自组织理论与复合生态系统可持续发展

复合生态系统出现了一系列环境问题阻碍了区域的可持续发展。文章将自组织理论引人到可持续发展领域，建立以实现可持续发展为目标的复合生态系统自组织理论：分析了复合生态系统的自组织特性，阐述了复合生态系统内部非线性结构和熵相互作用对系统自组织演化的影响，论述了复合生态系统自组织与可持续发展的关系，即复合生态系统达到自组织运作状态或总体趋势时，系统就达到了可持续发展。提出了复合生态系统自组织运行规律就是要实现社会规律、经济规律和自然规律的协同，即“三律协同”。在此基础上，探讨了实现复合生态系统自组织的途径：系统开放、引入负熵；建立以生态经济、生态环境、生态文化组成的耗散结构；建立复合生态系统目标实现的分段时间结构；加强系统协调机制，制定符合系统社会、经济和自然规律协同的各项措施。     

上海城市生态经济协同发展研究方法探索

城市中高度密集的人口和社会经济活动,使得探讨城市经济的发展必须注重于促使城市的社会经济活动与城市生态环境的协同发展。因此有必要用生态经济学的系统观、价值观、区域观等基本观点注视城市经济发展;以系统科学理论为指导,充分运用定量定性分析手段,对城市生态经济系统的结构功能和组成要素进行分析探讨、模拟优化,并有意识地不断完善研究城市生态经济协同发展的方法论。     

生态城市建设与城市超循环体系的构建

生态城市的设计、建设和评价,应从人、社会、自然3个层次和城市的结构、功能、协调和目标4个方面来进行定位,最终达到完善结构、提升功能、增进协调、城市优美和谐的目标。城市超循环体系是生态城市社会结构的重要组成部分,城市超循环体系的具有企业、产业、城市、区域4个基本层次,其循环体系、模式、功能和目标均各不相同。生态城市建设与城市超循环体系构建具有在理念上的一致性、结构和功能上的嵌套性、目标和发展机制上的同一性,在更深层次上表现为城市或国家整体中不同民族、不同宗教、多元文化的生态意识在生态理念方面的协调性。     

河岸带生态学研究进展与展望

河岸带是河流—陆地生态系统之间进行物质、能量、信息交换的重要生态过渡区,具有独特的生态系统结构和服务功能,近年来成为国内外生态学和环境科学的研究热点之一。在阐述河岸带结构与功能基础上,分析了河岸带的影响因素与其退化机制,退化河岸带的生态恢复理论、基本原则、生态重建技术和发展方向。认为影响河岸带结构与功能的主要因素可归纳为水文与地貌过程、植被与人为干扰4个方面;识别影响河岸带生态系统的生物和物理作用过程及其退化成因是关键,指出了生态恢复应遵循的原则与宜采用的生态重建技术。在此基础上,提出河岸带生态恢复应在景观或流域尺度上借助“3S”技术和多学科协作从微观、中观和宏观不同层次开展研究,甄别生态退化的主导因素,采用植被重建与水文调控技术尽可能恢复与重建原有自然景观。从系统生态学与景观生态学的角度,提出河岸带生态学未来研究方向。建议今后应加强对河岸带生态系统结构、生态过程与功能及生态重建技术的研究成果进行系统整合,建立能够预测河岸带结构与功能动态的数量模型和评价体系,为实现河岸带重建与高效管理提供科学指导。     

基于空间信息技术的城市环境时空调控范式研究

城市环境－生态系统是高度复杂的时空复合动力学系统。通过对城市环境问题的空间动力学机制分析后，提出城市环境可持续发展时空调控的层次途径，并构造了融合遥感、地理信息系统等空间信息技术、环境建模技术、决策支持系统、人工智能等技术的城市生态－环境系统时空调控的体系框架，为城市环境管理及环境空间决策提供新的理论范。     

城市人口与城市环境

人口问题是其他问题(资源、能源、粮食、环境)的主要根源。城市人口与城市环境的关系密切。本文从世界、全国、湖北省及武汉市的人口发展分析,指出城市环境的研究核心问题是城市生态系统。提出今后城市应用生态和理论生态学方面可开展研究的内容,以及城市生态系统的调控中应注意应用耗散结构理论、协同论和黑箱方法。研究城市化的过程,重点应是城市人口的增长和分布、土地利用方式、工业化过程、目前的水平和趋势。适宜的人口密度及其良好素质,可提高社会经济活力,提高城市的经济效益,有利于搞好城市环境保护。     

扬州市水复合生态系统问题的生态学实质及调控对策

分析了扬州市水复合生态问题的生态学实质：水生态过程的生态阻滞或耗竭；生态系统结构的破碎与功能的板结；水生态调控机制的匮缺和水生态意识的低下，并针对性地提出了水复合生态系统的调控对策。     

国外城市景观生态学发展的新动向

国外城市景观生态学发展的新动向关于城市景观的结构、功能及其调控的研究，是国外景观生态学研究中十分活跃的领域。１９９５年４月２２日～２６日，美国景观生态学会第一次年会在明尼苏达大学召开，主要涉及城市景观的规划与管理，城市景观建筑，城市用地开发以及自然与...     

