不同麦秸还田方式对周年稻麦轮作农田碳足迹的影响

为明确麦秸不同还田方式对稻麦轮作农田碳足迹的影响，该研究通过开展两年的大田试验，设计了3种麦秸还田方式（麦秸旋耕还田、麦秸翻耕还田和麦秸沟埋还田），并以麦秸不还田为对照，采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续两年对农田温室气体排放进行监测，并对不同麦秸还田方式的生产资料投入和生产过程碳排放及温室气体排放进行全面分析。结果表明：(1）与不还田相比，麦秸还田显著增加了稻季日均CH4排放，稻麦周年全球增温潜势95%来自稻田CH4排放；（2）在水稻季，农田CH4排放占碳足迹总量比例最大，3种麦秸还田方式中，麦秸沟埋还田处理下碳足迹最小，且能比麦秸旋耕还田处理减少4.9%；(3）在小麦季，化肥投入造成的碳足迹所占比例最大，为64.5%~77.4%，其次是土壤N2O的排放；（4）从整个稻麦周年轮作系统来看，与麦秸旋耕还田和麦秸翻耕还田处理相比，麦秸沟埋还田处理能分别减少4.6%和3.6%的周年碳足迹及8.7%和4.9%的周年单位产量的碳足迹。因此，对于稻麦轮作地区，采用麦秸沟埋还田能在一定程度上降低农业生产过程中的碳足迹。     

华北集约高产农田温室气体净排放研究初探

本文以华北高产粮区山东桓台冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式为例,借鉴LCA模型,初步探讨了华北平原通过长期大规模秸秆还田后温室气体排放的汇源问题。结果表明:综合考虑农资系统和农作系统,该模式表现为源,每各生产1 t冬小麦-夏玉米净温室气体排放量为-1 075.71kgCO2e;但具体到农作生产系统,轮作模式下农田生态系统固碳均值为+262.31 kgCO2e,能够抵消因施肥造成的-222.99 kgCO2e排放,并部分抵消机械燃油燃烧排放。因此,农作系统在坚持秸秆还田基础上,进一步改进耕作措施,具有成为温室气体排放汇的可能性。     

农田固碳措施对温室气体减排影响的研究进展

农田是CO2,CH4和N2O三种温室气体的重要排放源,在全球范围内农业生产活动贡献了约14%的人为温室气体排放量,以及58%的人为非CO2排放,不合理的农田管理措施强化了农田温室气体排放源特征,弱化了农田固碳作用。土壤碳库作为地球生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,同时也是温室气体的重要源/汇。研究表明通过采取合理的农田管理措施,既可起到增加土壤碳库、减少温室气体排放的目的,又能提高土壤质量。农田土壤碳库除受温度、降水和植被类型的影响外,还在很大程度上受施肥量、肥料类型、秸秆还田量、耕作措施和灌溉等农田管理措施的影响。本文通过总结保护性耕作/免耕,秸秆还田,氮肥管理,水分管理,农学及土地利用变化等农田管理措施,探寻增强农田土壤固碳作用,减少农田温室气体排放的合理途径。农田碳库的稳定/增加,对于保证全球粮食安全与缓解气候变化趋势具有双重的积极意义。在我国许多有关土壤固碳与温室气体排放的研究尚不系统或仅限于短期研究,这也为正确评价各种固碳措施对温室气体排放的影响增加了不确定性。     

