洞庭湖平原区耕地环境质量初步评价

对洞庭湖平原区城郊耕地土壤中重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu以及类金属As进行分析和测定,并对土壤重金属污染进行了环境质量评价。结果表明:城郊耕地土壤中重金属含量分别为Hg0.26mg/kg、Pb106.24mg/kg、Cr88.89mg/kg、Cd0.23mg/kg、Cu50.55mg/kg、As11.15mg/kg。与土壤背景值相比,除As外,5种重金属在土壤中均有不同程度的富集。耕地重金属污染物超标以铅、铜为主,镉、汞次之,其它元素均未超标。土壤综合污染指数为1.02,属轻度污染。     

细河流域土壤中重金属的污染现状及潜在生态风险

分别以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中的二级标准和沈阳市土壤环境背景值作为参比值, 调查沈阳市细河流域表层(0~20 cm)土壤中的重金属含量与富集情况,对细河流域重金属富集系数和超标率进行探讨,并结合Müller地累积指数法和Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法对污染情况进行生态风险评价.结果表明,细河流域土壤w(Hg), w(Cd), w(Pb)和w(Zn)差异显著,4种重金属含量显著正相关.流域内土壤中w(Cd)严重超出土壤环境标准值,超标样品数量占67.88%;其次为Zn和Hg,超标样品数量分别占4.87%和3.41%, Pb未超标. 4种重金属含量均高于土壤背景值,表现出明显的累积效应,重金属的富集顺序为Cd>Hg>Pb>Zn;细河流域土壤中Hg, Cd, Pb和Zn具有不同程度的潜在生态风险; Pb除在细河上游流域局部污染区土壤中具有高风险外,其余均为一般风险; Zn在全流域污染区均属于一般风险; Hg和Cd在全流域污染区均为极高风险.      

湖北三峡库区及影响区水质现状和污染源调查与评价

通过对长江三峡库区、影响区水质同步监测及污染源的调查，本文对库区内长江干流、支流水质现状和主要污染物进行了评价和分析，得出长江干、支流水质中除总磷和粪大肠菌群超标外，部分支流的有机物也严重超标，说明长江干、支流水质均受到不同程度污染。针对库区长江干流超标项目和污染源调查情况认为，对库区内污染源进行有效控制是防治三峡库区水质污染的重要方面。     

我国冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染现状与风险评价

有色金属冶炼是土壤严重污染的主要原因之一,对土壤生态及人体健康产生了潜在的不利影响。为研究我国各冶炼场地土壤重金属污染现状,通过查阅国内外相关文献（2001—2021）,收集国内各个地区冶炼场地的最新污染数据,运用内梅罗综合污染指数,地质累积指数法及人体健康风险评价,对我国冶炼厂土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni）的污染现状进行了综合评价。结果表明：除Cr外,冶炼厂周边土壤中其余重金属的总平均浓度均超过相应的风险筛选值,其中Cd和Pb的超标倍数为109.29、20.43,严重超标且污染严重地区主要分布在福建、广西、贵州、湖南等省区。健康风险评价结果表明：Pb与As均对儿童具有较高的致癌和非致癌风险,且南方大部分地区和辽宁省的健康风险高于北部和西北部,应当引起重视。     

神木北部矿区重金属污染与生态风险评价

通过测试神木北部矿区及其毗邻地区2种主要土壤类型区(风沙区和黄土区)的8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)元素含量,了解研究区土壤重金属累积污染状况,同时采用生态风险指数法,对土壤重金属单因子和综合潜在生态风险危害进行评价。结果表明:煤矿开采区Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn元素较未开发的毗邻地区分别增加了850%、33%、64%、51%、79%,Pb、Ni差异不明显,而Cd降低了65%;除Pb、Cd外其他几种重金属累积污染超标倍数表现为风沙区大于黄土区;Hg元素的单因子潜在生态风险系数为重度生态风险等级,其他7种重金属均为低生态风险等级;风沙区综合潜在生态风险指数等级为严重污染,黄土区表现为重度污染。     

黄石市基本农田土壤重金属污染调查研究

通过对黄石市基本农田土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的污染调查监测,结合土壤环境质量标准和国家绿色食品发展中心提供的土壤分级标准进行评价。结果表明：整体上黄石市的基本农田土壤受到了轻度污染,其中Pb、Zn元素不存在超标现象,为清洁水平;Cd超标率为8％,Hg超标率为13％,均为轻度污染水平;Cu超标率为40％,综合污染指数为2．07,达到了中度污染水平。Cu、Cd的变异系数在大冶市变异较大,Cu、Hg的变异系数在阳新县较大,说明这三种元素在不同样点间存在较大差异。分析超标的样点分布规律,发现超标的样点主要分布在工矿企业周围的农田。     

珠江口海域表层沉积物中重金属含量分布特征及其环境质量评价

分析了珠江口海域采集的12个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg)的含量分布特征,并对其环境质量进行了评价.采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg含量.结果表明,表层沉积物中Cu、Zn含量较高,Cd、Hg含量较低;除Hg和Cd之外,其它各金属元素之间均呈现较明显的正相关关系,特别是Cu和Pb、Zn和Pb、Hg和Pb的相关系数在0.8以上,属于高度正相关;以第一类海洋沉积物质量标准评价时只有Pb不超标,以第二类标准评价时,只有Cu超标,可见,珠江口海域受Cu污染较为严重.     