试论城市环境综合整治与环境目标管理

城市环境综合整治与城市污染单项治理和综合防治不同,它是把城市看作一个包括经济、社会和环境要素的大系统,力求在城市的发展过程中使其经济、社会与环境协调发展。由于城市人群是该系统的核心,因此城市环境综台整治必然要以城市生态系统原理作为基本的指导理论。在制定城市环境综合整治规划中,必须根据城市生态系统结构、功能的分析,对城市大系统进行总体调控。     

《城市生态经济学》简介

由中国生态经济学会生态经济理论研究会副会长、山东社会科学院马传栋副研究员著的《城市生态经济学》一书,已由经济日报出版社出版.这是我国第一部城市生态经济方面的学术专著.全书分四编十八章,34万字.第一编主要论述城市生态经济系统的结构、功能、效益及实现城市生态与经济协调发展的基本原则等问题;第二编主要论述     

城市轨道交通在生态城市建设中的作用

以生态城市基本理论为依据,探讨了生态城市交通系统所应具备的特征。通过分析我国大城市交通面临的主要问题,以及发展城市轨道交通在提高城市交通系统资源、能源利用效率和降低城市交通污染以及引导城市结构优化等方面的巨大优势,阐明发展以城市轨道交通为骨干的交通系统将是促进我国现阶段生态城市建设重要的前瞻性举措。     

唐山生态城市建设核心指标体系与评价

以我国东部沿海重工业城市—唐山市为例,通过分析其背景及发展特色,应用层次分析法结合专家评价法构建了一套唐山生态城市建设核心指标体系。体系主要包括4类1级指标、13类2级指标和49类3级指标,同时采用线性加权法计算得出唐山生态城市建设过程中不同发展阶段的生态化水平。结果表明,唐山市现阶段已经处于较高的生态化水平;2015年综合指数值可望处于Ⅰ级生态化水平,基本达到生态城市标准;且有望在2020—2030年建成中等发达国家水平的生态化城市。     

基于GM（1,1）模型的低碳生态城市可达性分析模型构建及应用

在对可达性内涵进行评析的基础上,将其分析拓展到低碳生态城市三维空间模型研究中。借助既有研究成果,基于灰色系统GM（1,1）模型构建了低碳生态城市可达性分析的一般模型,用以对生态指数、低碳指数和幸福指数的可达性分析,并据此计算出发展度、持续度、协调度和有效发展度的预测值,形成对低碳生态城市的总体可达性分析。将该模型应用于天津城市发展可达性分析,证明该方法科学可行。     

Ecodynamics: Towards an evolutionary thermodynamics of ecosystems

This paper collects, with few minor formal changes, two of the latest scientific contributions ( [Tiezzi, 2006a] and [Tiezzi et al., 2010]) written by Prof. Enzo Tiezzi, where he introduced new concepts and tools to formalize and understand the role of thermodynamics in ecosystems theory.Particular attention is devoted to goal functions, to the relation of matter, energy, space and time and to the interdisciplinary approach connecting thermodynamics and biology. Entropy is discussed as a fundamental goal function in the far from equilibrium framework. The relationship between entropy, as a non-state function, and the state-function energy is stressed and discussed, at the light of the role of information. The theory of probability is also discussed in the light of new theoretical findings related to the role of events, also in terms of entropy and evolutionary thermodynamics.Confined Ontic Open Systems (COOS) represent the latest model proposed by Prof. Tiezzi based on his Ecodynamic theory, evolutionary thermodynamics, Ulanowicz's ontic. The model has a wide range of applications, including ecosystems, ecological economics, urban organization, the supra-molecular structure of water and global biosphere's models. The model is explained in terms of evolutionary thermodynamics and Jørgensen's ecosystems theory.     

Evolving human landscapes: a virtual laboratory approach

ABSTRACT

Different human societies shape landscapes differently. Anthroecology theory explains this long-term differential shaping of landscapes as the product of sociocultural niche construction (SNC): an evolutionary theory coupling social change with ecosystem engineering. The evolutionary mechanisms underpinning this theory cannot be tested without experimental approaches capable of reproducing emergent selection processes acting on the combined suite of cultural, material, and ecological inheritances that determine the adaptive fitness of human individuals, groups, and societies. Agent-based modeling, as a ‘generative social science’ tool, appears ideal for this. Here we propose an agent-based virtual laboratory (ABVL) approach to generating and testing basic hypotheses on SNC as a general mechanism capable of producing the broadly varied anthroecological forms and dynamics of human landscapes from prehistory to present. While major challenges must still be overcome, a prospective modeling framework specification, guiding questions, and illustrative examples demonstrate clear potential for an ABVL to test predictions of anthroecology theory through generative social simulation.     