农田温室气体净排放研究进展

农业是温室气体排放的主要排放源之一,农业温室气体减排对全球温室气体排放具有重要贡献,研究农田温室气体净排放潜力亦具有重要现实意义.本文阐述了农田温室气体净排放的涵义,并归纳总结了耕作方式、施肥、水分管理、间套作等农业措施对农田土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、农田土壤N2O和CH4、农田生产物资的使用所造成的温室气体(主要为CO2、N2O和CH4)排放的影响,结果表明:保护性耕作总体能提高表层SOC含量,减少CH4排放,但减少农田土壤N2O排放的研究尚存在一定的争议,耕作方式亦影响投入,从而影响温室气体的排放；施肥(特别是配施)能提高SOC含量.施氮肥越多,N2O排放量越大,而CH4主要受有机物料的影响较大；水分对减少N2O和CH4排放有相反作用,需综合进行平衡管理；不同的作物品种、间套作模式或促进或减少温室气体排放.此外,本文指出了国外在该领域的研究注重从系统角度考虑农田温室气体排放,而国内的研究则非常少,提出我国农田温室气体净排放可作为未来研究的一个重点,并对未来研究内容进行了初步归纳总结.     

生物质炭及过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH4、CO2和N2O排放的影响

采用室内培养实验,在旱地红壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙,探究生物质炭和过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH_4、CO_2和N_2O排放及微生物活性的影响。本试验共设置4个处理,即CK(对照)、Ca(过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))、C(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1))、C+Ca(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1);过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))。结果表明:生物质炭和过氧化钙单施能够减少CO_2和N_2O通量,配施(C+Ca)对CH_4、CO_2和N_2O气体减排的效果更显著;从温室气体增温潜势(GWP)变化可以看出改良剂对温室效应具有明显的减轻作用。生物质炭和过氧化钙在一定程度上增加土壤pH、土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量。土壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙均可以提高蔗糖酶、淀粉酶以及脲酶活性,其中配施(C+Ca)效果最好。因此,生物质炭和过氧化钙配施能够有效降低旱地红壤温室气体的排放量,对旱地红壤的减排可以起到一定作用。     

江汉平原稻田冠层CO2通量变化特征及其影响因素分析

二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)被认为是最重要的温室气体,在气候变化中扮演着重要角色,实地测定稻田生态系统CO2通量是农业源温室气体监测与控制技术研究的基本内容。采用涡度相关法对江汉平原稻田生态系统进行了通量观测,并对水稻不同生长阶段冠层CO2通量、潜热、显热通量变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:水稻各生育期冠层CO2、潜热、显热通量日变化均表现出明显的单峰特征,但幅度不同,这与太阳总辐射的日变化及下垫面作物叶面积指数大小关系密切。稻田系统作物呼吸与土壤呼吸排放CO2,排放通量一方面与温度的变化有关,另一方面也受灌溉、作物生长状况的影响;稻田光合作用吸收同化大气CO2,吸收通量与作物群体叶面积指数大小、光合有效辐射强度有关。不同生长期冠层CO2通量与温度因子(气温、5cm土层温度)、光辐射强度因子(时光合有效辐射曝辐量)的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其中,分蘖-灌浆乳熟期CO2净通量对时光合有效辐射曝辐量响应的灵敏度较大,可以通过直角双曲线模型来拟合评估CO2净通量。     

土壤与全球环境变化

本文着重论述了“土壤变化”与“全球气候变化”之间的相互作用。土壤圈通过其内部一系列的理化、生化变化及土地利用变化等,产生CO_2、CH_4、N_2O等“温室效应”气体特别是CH_4和N_2O向大气的排放,对“全球气候变化”产生重要的影响,而全球气候变暖又会引起土壤沙漠化、酸化、盐渍化等退化过程的进一步加剧,严重改变人类生存的环境。加强科学宣传,提高全球民众环境意识,加强科学研究与监测,提出相应措施,是适应或改变上述全球变化的重要战略对策。     