汕头市典型区域土壤重金属污染特征及评价

对汕头市电子垃圾环境污染典型区域土壤中的铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、镍、砷和汞的分布特征进行了调查和分析,根据重金属含量对土壤环境质量及其污染风险状况进行评价.结果表明,以单因子污染指数评价,在118个表层土壤样品中,有42个样品的重金属含量超标,超标率为35.6％.超标金属依次为：Ni超标26.3％, Cu超标18.6％,Hg超标7.6％,As超标0.85％,其余重金属未超标.5个土壤剖面点共20个分层样品中,有7个样品的重金属含量超标,超标率为35.0％.超标金属依次为：Ni超标20.0％,Hg超标15.0％,Cu超标10.0％.所测土壤重金属污染综合指数在0.32～6.08之间,平均1.26.受污染土壤占39.1％,其中重度污染为7.2％,中度污染为10.9％,轻度污染为21.0％.在汕头市各区域中,以潮阳区土壤重金属污染综合指数平均值最高（1.98）,其余依次为金平区、澄海区、潮南区、龙湖区、濠江区和南澳县.环境污染、工农业活动以及污灌水是造成汕头土壤重金属污染的主要原因.汕头市土壤中,Cu、Pb、Hg的含量均显著高于广东省、国家和世界的土壤背景值.采取控制源头,以综合治理方法促进土壤改良是恢复和改进汕头土壤质量的有效措施.     

准东煤田露天矿区土壤重金属污染现状评价及来源分析

为研究准东煤田露天矿区土壤重金属污染现状,分析了研究区Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg和As这6种土壤重金属含量水平,采用内梅罗指数法、地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对准东矿区土壤重金属进行评价,并利用分层比较、降尘法以及距离分析,结合统计分析法对金属污染来源进行分析.结果表明,与环境质量Ⅰ级标准相比,As超标最严重,Cr次之,Hg、Cu超标率较小,Zn、Pb未检出超限;以环境质量Ⅰ级标准为评价依据,研究区土壤重金属总体处于轻度污染水平,单项污染指数依次为As(2.07)Cr(0.95)Cu(0.55)Zn(0.48)Hg(0.45)Pb(0.38),除As为重度污染外,其他均为清洁水平;Hg的地质累积指数为1.14,为中度污染;研究区生态风险等级为中,主要贡献因子是Hg,生态危害系数为251.40;重金属来源分析表明:Pb在剖面中的变异性主要来自于煤炭燃烧或其他人为活动,Hg和As元素可能共同来源于煤炭燃烧的释放,距离矿区的远近不是影响重金属差异的主要因素,还可能与地形、坡向、风向等其他因素有关.     

中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属时空变化与污染源分析

土壤重金属污染威胁着农田生态系统安全和人类健康.基于2000年以来中国五大粮食主产区3 006个耕地样点的土壤重金属实测数据和20世纪80年代的土壤重金属历史数据,采用单因子指数法评估了粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属的污染现状和变化趋势,并基于地累积指数,结合区位环境污染探讨了其污染来源.结果表明,中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标率为21.49%,整体以轻度污染为主,其中轻度、中度和重度污染比重分别13.97%、2.50%和5.02%.四川盆地、长江中游及江淮地区、黄淮海平原、松嫩平原和三江平原的耕地点位超标率分别为43.55%、30.64%、12.22%、9.35%和1.67%,南方耕地污染重于北方.主要污染物为Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg,超标率分别为17.39%、8.41%、4.04%、2.84%、2.56%.自20世纪80年代以来,耕地土壤重金属含量呈增加趋势,整体上点位超标率增加了14.91%,其中Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Hg的污染比重分别增加了16.07%、4.56%、3.68%、2.24%和1.96%.除三江平原外,其他4个粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标比重增加趋势显著,且南方地区的Cd、Ni和Cu重金属超标比重变化量高于北方,而Hg和Cr增速低于北方.Cd、Hg以人为污染源为主,其他6种重金属以自然污染源为主,但Pb、Zn和Cu约有20.00%的点位受人为活动的影响.矿业、工业、污灌水是主要的污染源,除污灌水来源北方重于南方外,其余污染来源均是南方污染重于北方,污染物种类也多于北方.     

