城市固体废弃物管理系统温室气体排放核算研究综述

城市固体废弃物管理系统是产生温室气体的一个不可忽视的排放源。随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化水平的提高,城市固体废弃物排放量逐年增多,如何准确地核算城市固体废弃物管理系统温室气体排放已成为国内外关注的热点问题之一。本文概述了城市固体废弃物管理系统的演进与优化研究进展,重点对城市固体废弃物管理系统温室气体排放核算规范和标准及其影响因素的研究进行了综述,指出了研究中存在的问题。并进一步建议今后在城市不同类别的固体废弃物管理系统演进过程及其影响、温室气体排放的核算方法、温室气体排放的校正系数、城市固体废弃物管理系统的优化模式及温室气体减排机制等方面加强研究。     

影响森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素

利用正交试验设计法对长白山阔叶红松林土壤进行培养试验,考察了温度、水分、pH、NH^ 4及NO3^-对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。结果表明：在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,pH和温度对N2O排放速率和CH4氧化速率的影响是显著的。N2O排放速率和CH4吸收速率分别与5因素进行多元回归的结果显示：二者均与土壤pH和温度呈显著正相关关系。并且,在本实验条件下,N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关系。     

生活垃圾分类对固体废弃物和温室气体协同减排的影响研究——以浙江省为例

通过垃圾分类解决垃圾处理问题、促进资源循环利用已成为普遍共识,生活垃圾分类对垃圾处理过程温室气体减排的协同作用日益凸显。废弃物处理是浙江省温室气体排放尚未达峰的领域之一,因此废弃物处理领域特别是生活垃圾处理领域的温室气体减排,对浙江省温室气体排放全面达峰至关重要。本研究基于生活垃圾处理过程温室气体排放核算方法,设定到2022年浙江省未全面推进生活垃圾分类和全面推进生活垃圾分类两个情景,预测和比较两种情景下生活垃圾产生量、分类回收量及处理过程产生的温室气体排放量。结果显示,通过推进生活垃圾分类,生活垃圾处理过程温室气体排放量减少24%,且焚烧处理过程减排效果更明显,可促成生活垃圾处理温室气体排放的提前达峰。基于上述结论,本研究最后针对生活垃圾分类工作及末端处理方式提出了三点建议。     

水分管理与秸秆施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

2000年6~10月在南京近郊江宁区实施大田试验.主要研究了水稻生长季常规灌溉和连续淹水条件下有机质(小麦秸杆)不同施用量(0,2.25,4.5t/hm2)对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在连续淹水条件下,CH4排放量与秸杆施用量成正比,N2O排放与秸杆施用量成反比.烤田的N2O的排放量在施用2.25t/hm2秸杆与对照之间无明显差异,但施用4.5t/hm2秸杆处理其N2O的排放量仅为对照或施用2.25t/hm2秸杆处理下的13%左右.综合考虑水稻生长季CH4和N2O排放的全球增温潜势(GWP),在增加有机质的施用量(如按4.5t/hm2施用量秸杆还田)的情况下,烤田的GWP只占连续淹水处理的60%,是减少稻田CH4和N2O综合温室效应的一种有效措施.     

未来气候变化对旱田生态系统N2O释放的潜在影响

反硝化-分解作用模型（DNDC）能较好地拟合贵州省玉米—油菜轮作田、大豆—冬小麦轮作田和休耕地的N2O释放通量及其影响因子季节变化模式，采用DNDC模型定量探讨了未来气温、降雨量和降雨中无机N浓度变化对亚热带旱田生态系统N2O释放的潜在影啊．结果表明，除大亚外，其它作物和休耕地土壤N2O释放通量对气温变化接近于正响应；玉米地、大豆地和体耕地（对应于玉米生长期）土壤N2O释放通量对降雨量的变化也接近于正响应；降雨中无机氮浓度的变化对3块实验田NO2释放通量影响最大．     