江汉平原稻田冠层CO2通量变化特征及其影响因素分析

二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）被认为是最重要的温室气体,在气候变化中扮演着重要角色,实地测定稻田生态系统CO2通量是农业源温室气体监测与控制技术研究的基本内容。采用涡度相关法对江汉平原稻田生态系统进行了通量观测,并对水稻不同生长阶段冠层CO2通量、潜热、显热通量变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：水稻各生育期冠层CO2、潜热、显热通量日变化均表现出明显的单峰特征,但幅度不同,这与太阳总辐射的日变化及下垫面作物叶面积指数大小关系密切。稻田系统作物呼吸与土壤呼吸排放CO2,排放通量一方面与温度的变化有关,另一方面也受灌溉、作物生长状况的影响;稻田光合作用吸收同化大气CO2,吸收通量与作物群体叶面积指数大小、光合有效辐射强度有关。不同生长期冠层CO2通量与温度因子（气温、5cm土层温度）、光辐射强度因子（时光合有效辐射曝辐量）的相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,其中,分蘖-灌浆乳熟期CO2净通量对时光合有效辐射曝辐量响应的灵敏度较大,可以通过直角双曲线模型来拟合评估CO2净通量     

土地利用变化及林业温室气体排放核算制度与方法实证

土地利用变化及林业(LUCF)活动是生态固碳最重要手段。研究确定LUCF温室气体排放核算制度和方法,对平衡碳排放、开展全国统一碳市场交易具有重要基础作用。在综述LUCF温室气体核算理论和方法基础上,借鉴IPCC指南和《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》推荐的基本方法,构建了符合地域特色的LUCF温室气体排放核算制度和方法。采用2014年第九次国家森林资源清查数据,以全国低碳试点省陕西省为实证对象,初步核算了陕西省LUCF温室气体的净排放量,并从排放能力、排放结构和空间特征等角度揭示了陕西省LUCF温室气体的排放特征。结果显示:(1)2014年,陕西省LUCF温室气体净吸收量为1 698.42万t CO_2e,其中森林及其他木质生物质碳贮量净吸收1 852.67万t CO2e,森林转化净排放154.25万t CO_2e。(2)乔木林等优势树种,是陕西省LUCF温室气体排放中重要的固碳源(吸收源)。(3)陕南地区是重要固碳贡献区,陕北地区森林固碳能力较差。最后,针对LUCF温室气体排放核算制度和方法不够完善、森林固碳能力差异较大、区域固碳分化严重等问题,提出了健全温室气体核算制度、平衡森林资源空间分布、改善固碳树种结构等加强陕西省LUCF活动应对气候变化统计核算制度和能力建设的基本措施。     

海南省农业温室气体排放核算研究

本文从水稻种植、农用地化肥施用、畜牧生产等方面,采用《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》推荐的方法,核算2007—2012年海南省农业温室气体排放量和排放强度,全面剖析海南省农业温室气体排放的结构和现状。结果显示:12007—2012年海南省农业温室气体排放量呈逐年上升的趋势,2012年比2007年增长了18.32%;单位农业产值温室气体排放量2012年比2007年下降了约44.39%。2农用地N2O和稻田CH4的排放量约分别占排放总量的50%和22%,即种植业是最主要的来源。3农业发展规模较大的海口、文昌、儋州排放总量居全省前列,但由于其农业现代化水平相对较高,其单位产值温室气体排放量仅处于全省平均水平。最后,根据对核算结果的分析,提出了合理灌溉、推进测土配方施肥、科学饲养畜禽等建议,对加速海南低碳省建设具有重要的现实意义。     

Cs in a raised bog in central Sweden

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in peat soil profiles and ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of ¹³⁷Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m⁻². In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of ¹³⁷Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site ¹³⁷Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr⁻¹ at the open bog site and the migration centre of ¹³⁷Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr⁻¹ and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq⁻¹ DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m² kg⁻¹ DM at the low pine site.     

流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究进展

探讨流域土地利用变化的水质响应,有利于从源头上控制水污染。不同学者在多种边界条件下研究了流域土地利用变化的水质响应,发现流域土地利用变化是造成河流水质发生变化的重要原因。根据是否可以将土地利用活动概化为点状,流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究可分为点状土地利用的水质响应和非点状土地利用的水质响应。准确边界土地利用的水质响应一般是研究流域土地利用空间特征和土地利用结构与水质变化的关系。对于用全流域尺度还是用缓冲区的尺度分析土地利用的水质响应更准确仍存在争论。水域边缘几何形状影响了土地利用与水质的关系。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.