新型高分子絮凝剂对水中有机配位汞的捕集性能

将二硫代羧基引入到聚乙烯亚胺中,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX).以含汞水样为处理对象,考察了水样pH值对PEX去除Hg2+效果的影响,并研究了水样中存在有机配位剂EDTA、柠檬酸铵以及氨基乙酸等时,PEX捕集Hg2+的性能.实验结果表明,在不同pH值下,该絮凝剂对Hg2+均具有很好的捕集效果,Hg2+的最高去除率均可达到100%.pH值对PEX投加量有一定的影响,同样去除率下, pH值较低时,PEX投加量相对较多.水样中EDTA的存在,在一定程度上会抑制Hg2+的去除,但增加PEX投加量会减弱或消除此影响.柠檬酸铵的存在会促进Hg2+的去除;而氨基乙酸的存在,在较低pH值下会促进Hg2+的去除,pH值升高时其对Hg2+的去除表现为抑制作用.絮体浸出实验表明汞的浸出率较低,PEX—Hg絮体具有很好的稳定性,不易引起二次污染.     

黄浦江水源地水和沉积物中汞的分布

分析黄浦江水源地干流及上游支流水和沉积物中汞含量的分布特征得知,干流沉积物比较清洁,而水中汞含量普遍超标,尤其是松浦大桥取水口水质存在安全隐患,其水样汞含量超过国家Ⅱ类地表水标准(0.05 μg/L)1.40倍. 支流水环境质量恶劣,沉积物中汞含量普遍严重超标,最高值可达到环境背景值(101.20 μg/kg)的4.12倍;支流水体高强度的汞输入是导致干流水质汞超标的直接原因. 采用主成分分析和相关分析,探讨沉积物粒度和有机碳含量以及水体pH对水和沉积物中汞含量变化的影响,指出汞在水-沉积物界面的分配受生物地球化学过程和水动力作用的影响和控制. 结合实地考察,判定农村地区生活垃圾不当处置、燃煤以及化肥和农药的施用是水源地汞的主要来源.      

Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge

A process capable of oxidizing NO, SO2 and Hg0 was proposed simultaneously, which utilized a high-voltage and short-duration positive pulsed corona discharge. By focusing on NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies, the influences of pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, initial concentration, electrode number, residence time and water vapor addition were investigated. The results indicate that NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies depend primarily on the radicals (OH, HO2, O) and the active species (O3, H2O2), etc. produced by the pulsed corona discharge. The NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies improved as increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, electrode number and residence time, while they are reduced with an increasing initial concentration. By adding water vapor, SO2 oxidation efficiency is improved remarkably, while NO oxidation efficiency is decreased slightly. In our experiments, the simultaneous NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies reached to 40%, 98% and 55% with the initial concentrations 479 mg/m3, 1040 mg/m3, and 15.0 ug/m3, respectively.     

九龙江河口咸淡水混合过程中汞的额外增加与消除

河口是海陆界面能量和物质交换的重要场所,研究汞在河口的迁移特征及影响因素,对认识汞的生物地球化学行为具有重要意义. 本研究测定了九龙江河口区沉积物孔隙水的总汞(total mercury, THg)浓度与汞同位素特征,结合笔者所在课题组已发表的相关研究数据,比较不同季节、不同潮位、降水与否的表层水THg浓度、汞同位素组成与盐度之间的关系,探究影响表层水中汞额外增加/消除的因素及机制. 结果表明:①孔隙水THg浓度〔(38.28±28.80) ng/L,n=28〕显著高于表层水〔(8.53±6.85) ng/L,n=35〕(P<0.01);孔隙水THg浓度受季节或径流量变化的影响不明显. 孔隙水δ202Hg平均值(?1.24‰±0.36‰,n=28)处于表层水(?0.32‰±0.38‰,n=29)和沉积物(?1.99‰±0.69‰,n=18)之间;Δ199Hg平均值(?0.13‰±0.03‰,n=28)低于表层水(?0.04‰±0.10‰,n=29)和沉积物(?0.04‰±0.16‰,n=18),表明汞在孔隙水与沉积物间的双向传递与吸附及非光致氧化过程有关. ②枯水期河口区表层水中的汞以额外消除为主,呈现汞“汇”特征;丰水期则呈现汞“源”特征. 当咸淡水在河道较浅处交汇时,表层水中汞的额外增加更大. 无论是增加或消除,表层水中汞的δ202Hg与Δ199Hg值均升高. 汞在咸淡水交汇界面的迁移受径流量、潮位、河道特征及降水事件等多因素影响. ③枯水期中降水事件发生时表层水THg浓度和汞同位素组成随盐度的变化特征与非降水期不同,表明降水可影响表层水中汞的行为. 研究显示,汞在咸淡水交汇界面的迁移受径流量、潮位、河道特征及降水事件等多因素影响,河口是汞“源”也是汞“汇”.      

