日本的感染性废物处理

正一、有关废物处理的一般事项日本废弃物处理法将废物分为工业废物以及除此以外的一般废物,工业废物与一般废物又分别分为特别管理废物以及除此以外的废物,并一一制定了存放[仅工业废物(含特别管理工业废物)排放企业]、收集运输及处置(含再生)的标准。     

中国生态工业园区废物交换系统的功能框架及原型开发

废物交换是生态工业园区的特征要素,其高级实现形式是废物交换网络平台。在综述国内外废物交换状况的基础上,分析了国内外废物交换模式的差异及其原因,指出信息交换成本、废物交换尺度及社会经济背景等差异决定了国外废物交换模式及网络平台不符合中国国情。针对国内现有废物交换系统运转不畅的现实,提出了适合中国国情的生态工业园区废物交换系统的功能定位及系统架构设计,并开发了废物交换原型系统。     

日本工业废物管理

从1960年起,日本由于经济的发展,生活水平的提高,废物的量和种类不断增长,其中工业废物已不能用传统的生活废物处理方法处理。因此1970年修改了生活废物的公共净化法,制定了工业废物的处理和公共净化法。这是日本工业废物系统管理的开始。下面是目前日本工业废物管理的概况。一、工业废物处理法的主要内容 1.确定了工业废物的范围。在工业废物处理法中指定了19种以生产活动中排出的废物为工业废物,包括:炉渣、淤泥、废油、废酸、废碱、废塑料、橡胶碎片、金属屑、玻璃和瓷器的碎片、植物和动物的残渣、废纸、木屑、废布、矿渣、建筑废料、家畜排     

废物非法运输法律问题探析

废物非法运输是当前废物越境管理中的一个难题.废物的非法运输与废物非法贸易密切联系,有效防止、侦查和控制废物的非法运输是阻断和解决废物非法贸易的最终手段和方法.本文在研究废物非法运输相关国际法规则的基础上,通过考察中国废物非法运输的实践及立法,提出了完善中国废物非法运输管理的建议.     

城市生物质废物厌氧消化处理可行性分析

城市废物传统的处理方式主要包括卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥,而近年来,随着城市生活垃圾中生物质废物的增加以及世界能源短缺现象的加剧,具有废物处理和资源回收双重效益的生物质废物厌氧消化技术日益受到世界各国的广泛关注。文章分析了我国城市生物质废物的种类和性质,指出了采用目前的三种传统废物处理方式处理我国城市生物质废物的弊端,并提出了利用厌氧消化技术处理城市生物质废物的适用性,对比分析了上述四种废物处理方式的优缺点,并从政策方向性、技术工艺可靠性、原料和市场稳定性,以及环境、经济和社会效益优良性等多方面对城市生物质废物厌氧消化技术的可行性进行了分析,说明厌氧消化技术必将成为未来生物质废物资源化处理的发展趋势。     

甘肃医疗废物综合管理和协同处置示范实践与思考

在全球环境基金支持下,环保部联合卫生部等相关部委共同组织开展了医疗废物可持续环境管理项目。甘肃省是全国6个示范省之一,针对医疗废物管理中的突出问题,通过建立环保和卫生联席会议制度、建立完善医疗废物管理制度、开展偏远地区医疗废物收集和安全处置示范、建立城市间医疗废物集中处置设施协同处置关系等活动,提高了全省医疗废物综合管理和协同处置水平。示范过程中,也针对当前医疗废物管理中存在的普遍性问题,研究提出了探索多样的医疗废物收集模式、合理确定医疗废物贮存时间、开展废物资源化试点、加快区域医疗废物协同处置管理等国家层面上加强医疗废物管理的建议。     

电子废物污染现状分析及其治理措施

分析了电子废物的污染现状,介绍了电子废物的处理方法,提出了制定相关法律法规和回收再生标准、建立电子废物回收利用体系等电子废物的治理措施。     

废物越境转移的若干问题

本文分析了废物越境转移产生的原因及其可能后果。指出了利用船舶载运废物进行越境转移存在安全和海洋废物污染问题。论述了为控制废物越境转移以及确保船舶航运安全和防止废物污染海洋,主管机关和船舶应遵守的有关国际公约及我国的有关规定。最后还介绍了当今世界上处置废物的几种新方法。     