The top-down mechanism for body-mass-abundance scaling

Scaling relationships between mean body masses and abundances of species in multitrophic communities continue to be a subject of intense research and debate. The top-down mechanism explored in this paper explains the frequently observed inverse linear relationship between body mass and abundance (i.e., constant biomass) in terms of a balancing of resource biomasses by behaviorally and evolutionarily adapting foragers, and the evolutionary response of resources to this foraging pressure. The mechanism is tested using an allometric, multitrophic community model with a complex food web structure. It is a statistical model describing the evolutionary and population dynamics of tens to hundreds of species in a uniform way. Particularities of the model are the detailed representation of the evolution and interaction of trophic traits to reproduce topological food web patterns, prey switching behavior modeled after experimental observations, and the evolutionary adaptation of attack rates. Model structure and design are discussed. For model states comparable to natural communities, we find that (1) the body-mass abundance scaling does not depend on the allometric scaling exponent of physiological rates in the form expected from the energetic equivalence rule or other bottom-up theories; (2) the scaling exponent of abundance as a function of body mass is approximately -1, independent of the allometric exponent for physiological rates assumed; (3) removal of top-down control destroys this pattern, and energetic equivalence is recovered. We conclude that the top-down mechanism is active in the model, and that it is a viable alternative to bottom-up mechanisms for controlling body-mass-abundance relations in natural communities.     

Insights from life history theory for an explicit treatment of trade‐offs in conservation biology

As economic and social contexts become more embedded within biodiversity conservation, it becomes obvious that resources are a limiting factor in conservation. This recognition is leading conservation scientists and practitioners to increasingly frame conservation decisions as trade‐offs between conflicting societal objectives. However, this framing is all too often done in an intuitive way, rather than by addressing trade‐offs explicitly. In contrast, the concept of trade‐off is a keystone in evolutionary biology, where it has been investigated extensively. I argue that insights from evolutionary theory can provide methodological and theoretical support to evaluating and quantifying trade‐offs in biodiversity conservation. I reviewed the diverse ways in which trade‐offs have emerged within the context of conservation and how advances from evolutionary theory can help avoid the main pitfalls of an implicit approach. When studying both evolutionary trade‐offs (e.g., reproduction vs. survival) and conservation trade‐offs (e.g., biodiversity conservation vs. agriculture), it is crucial to correctly identify the limiting resource, hold constant the amount of this resource when comparing different scenarios, and choose appropriate metrics to quantify the extent to which the objectives have been achieved. Insights from studies in evolutionary theory also reveal how an inadequate selection of conservation solutions may result from considering suboptimal rather than optional solutions when examining whether a trade‐off exits between 2 objectives. Furthermore, the shape of a trade‐off curve (i.e., whether the relationship between 2 objectives follows a concave, convex, or linear form) is known to affect crucially the definition of optimal solutions in evolutionary biology and very likely affects decisions in biodiversity conservation planning too. This interface between evolutionary biology and biodiversity conservation can therefore provide methodological guidance to support decision makers in the difficult task of choosing among conservation solutions. Percepciones de la Teoría de Historia de Vida para una Tratamiento Explícito de las Compensaciones en la Biología de la Conservación     

From individuals to ecosystem function: toward an integration of evolutionary and ecosystem ecology

An important goal in ecology is developing general theory on how the species composition of ecosystems is related to ecosystem properties and functions. Progress on this front is limited partly because of the need to identify mechanisms controlling functions that are common to a wide range of ecosystem types. We propose that one general mechanism, rooted in the evolutionary ecology of all species, is adaptive foraging behavior in response to predation risk. To support our claim, we present two kinds of empirical evidence from plant-based and detritus-based food chains of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The first kind comes from experiments that explicitly trace how adaptive foraging influences ecosystem properties and functions. The second kind comes from a synthesis of studies that individually examine complementary components of particular ecosystems that together provide an integrated perspective on the link between adaptive foraging and ecosystem function. We show that the indirect effects of predators on plant diversity, plant productivity, nutrient cycling, trophic transfer efficiencies, and energy flux caused by consumer foraging shifts in response to risk are qualitatively different from effects caused by reductions in prey density due to direct predation. We argue that a perspective of ecosystem function that considers effects of consumer behavior in response to predation risk will broaden our capacity to explain the range of outcomes and contingencies in trophic control of ecosystems. This perspective also provides an operational way to integrate evolutionary and ecosystem ecology, which is an important challenge in ecology.     

基于新加坡模式推进中国低碳生态城市发展的思考

通过回顾新加坡城市发展过程,分析了新加坡城市规划、建设、管理、发展四位一体的低碳生态化发展模式。在此基础上,对中国城市发展提出了以低碳生态为规划导向、以增强城市载体功能和绿色发展为建设目的、以完备立法、严格执法、全民参与为管理手段,以＂两型社会＂为发展目标的建议,推进低碳生态城市发展。