长江口崇明东滩潮间带温室气体排放初步研究

采用原位静态箱法对长江口崇明东滩(CM)湿地3种主要温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的排放、吸收通量进行现场测定。结果表明,春季(5月)崇明东滩湿地是大气CH4的排放源。中潮滩暗箱(CM-2b)CH4的排放通量为394.22μg/m2.h,明箱(CM-2w)为492.58μg/m2.h;低潮滩暗箱(CM-3b)CH4的排放通量为84.89μg/m2.h,明箱(CM-3w)为76.16μg/m2.h,植被和有机质含量的不同是造成中、低潮滩CH4通量差异的主要因素。中潮滩春季草的光和作用可以降低CO2和N2O的排放,明箱内表现为对CO2(-67.45 mg/m2.h)和N2O(-21.79μg/m2.h)的吸收,同时呼吸作用增加了潮滩-大气界面CO2和N2O的排放(CO2,730.27 mg/m2.h;N2O,109.72μg/m2.h)。而低潮滩(CM-3)表现为CO2和N2O的汇,但吸收的通量值较小。     

Contribution of winter fluxes to the annual CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain

Introduction C arbon dioxide, m ethane and nitrous oxide play im portant roles in the radiation balance of the earth contributing to the greenhouse effect (Rodhe, 1990). N 2O also takes part in the destruction of stratospheric ozone (W ang, 1999). N atura…     

沼泽湿地N2O通量特征及N2O与CO2排放间的关系

对三江平原淡水沼泽湿地进行了连续4年的野外原位观测.结果表明,沼泽湿地冬季是N2O的汇,但从全年来看,仍为N2O排放的源.5～8月是N2O排放的主要时期.土壤温度是影响N2O通量季节变化的重要环境因素,生长季内的积水水位和土壤温度则会影响到N2O通量的年际变化;沼泽湿地N2O与CO2排放间相关性显著,促使二者间产生这种内在联系的因素包括温度、植物根系的作用、有机质分解的联系作用以及植物气孔行为的调节.     

Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) use is expanding globally to satisfy food, fiber, and fuel demands of a growing world population. Fertilizer consumers are being asked to improve N use efficiency through better management in their fields, to protect water resources and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while sustaining soil resources and providing a healthy economy. A review of the available science on the effects of N source, rate, timing, and placement, in combination with other cropping and tillage practices, on GHG emissions was conducted. Implementation of intensive crop management practices, using principles of ecological intensification to enhance efficient and effective nutrient uptake while achieving high yields, was identified as a principal way to achieve reductions in GHG emissions while meeting production demands. Many studies identified through the review involved measurements of GHG emissions over several weeks to a few months, which greatly limit the ability to accurately determine system-level management effects on net global warming potential. The current science indicates: (1) appropriate fertilizer N use helps increase biomass production necessary to help restore and maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) levels; (2) best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer N play a large role in minimizing residual soil nitrate, which helps lower the risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions; (3) tillage practices that reduce soil disturbance and maintain crop residue on the soil surface can increase SOC levels, but usually only if crop productivity is maintained or increased; (4) differences among fertilizer N sources in N₂O emissions depend on site- and weather-specific conditions; and (5) intensive crop management systems do not necessarily increase GHG emissions per unit of crop or food production; they can help spare natural areas from conversion to cropland and allow conversion of selected lands to forests for GHG mitigation, while supplying the world's need for food, fiber, and biofuel. Transfer of the information to fertilizer dealers, crop advisers, farmers, and agricultural and environmental authorities should lead to increased implementation of fertilizer BMPs, and help to reduce confusion over the role of fertilizer N on cropping system emissions of GHGs. Gaps in scientific understanding were identified and will require the collaborative attention of agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists, and environmental authorities in serving the immediate and long-term interests of the human population.     

污水处理厂N2O的释放特征和减排途径研究

温室气体N2O含量的增加对气候变化产生显著影响,针对污水处理行业N2O减排控制的发展趋势与需求,以典型污水生物处理工艺为对象,对N2O产生机理、释放特征和核算、影响因素进行了综述和分析.研究表明,污水处理厂N2O的释放主要来自生物脱氮过程的硝化阶段和反硝化阶段,不同污水处理厂的N2O释放因子和释放特征不同.DO、温度和C/N是影响N2O释放的主要因素,最后从污水处理厂工艺运行和水质调控角度提出了具有可操作性的N2O减排途径与方法.     