Distribution of mercury in di erent environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runo , and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined e ect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

Distribution of mercury in different environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

Distribution and transportation of mercury from glacier to lake in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, China

The Tibetan Plateau is home to the largest aggregate of glaciers outside the Polar Regions and is a source of fresh water to 1.4 billion people. Yet little is known about the transportation and cycling of Hg in high-elevation glacier basins on Tibetan Plateau. In this study, surface snow,glacier melting stream water and lake water samples were collected from the Qiangyong Glacier Basin. The spatiotemporal distribution and transportation of Hg from glacier to lake were investigated. Significant diurnal variations of dissolved Hg(DHg) concentrations were observed in the river water, with low concentrations in the morning(8:00 am–14:00 pm) and high concentrations in the afternoon(16:00 pm–20:00 pm). The DHg concentrations were exponentially correlated with runoff, which indicated that runoff was the dominant factor affecting DHg concentrations in the river water. Moreover, significant decreases of Hg were observed during transportation from glacier to lake. DHg adsorption onto particulates followed by the sedimentation of particulate-bound Hg(PHg) could be possible as an important Hg removal mechanism during the transportation process. Significant decreases in Hg concentrations were observed downstream of Xiao Qiangyong Lake, which indicated that the high-elevation lake system could significantly affect the distribution and transportation of Hg in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin.     

A simulation study of mercury release fluxes from soils in wet-dry rotation environment

A simulative mesocosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wet-dry rotation on mercury（Hg） flux from soil/water to air and the distribution of Hg species in water as well as Hg chemical fractions in soil. Three types of soil were employed including two kinds of paddy soil, Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols（TPUC） and Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols（XUF）, as well as the Alluvial Soil（AS） from Three Gorge reservoir area in Chongqing, China. The results showed that Hg fluxes in wetting periods were significantly higher than that in drying periods. It might be due to the formation of a layer of stable air over the water surface in which some redox reactions promote evasion processes over the water surface. This result indicated that more Hg would be evaporated from the Three Gorge reservoir and paddy soil field during the flooding season. Hg fluxes were positively correlated with air temperature and solar irradiation, while negatively correlated with air humidity and the electronic conductivity of water. Hg fluxes from AS and TPUC were significantly higher than that from XUF, which might be due to the higher organic matter（OM） contents in XUF than TPUC and AS. The reduction processes of oxidized Hg were restrained due to the strong binding of Hg to OM, resulting in the decrease in Hg flux from the soil.     

Transport and fate of mercury under different hydrologic regimes in polluted stream in mining area

Seepage from Hg mine wastes and calcines contains high concentrations of mercury (Hg). Hg pollution is a major environmental problem in areas with abandoned mercury mines and retorting units. This study evaluates factors, especially the hydrological and sedimentary variables, governing temporal and spatial variation in levels and state of mercury in streams impacted by Hg contaminated runo . Samples were taken during di erent flow regimes in theWanshan Hg mining area in Guizhou Province, China. In its headwaters the sampled streams/rivers pass by several mine wastes and calcines with high concentration of Hg. Seepage causes serious Hg contamination to the downstream area. Concentrations of Hg in water samples showed significant seasonal variations. Periods of higher flow showed high concentrations of total Hg (THg) in water due to more particles being re-suspended and transported. The concentrations of major anions (e.g., Cl??, F??, NO3?? and SO4 2??) were lower during higher flow due to dilution. Due to both sedimentation of particles and dilution from tributaries the concentration of THg decreased from 2100 ng/L to background levels (< 50 ng/L) within 10 km distance downstream. Sedimentation is the main reason for the fast decrease of the concentration, it accounts for 69% and 60% for higher flow and lower flow regimes respectively in the upper part of the stream. Speciation calculation of the dissolved Hg fraction (DHg) (using Visual MINTEQ) showed that Hg(OH)2 associated with dissolved organic matter is the main form of Hg in dissolved phase in surface waters in Wanshan (over 95%).     

胶州湾水体重金属HgⅠ.分布和迁移

根据1979年5月,8月,11月胶州湾水域调查资料,并且与近几十年来的调查资料进行对比分析,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的平面分布、垂直分布、季节分布以及发展趋势.结果表明:胶州湾东北部海域春季污染较为严重,西南部的污染程度相对较轻;春季和夏季的表层含量大于底层含量,秋季时底层含量高于表层含量;而且春季Hg污染较为严重,秋季水质状况最好.从历史资料来看,1979年到1982年,Hg污染在加剧;1982年到1997年,从污染严重到缓和,在1997年就达到了一类水质的要求;1997年到1999年,水质更加清洁.