投入产出法分析了近5年来大连市生产性服务业的产业关联情况,通过中间需求率确定生产性服务业的范畴,通过感应度系数和影响度系数衡量产业关联效应大小。结果表明:①大连生产性服务业包括交通运输和仓储,邮政业,信息传输、计算机服务和软件业,批发和零售业,金融业,租赁和商务服务业,研究与试验发展业,综合技术服务业;②目前除了交通运输和仓储业,其他生产性服务业对经济发展所起的制约作用不大;③从演变趋势上分析,交通运输和仓储业、邮政业受到的社会需求压力在增大;④大连市经济发展仍处于依赖劳动密集型的传统产业,而没有流向技术含量高的产业当中;⑤制造业转型升级过程中引发的软投入是促进生产性服务业发展最重要的动力,生产性服务业和制造业的互动在经济发展中意义重大,应遵循经济发展引发的需求,适当匹配相应的生产性服务业,谨慎使用生产性服务业筑巢引凤的战略。     

陕西省生产用水变动的驱动机制分析北大核心CSCDCSSCI

水资源是人类社会发展不可或缺的重要战略资源,是社会经济可持续发展的基本保障。我国是一个缺水的国家,人均水资源只有世界平均水平的四分之一,而陕西人均水资源只相当于全国的52%,人口和经济集中的关中地区只相当于全国平均水平的15%。针对生产用水消耗问题,采用LMDI方法从经济规模效应、产业结构效应和用水技术效应三个方面分析了陕西省用水变动的驱动因素及影响程度。根据本文对陕西省2001年至2011年生产用水量变化的因素分解分析,可以得到4个结论:1陕西省生产用水消费量呈波动增长趋势,用水的增长速度远远落后于GDP的增长速度,生产用水量和经济发展呈现明显的"脱钩"效应;2经济规模效应是驱动陕西省生产用水增加的主要因素,经济增长带来的用水压力依然巨大,如果不考虑结构调整和用水效率进步,10年间陕西省用水量增长幅度将超过140%;3农业生产比重的下降是经济结构效应驱动陕西省生产用水下降的主要原因,但是其他行业的结构调整总体上对抑制用水增加起负面作用;4通过技术进步效应是抑制陕西省用水量增加的主要因素,特别是农业、石油和天然气开采业、金属矿采矿业、化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、通用专用设备制造业等耗水行业的用水效率提高有效减少了用水总需求。文章最后结合实证分析结果提出了提高陕西省水资源利用效率的相关建议:1加强用水总量控制,努力提高水资源循环利用率,从而有效抑制生产用水的快速增长;2加快产业结构调整,逐步降低高耗水产业的比重,依托陕西省的科技和教育资源优势,大力发展装备制造业、高技术产业和现代服务业,快速提高高效用水行业的经济结构比例;3强化企业生产过程和工序用水定额管理,通过阶梯水价、节水奖励政策促进企业积极研发使用低耗水的生产工艺;4加强农业节水技术的应用,兴建高效节水灌溉工程,降低农业用水量。     

陕西省生产用水变动的驱动机制分析

水资源是人类社会发展不可或缺的重要战略资源,是社会经济可持续发展的基本保障。我国是一个缺水的国家,人均水资源只有世界平均水平的四分之一,而陕西人均水资源只相当于全国的52%,人口和经济集中的关中地区只相当于全国平均水平的15%。针对生产用水消耗问题,采用LMDI方法从经济规模效应、产业结构效应和用水技术效应三个方面分析了陕西省用水变动的驱动因素及影响程度。根据本文对陕西省2001年至2011年生产用水量变化的因素分解分析,可以得到4个结论:1陕西省生产用水消费量呈波动增长趋势,用水的增长速度远远落后于GDP的增长速度,生产用水量和经济发展呈现明显的"脱钩"效应;2经济规模效应是驱动陕西省生产用水增加的主要因素,经济增长带来的用水压力依然巨大,如果不考虑结构调整和用水效率进步,10年间陕西省用水量增长幅度将超过140%;3农业生产比重的下降是经济结构效应驱动陕西省生产用水下降的主要原因,但是其他行业的结构调整总体上对抑制用水增加起负面作用;4通过技术进步效应是抑制陕西省用水量增加的主要因素,特别是农业、石油和天然气开采业、金属矿采矿业、化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、通用专用设备制造业等耗水行业的用水效率提高有效减少了用水总需求。文章最后结合实证分析结果提出了提高陕西省水资源利用效率的相关建议:1加强用水总量控制,努力提高水资源循环利用率,从而有效抑制生产用水的快速增长;2加快产业结构调整,逐步降低高耗水产业的比重,依托陕西省的科技和教育资源优势,大力发展装备制造业、高技术产业和现代服务业,快速提高高效用水行业的经济结构比例;3强化企业生产过程和工序用水定额管理,通过阶梯水价、节水奖励政策促进企业积极研发使用低耗水的生产工艺;4加强农业节水技术的应用,兴建高效节水灌溉工程,降低农业用水量。     