氮肥和磷肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

通过模拟南方稻田施用不同量的氮肥和磷肥的实验来探讨N和P对稻田释放N2O的影响.结果表明,水稻田N2O排放通量的较大值主要出现在3次烤田期;氮肥和磷肥对土壤中产生N2O的贡献主要在水稻生长中后期,从第1次烤田起(移栽后34d),氮肥和磷肥都表现为对N2O排放有促进作用;而低氮对N2O排放的刺激作用没有高氮的作用明显,且N2处理(180kg/hm2)、N1处理(90kg/hm2)和N0处理(没有施肥)之间的平均N2O排放差异不显著.在水稻生长中后期(第1次烤田后),N3处理(270kg/hm2)和N4处理(360kg/hm2)的较高水平的氮肥加入能强烈刺激N2O排放.     

Energy efficiency and reduction of Co2 emissions through 2015: The Brazilian cement industry

The cement industry is characterisedby intensive energy consumption throughout itsproduction stages which, together with the calcinationof its raw materials, accounts for significant amountsof greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. In 1996, theBrazilian cement industry consumed 4.3% of the energyrequired by the industrial sector, contributing over22 Tg (Teragrams) of CO₂. The prospects forgrowth in this sector in Brazil indicate risingdemands for fossil fuels, with a consequent upsurge inemissions. This article aims to present the prospectsfor energy conservation in the Brazilian cementindustry through to 2015, taking into account: theintroduction of new production technologies in thissector, the use of waste and low-grade fuels,cogeneration, the use of cementitious materials, andother measures, based on a technical and economicenergy demand simulation model. In all scenarios, wefound that is possible to significantly reduce energyconsumption and CO₂ emissions for BrazilianCement Industry. Under the market potential scenarios,energy savings vary between 1562.0 to 1900.6 PJ(PetaJoules), with use of cementitious materialsaccounting for around 31% of this total. Fortechnical potential scenarios, use of cementitiousmaterials could represent 51% to 52% of totalachieved energy savings, between 2374.6 to 2803.4 PJ.     

Feeding the world's increasing population while limiting climate change impacts: linking N2O and CH4 emissions from agriculture to population growth

The global demand for agricultural products, including food, is rapidly increasing due to population growth and shifts in consumption patterns. The required increase in agricultural production is predominantly to be achieved in countries with relatively low agricultural production levels at present. These are mainly developing countries and countries in transition, the so-called non-Annex I countries of the UNFCCC. However, intensification of agricultural production systems is currently closely linked to high emissions of greenhouse gases notably nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄). In this paper the relations between population growth, agricultural development and emissions of N₂O and CH₄ were assessed for 10 non-Annex I countries, viz. China, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Mongolia, Nigeria, Tanzania and South Africa. We combined FAO data on agricultural production levels, CENSUS data on population statistics and EDGAR data on N₂O and CH₄ emissions. The projected trends in agricultural production indicate that emissions of N₂O and CH₄ are expected to increase rapidly in the coming years and will level off from 2040 onwards. The results confirm the positive relation between population increase and increased emissions from agricultural activities for most countries. However, for some countries (South Africa, China and Mexico) this relation was weak or absent. Although numerous factors (e.g. changes in international trade) may have scattered the relation and we were unable to explain this decoupling, it suggests that population growth can be possible without additional emissions. The variation between the different countries and farming systems is however large and mitigation measures at farm-level should be tailored to the wide diversity in environmental conditions, regional customs and farming systems.     

DNDC模型在长江三角洲农田生态系统的CH4和N2O排放量估算中的应用

长江三角洲是我国农业发达地区之一 ,其农业生产所排放的CH4 和N2 O ,早已引起了研究者的重视 .本研究在分析总结现有的野外观测结果的基础上 ,验证了估算区域痕量气体排放量的生物地球化学模型DNDC ,估算出长江三角洲地区的CH4 和N2 O排放量分别为 1 69( 1 2 9～ 2 0 9)Tg·a-1和 0 0 1 9( 0 0 1 4～ 0 0 2 4 )Tg·a-1,分别占全国农田CH4 和N2 O排放量的 1 6 7%和 6 1 % .     