关于对黑龙江省部分地区医疗废物管理情况的调研分析研究

为解决医疗废物的污染问题,对医疗废物的收集、运输和处置情况进行了调研。利用现场视察和座谈会的形式,收集医疗废物收集、运输和处置情况的资料。提出了可行性处置措施,利于环境保护,利于医疗废物收集体系的完善和收集、处置、运行机制的合理社会配置,使医疗废物得到安全有效的处置。医疗废物应以＂就近集中处置＂的原则,交由医疗废物处置机构处置,利于地方环保部门监管,使医疗废物及时得到无害化处理。     

医疗废物管理对环境影响的初探

医疗废物的传染性可能对人类和环境造成不良影响,因此医疗废物管理是非常重要的.首先概述了医疗废物处理在各国的立法情况,以及医疗废物的收集和分类情况,进一步讨论了焚烧和高压釜处理医疗废物方法的优缺点,焚烧会造成二恶英、呋喃和汞排放,造成不利的健康和环境影响,而高压釜处理不能处理所有类型的医疗废物.控制医疗废物的最佳手段是减少产生量,可以通过对医护人员进行良好的培训以及实施标准化医疗废物分类和收集来实现,并研究改进传染性医疗废物处理方法.     

定制家具中典型板材VOCs的溯源及排放特征分析

利用1m³的环境舱,探究5种典型定制家具板材在一定条件下的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组分、浓度水平和排放规律.结果表明,5种板材中共检测出54种目标化合物,主要成分以含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃为主,OVOCs的占比分别为71.37%~85.77%,烷烃的占比分别为11.79%~24.84%.不同板材的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度水平差异较大,饰面中纤板的TVOCs浓度高达836.49μg/m³,远高于其他板材,实木生态板的TVOCs浓度最低,为最环保的板材.对5种板材VOCs的排放浓度进行逐时测量,发现甲醛的相对排放浓度比较为:饰面中纤板>防潮板>饰面颗粒板>实木生态板>PVC吸塑板,而TVOCs (除甲醛)的相对排放浓度比较为:饰面颗粒板>饰面中纤板>PVC吸塑板>防潮板>实木生态板.在这5种板材中,甲醛、正己烷和乙酸乙酯等化合物是主要成分,甲醛的浓度贡献占比为40.44%~82.59%.同时,在5种板材VOCs的排放特征基础上,对各类化合物进行了溯源分析,便于从VOCs产生源头对其进行污染控制.     

Environmental assessment of green hardboard production coupled with a laccase activated system

European consumption of wood-based panels reached record levels in recent years driven mostly by demand from end-use sectors: residential construction, furniture, cabinets, flooring and mouldings. The main panel types are composite boards such as particleboard, high density fiberboard (HDF), medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and other adhesively bonded composites such as plywood and wet-process fiberboard (hardboard). The synthetic resins used in their manufacture come from non-renewable resources, such as oil and gas. Several consequences are associated to this type of adhesives: variation in the availability and cost of these wood adhesives depends on raw materials, the formaldehyde emissions as well as the limited recyclability of the final product. Hence, in the search for alternatives to petroleum-based wood adhesives, efforts are being devoted to develop adhesives by using phenolic substitutes based on lignin, tannin or starch. In this context, the forest industry is increasingly approaching to enzyme technology in the search of solutions. The main goal of this study was to assess the environmental impacts during the life cycle of a new process for the manufacture of hardboards manufacture, considering the use of a two-component bio-adhesive formulated with a wood-based phenolic material and a phenol-oxidizing enzyme. This new product was compared to the one manufactured with the conventional phenol-formaldehyde resin. The study covers the life cycle of green hardboards production from a cradle-to-gate perspective, analysing in detail the hardboard plant and dividing the process chain in three subsystems: Fibers Preparation, Board Forming and Board Finishing.Auxiliary activities such as chemicals, bio-adhesive, wood chips, thermal energy and electricity production and transport were included within the system boundaries.Global warming (GW), photochemical oxidant formation (PO), acidification (AC) and eutrophication (EP) were the impact categories analysed in this study. Additionally, the cumulative energy demand was evaluated as another impact category. According to the results, four stages significantly influenced the environmental burdens of the production system: laccase production, on-site thermal energy and electricity production as well as wood chipping stage. Due to the environmental impact associated to the production of green bonding agents, a sensitivity analysis with special focus on the eutrophying emissions was carried out by evaluating the amount of laccase and lignin based phenolic material used. The combined reduction in both bonding agents may slightly reduce the contributions to this impact category. In addition, a hypothetical scenario with no laccase and with a higher concentration of the lignin based material (25% more) could improve the environmental profile in all impact categories with a reduction of 1.5% in EP.Further research should focus mainly on laccase production, in order to reduce its energy demand as well as on the amount of green adhesive required to obtain mechanical and swelling properties similar to those of conventional hardboard.     