最终需求拉动下区域产业用水驱动因素分解北大核心CSCDCSSCI

要实现最严格水资源管理制度中用水总量控制的目标,需要正确判断相关因素对用水量变化的影响强度和作用机理。影响产业用水量变化的因素涉及从生产层面到消费层面,从结构因素到效率因素。本文从最终需求的视角,同时考虑生产和消费的影响因素,运用投入产出结构分解法,考察了1997-2010年五个时段相关因素的变化对产业用水变化的总贡献和部门贡献。研究结果表明,国内最终需求成长效应和出口成长效应是拉动江苏省产业用水增加的主要原因,产业技术效应和用水强度效应是江苏省产业用水减少的主要因素;第一产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,国内最终需求结构效应是抑制效应;第二产业中出口成长效应是关键的拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;第三产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;六大分解因素对各个部门呈现不同的驱动强度。研究结果为不同产业制定相应水管理政策提供决策参考。     

最终需求拉动下区域产业用水驱动因素分解

要实现最严格水资源管理制度中用水总量控制的目标,需要正确判断相关因素对用水量变化的影响强度和作用机理。影响产业用水量变化的因素涉及从生产层面到消费层面,从结构因素到效率因素。本文从最终需求的视角,同时考虑生产和消费的影响因素,运用投入产出结构分解法,考察了1997-2010年五个时段相关因素的变化对产业用水变化的总贡献和部门贡献。研究结果表明,国内最终需求成长效应和出口成长效应是拉动江苏省产业用水增加的主要原因,产业技术效应和用水强度效应是江苏省产业用水减少的主要因素;第一产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,国内最终需求结构效应是抑制效应;第二产业中出口成长效应是关键的拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;第三产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;六大分解因素对各个部门呈现不同的驱动强度。研究结果为不同产业制定相应水管理政策提供决策参考。     

基于物元可拓理论的水库初始水权分配研究

由于我国北方地区水资源短缺,水库周围区域供需水矛盾越来越严重,给水库的水权分配带来较大困难。为促进区域水资源公平和高效利用,迫切需要探讨合适的涉及多方利益相关者的水库初始水权分配方法。本文以我国北方某水库为例,首先从流域水文条件、区域水资源供需状况、水库工程建设管理、区域经济社会发展等方面,分析影响水库初始水权分配的敏感性因素;然后,从影响因素中选取重要的影响因子,构建水库初始水权分配的指标评价体系;再者,引入物元可拓理论,建立水库初始水权分配物元可拓模型,通过指标熵权关联度的计算确定水库水权的分配权重;其后,根据水库的来水量,采用长系列变动用水时历法,计算水库的可供水量;最后,根据水库的可供水量,利用物元可拓模型对水库的行业和区域的水权进行分配。结果表明,该水库的农业水权为424万m~3、工业和生活水权为1 040万m~3、生态水权为600万m~3,水库分配给A县、B县和C县的水权分别为967万m~3、163万m~3和334万m~3,水库所在河流因涉及跨区域河流生态流量管理,将生态水权归于更高一级行政管理层,不再进行县区分配。该水库的水权分配方案得到了多方利益相关者的认可,该项研究有利于促进市场条件下水库的水权分配,提升水资源决策管理水平。     

社会产品价格对水价的敏感性——基于虚拟水贸易框架的分析

虚拟水贸易是缺水地区从社会经济系统层面解决水资源短缺问题的一种策略选择,但由于长期的低水价,致使很多国家和地区的现实经济模式与虚拟水贸易战略的预期相悖.文章基于水资源投入产出分析方法,构建虚拟水贸易理论框架下的水价敏感性模型,分析水价上涨对各产业产品价格带来的影响.模型结果显示,区域水价提升对各产业产品价格的影响不仅在于该产业直接用水成本的上升,同时也不得不承受其他产业成本上升带来的间接影响,并且这两种影响作用是累加的.宁夏数据的实证得出,水价上涨对农业产品价格的影响最为强烈,批发和零售贸易餐饮业次之,对服务业产品价格的影响最弱.因此,可通过制定合理的水价调整策略,激励水资源极度缺乏的地区实施虚拟水贸易战略,避免过分强调传统的重农发展模式,促进产业结构向先进制造业和服务业转变,实现有限水资源更为合理的利用模式,达到经济发展与水生态的和谐局面.     