覆草旱作稻田CH4和N2O的排放

通过田间试验比较水稻覆草旱作常规施氮肥、覆草旱作推荐施氮肥和常规水作水稻全生育期内稻田土壤微量气体的排放.结果表明,旱作稻田N2O排放总量比水作稻田高1.5~3.7倍,在旱作覆草处理中常规施肥N2O排放较推荐施肥高2.4倍.水作稻田CH4排放总量比旱作稻田多5~6倍,而两旱作处理间差异不显著.水作稻田CH4的排放与水稻生育期关系密切,以分蘖盛期的2.2mg/(m2h)为最大;旱作稻田CH4的排放与施氮关系不明显.施氮是影响旱作稻田N2O排放的关键因素,每次施氮后,旱作稻田均会出现剧烈的排放高峰.水稻不同栽培方式的增温潜势的高低顺序为:覆草旱作常规施氮肥>常规水作>覆草旱作推荐施氮肥.     

不同有机物料对土壤N2O排放的影响与调控

通过向土壤施加15N标记的莴笋残体(处理R)、废纸浆(处理P)及二者混合物(处理RP),并利用不同的压力使其成为3种不同容重处理的土壤样本,进行密闭培养,定时测定土壤N2O排放量及土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 的动态变化,以探讨N_2O的产生与调控机制.结果表明,8d N2O释放量为R处理最大,RP处理其次,P处理最小.短期内(8d)R处理N2O释放最大量为空白对照(CK)的15倍,增加了土壤反硝化作用;P处理在同期内不能增加N2O释放量,证明这种废纸浆可少量(<2.5%)施用于农田中.RP与CK、P处理比较,可以刺激微生物活性和增加土壤反硝化作用;与R处理相比较,可以增加氮的固定.增加有机质的添加量使同一容重水平的RP处理N2O释放量高于R处理.70%的土壤样本随容重增加N2O释放量增加.土壤容重的增加同时影响了废纸浆的分解速率和土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 浓度.     

粉煤流化床燃烧中N2O排放与控制

粉煤流化床（PC－FB）是一项燃烧效率高，同时实现炉内脱硫、低NOx和N2O排放的新型高效、清洁煤燃烧技术在一座0．3MW的试验台上，系统而详细地研究了其N2O的排放与控制特性，主要研究内容包括：各层二次风份额（R2i％）及悬浮空间燃烧区（FCZ）的温度分布与炉内N2O浓度分布的关系；床层温度Tb、烟气氧浓度、二次风率（R2％）、FCZ内烟温Tf、钙流比（Ca／S）对其N2O排放的影响．     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

不同种类有机肥施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合影响

以麦茬稻田为对象,研究基肥施用不同有机肥对稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合影响.结果表明:有机肥施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但影响其排放量.与施用化肥(化肥处理)相比,施用菜饼+化肥(菜饼处理)促进CH4和N2O的排放,其季节排放总量分别增加了252%和22%;施用小麦秸秆+化肥(秸秆处理)和牛厩肥+化肥(牛厩肥处理)明显增加CH4排放,增加量分别为250%和45%,同时却减少N2O排放,分别减少18%和21%;施用猪厩肥+化肥(猪厩肥处理)降低CH4和N2O的排放,分别降低4%和18%.对CH4和N2O排放的综合温室效应分析表明,菜饼和秸秆处理的全球增温潜势(GWP)约为化肥处理的2.5倍,牛厩肥和化肥处理基本持平,但施用猪厩肥可减少10%～15%.各处理的GWP从高到低依次为菜饼、秸秆、牛厩肥、化肥和猪厩肥.单位产量的GWP以秸秆处理最高,菜饼次之,牛厩肥比化肥处理略高,猪厩肥处理最低.从本生长季来看,猪厩肥的施用对于实现环境效益与生产效益的协调发展具有一定作用.     

浅论中国道路交通温室气体减排的战略选择：新能源汽车发展

中国的道路交通部门正面临日益严峻的温室气体减排压力,机动车作为道路交通系统中的核心要素之一,其低碳化进程对于道路交通部门应对气候变化具有重要的现实和战略意义。从长期来看,机动车的低碳发展意味着传统机动车向新能源汽车的过渡和发展。本文首先综述了中国新能源汽车的产业政策发展,然后讨论了新能源汽车在深圳市的试点示范推广情况,并介绍了新能源汽车在上海世博会的示范应用,最后指出新能源汽车近年来在中国的快速发展也得益于中央和地方政府的积极推动,汽车厂商、科研机构和消费者等诸多利益相关者的积极参与,新能源产业政策的日益完善。