Hg稳定同位素地球化学研究进展

近年来汞(Hg)稳定同位素研究进展显著。Hg具有七种稳定同位素。以往研究不但报道了Hg同位素质量分馏,也报道了Hg同位素非质量分馏,使Hg成为目前唯一在自然界中具有同位素非质量分馏的重金属元素。本文阐述了Hg同位素的研究背景,总结了Hg同位素分析方法和引起Hg同位素分馏的生物化学过程,介绍了地球各圈层样品中Hg同位素组成的国内外最新研究现状。而最新发现的大气降雨中异常的、呈季节性变化的偶数Hg同位素非质量分馏(Δ200 Hg),更开辟了Hg同位素研究的新领域。不同于奇数Hg同位素非质量分馏,偶数Hg同位素非质量分馏还未经任何实验验证,其分馏机理也完全不清楚,亟待深入研究。Hg可能的"三维"同位素体系(质量分馏、奇数以及偶数Hg同位素非质量分馏)的研究和应用将有希望为进一步认识Hg环境过程、生物累积、大尺度迁移以及全球性的生物地球化学循环提供更加丰富的信息,具有重要的科学意义。     

Product modular design incorporating life cycle issues - Group Genetic Algorithm (GGA) based method

Traditional design methods lead to serious environmental problems because of the oversight of life cycle issues such as recycling. For solving these problems, a new modular design method is proposed with the considerations of not only the traditional function related attributes, but also the life cycle related ones. These attributes form what we call Modular Driving Forces (MDFs). The proposed method first determines what MDFs should be included and what their weights should be. Then the component to component relations with each specific MDF are generated and expressed in a matrix. After that, the comprehensive relations between components with different MDFs are established with the introduction of a comprehensive relation matrix for further modular optimization. Each element in the comprehensive matrix denotes the relation of every two components affected by all the MDFs. Finally, Group Genetic Algorithm (GGA) is employed to conduct modular optimization. The modular object adaptive function constructed for GGA optimization is to maximize the interactions between components within modules. The proposed method is explained by a case study of a refrigerator. Sensitivity analysis shows that the proposed method is robust.     

基于复配改性木质素磺酸铵的环保型木质材料的生命周期评价

利用改性木质素制备的木质材料其生产过程对生态环境有重要的影响.为探讨该环保型木质材料的可行性,利用Ga Bi 6.0软件,对基于复配改性木质素磺酸铵的环保型木质材料(HMIL/WF)进行生命周期评价,比较分析生命周期各生产环节的非生物资源耗竭、酸化效应、富营养化、全球变暖潜值、臭氧层破坏潜能以及光化学臭氧生成潜力等主要环境影响类型.结果表明:在HMIL/WF材料生命周期的3个子系统中,纤维制造子系统对各环境影响贡献值最大,此次是产品成型子系统,后期加工子系统对环境影响最小.全球变暖潜值是HMIL/WF材料环境影响的主要类型,占总环境影响值的73.09%,环境影响大小依次为全球变暖潜值、酸化效应、光化学臭氧生成潜力、富营养化、非生物资源耗竭和臭氧层破坏潜能.热能消耗的环境影响最为严重,占HMIL/WF材料生命周期总环境影响的44.77%.各生产环节的环境影响大小顺序依次为热能消耗、电能消耗、H_2O_2生产、木质素磺酸铵(AL)制备和运输阶段.热能消耗环节的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应、光化学臭氧生成潜力、富营养化和非生物资源耗竭的影响值为HMIL/WF材料生产各环节的最高值;运输阶段产生了最高的臭氧层破坏潜能.与传统中密度纤维板的生命周期环境影响潜值总值(4.71×10~(-9))相比,HMIL/WF材料的环境影响总值(4.22×10~(-9))减少了10.4%.     