农业水权转移的条件——基于甘肃、内蒙典型灌区的实证研究

由于农业的高用水份额和低使用价值,水市场发展的核心是农业用水向其他用水目标的转移;尽管水市场收益被大肆渲染,即使在西方国家,水市场的成功只是停留在政治和理论层面上,农业水权转移的条件,无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,都是水市场政策探索的核心问题。本文利用甘肃、内蒙2省典型灌区432个农户的实地调研数据,基于数据包络分析(DEA)方法,对农户灌溉用水效率与农业水权转移的内在逻辑关系进行系统分析,以探索中国转型经济条件下农业水权转移的条件。研究发现:尽管2个灌区农户灌溉用水效率低下,但马营河灌区灌溉用水效率的改善为农业水权转移奠定了基础;但农户用水效率改善只是农业水权转移的必要条件,水权和水价机制的建立、用水者协会的发展和灌区管理体制改革,降低了水权转移的交易成本,是农业水权转移的充分条件。需求即可以是行为的起因,也可以是行为的结果。农户灌溉用水效率差异是不同灌区农业水权转移的基础和结果。     

经济结构变动对中国碳排放影响——基于IO-SDA方法的分析

应对气候变化的进程已经在全球范围内对社会经济发展方式的根本性转变提出了要求。改革开放以来,我国产业经济结构得到了一定的改变,与其他发达国家相比,产业经济结构自身还存在较大的优化空间。本文基于1992、1997、2002、2007、2010年的投入产出表,采用IO-SDA方法(Input-Output Structural Decomposition Analysis)将碳排放量的变化分解为能源结构效应、能源强度效应、增加值效应、Leontief逆矩阵效应、最终需求效应,从而得到经济结构历史变化对于CO2排放的作用。研究结果显示,我国能源消耗导致的排放增加主要是最终需求效应与Leontief逆矩阵效应;除2002-2007年,能源强度效应始终为负,且为促进CO2排放减少的主要因素;我国终端能源结构除了1997-2002年得到了优化,其他阶段却一直在朝着高碳化的方向发展。通过构建碳排放影响力系数和碳排放感应度系数对各个部门的评价结果显示,国民经济中的基础性行业大多是高耗能的行业,未来节能减排重点需要逐步降低第二产业在国民经济中的比重,但在具体部门层次上应制定有所区别的政策:煤炭开采和洗选业等部门应保持一定的比重,不可一味降低,可更多从技术进步方面制定节能政策;通用专用设备制造业等部门可以考虑从提高能源利用效率方面改进;非金属矿物制品业等部门可以在保证人们生产生活的基础上来尽可能地降低比重;食品制造及烟草加工业等第二产业部门及房地产业至公共管理和社会组织等第三产业中的服务业部门应大力提高其在经济结构中的比重。     

区域用水结构演变规律与调控对策研究

我国水资源严重短缺,在新的形势下,必须根据经济发展调整用水结构.本文以地处西北干旱区的榆林市为例,通过收集榆林市1990-2005年国民经济各行业用水量,结合信息熵原理,计算出不同年份用水量熵值及优势度动态演化情况.结果表明,榆林市用水系统熵值由1990年的0.569增加到2005年的0.667,总体呈上升趋势,表明榆林市用水结构趋向无序.同时,系统的均衡度也呈增加趋势,这表明当地用水系统在趋于无序发展的同时,用水系统的均衡程度有所提高,系统均衡性增强.从地区来看,南六县的用水系统熵值要高于北六县,且南六县用水系统熵值一直处于下降趋势,北六县则在波动中表现出一定的上升趋势,这与南六县长期从事特色农业,产业结构相对比较稳定,而北六县主要发展工业,导致用水结构中农业、工业、生活用水结构变化较大有关.最后,结合榆林市实际,提出"南护水源,北抑需求"的总体调控思路,通过建立权威、高效、协调的管理机制,推进水管理体制改革、加强立法和执法监督,规范水资源管理行为、因地制宜,调整和优化产业结构, 大力发展生态型低耗水产业、明确水权、建立水市场,制定合理水价、广泛宣传,积极引导,改变用水观念等措施,不断调整用水结构,最终实现经济社会可持续发展.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.