织物特性对聚苯硫醚滤料动态过滤性能的影响

选用四种不同织物构造的聚苯硫醚覆膜滤料、超细纤维面层滤料、异形纤维面层滤料和常规滤料,采用氧化铝标准粉尘Pural NF在VDI测试装置进行除尘滤料冷动态除尘性能测试。通过对实验数据的分析得到:织物特性对滤料阻力有较大影响,虽然清洁阶段覆膜滤料阻力最大,接近200 Pa,但稳定和老化阶段阻力最小,仅有300 Pa,而常规滤料阻力在稳定阶段最大,高达790 Pa;织物特性的差异对滤料平均清灰周期也有较大影响,覆膜滤料、超细纤维层滤料、三叶纤维层滤料和常规滤料清洁阶段滤料的平均清灰周期分别为380,241,223,177 s,其他阶段滤料清灰周期长短顺序与清洁阶段相同,覆膜滤料清灰周期最长,寿命也最长;织物特性的不同对滤料过滤效率也有一定的影响,超细滤料、覆膜滤料、三叶形滤料和常规滤料清洁阶段过滤效率达到99.9%以上,穿透率分别为0.0261%、0.004%、0.0321%、0.0322%;稳定阶段的过滤效率除常规滤料外都可以达到99.99%以上,穿透率分别为0.0027%、0.0003%、0.0014%和0.4765%。     

环境与微粒材料

简述了环境材料、智能材料和微粒材料等几个材料科学的新概念及其与环境的关系，介绍几种从不同角度考虑环境的微粒材料．认为采用智能材料如智能微粒材料构思来发展环境材料是可行的。呼吁科技工作者在开展工作时要考虑环境及生态问题．     

区域土地利用变化的物质代谢响应初步研究

文章在描述相关研究进展的基础上,认为在物质资源不断减少的情形下,物质代谢效率提高对于人类社会发展具有更为重要的意义。并在此基础上,分析了土地利用方式、土地利用强度、土地利用布局等土地利用变化过程对于物质代谢变化的影响机理。以江苏省为例进行实证分析,构建区域土地利用变化的物质代谢驱动力模型。结果表明,随着1989年以来江苏省土地利用强度的不断提高,物质代谢通量快速增长。土地利用强度越高,物质代谢通量值越大,土地利用强度提高10%,则物质代谢通量将提高5.62%,因此,资源利用量与污染物排放量越多,带来的环境冲击也就越大;但土地利用强度越高,物质代谢效率值就越小,土地利用强度每提高10%,物质代谢效率就提高5.03%,因而单位GD P的资源利用量与污染物排放量也就越少。虽然物质代谢效率在提高,但是物质资源日益稀缺,物质代谢效率需进一步提升。最后提出了区域土地利用变化物质代谢效应响应的研究方向。     

The importance of raw material equivalents in economy-wide material flow accounting and its policy dimension

This article presents a comparison of indicators based on an economy-wide material flow analysis, namely imports, exports, domestic material consumption, raw material equivalents of imports, raw material equivalents of exports and raw material consumption. These indicators were calculated for the Czech Republic for 1995–2010 using, besides an economy-wide material flow analysis, the hybrid input–output life cycle assessment method, which allows for a calculation of raw material equivalents of imports and exports. The results show that a calculation of indicators, which include raw material equivalents, is useful, as it provides some important information which is not obvious from imports, exports and domestic material consumption indicators. We have proved that the latter group of indicators provide the incorrect information regarding the environmental pressure trend related to material flows, underestimate the overall pressure related to foreign trade and provide incorrect information on the importance of various material categories in particular indicators. Consequently, in the case of the Czech Republic, the implications stemming from these points such as the very high dependency of the Czech production system on metal ores from abroad and a rather unequal distribution of environmental pressures between the Czech Republic and its trading partners have not been more thoroughly addressed by Czech economic, environmental and sustainability policies so far and present unresolved issues which will have to be dealt with in the future.     

半固态连续触变挤压成形技术

半固态连续触变挤压成形技术是一种新的加工技术 ,将半固态技术、铸造和挤压技术融为一体的连续触变挤压技术 ,是半固态技术在材料制备领域的一个发展 ,文中主要针对复合材料、易偏析材料和脆性材料的制备