Comparative diet selection by cattle and sheep grazing two contrasting heathland communities

In the UK the funding mechanism for moorland restoration is being implemented primarily through agri-environment schemes, yet to date remarkably few comparative grazing studies with domesticated livestock have been conducted on this type of vegetation community. In this experiment the diet composition of four groups of animals grazing heathland swards with low (8%) and high (61%) percentages of cover of Calluna vulgaris was estimated from faeces profiles of n-alkanes and long-chain fatty alcohols. Two breeds of sheep (Welsh Mountain (WM) and Scottish Blackface (SBF)), and two breeds of cattle (Welsh Black (WB) and Continental cross (CX)) grazed the experimental sites during two separate 14-day sampling sessions, in July and September respectively. Both species were selective feeders, consuming grasses (selectivity indices 0.20–1.0) in preference to dwarf shrubs (selectivity indices 0.20–1.0), but there were significant differences in the proportions of various plant groups within the diets. Although the sheep diets contained significantly more C. vulgaris, the quantities consumed were small (<10% of the diet), even on the High site, reflecting the biomass of the graminoid species present, and hence availability of preferred items. The SBF sheep were the only animal type to increase consumption of C. vulgaris later in the season. There were a number of significant differences in the composition of the diets selected by the two hill breeds of sheep used in the study, with the SBF sheep recorded as consuming more C. vulgaris. These results imply that through choice of breed land managers may be able to meet environmental goals more effectively without compromising returns from conventional production systems. In contrast, the overall diet composition of the two breed types of cattle was similar. This indicates that commercial breeds have the potential to deliver the types of environmental benefits associated with grazing of traditional breeds.     

广州秋季灰霾污染过程大气颗粒物有机酸的污染特征

收集广州秋季一个灰霾过程大气颗粒物昼夜样品,进行了26种脂肪酸和8种二元羧酸的定量分析(GC/MS).结果表明,大气脂肪酸和二元羧酸的污染水平较高.灰霾与非灰霾期间脂肪酸和二元羧酸浓度之比分别为1.9和2.5.污染上升过程脂肪酸和二元羧酸晚上浓度(653 ng.m-3)高于白天浓度(487 ng.m-3),而在污染降低过程,白天脂肪酸和二元羧酸浓度(412 ng.m-3)要高于晚上浓度(336 ng.m-3).采样期间二元羧酸和脂肪酸日均值浓度总体上与颗粒物和碳质组分的变化趋势一致.脂肪酸和二元羧酸与有机碳比值大体上与颗粒物污染成反比,比值随着大气颗粒物的增加而降低,27号晚上之后,随着颗粒物的降低而开始增加,说明有机酸主要以直接排放为主,而灰霾对有机酸的富集有明显抑制作用.基于特征比值法(C3/C4)及相关性分析,表明秋季灰霾污染过程脂肪酸和二元羧酸都是以一次排放为主.     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸来源、迁移及转化

为阐述青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的来源、迁移及转化研究,2013年7月31日、10月25日分别在青木关地下河入口、天窗和出口处进行采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,7月和10月样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的平均含量分别为1 354、667 ng·L-1和24 203、2 526ng·L-1.溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的含量随地下河运移距离的增加均呈降低的趋势;基于正构烷烃分子特征参数CPI、OEP、Paq和R(ΣC≤20含量与总量的百分比)发现7月青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物和藻类.10月主要来源于地表水生植物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加,藻类和细菌等微生物的贡献逐渐增大;溶解态脂肪酸C16:0比例最高,结合碳峰分布特征显示7月和10月水样中,藻类和细菌等微生物为地下河中溶解态脂肪酸的主要来源.     

污水管网中无机氮类营养盐迁变规律

以一套长1 200 m的城市污水模拟管网为对象,采用人工配水方式,研究了管网中含氮化合物的变化情况,分析评价了沿程氮类营养盐的迁变转化特性.结果表明,以氯化铵为氮源基质,管网微生物将其同化合成生命所需的物质以进行细胞增殖.游离氨基酸、结合氨基酸、核酸是代谢产生的主要含氮有机化合物,其中氨基酸占溶解性有机氮(DON)的绝大多数.同时利用三维荧光光谱、尺寸排阻色谱技术对水中有机物的荧光特性及相对分子质量分布的表征结果显示,污水中有机物的特征荧光峰有所增多,主要以类蛋白、类微生物代谢产物为主,且荧光强度随管网沿程逐渐增强;水中的小分子营养盐在微生物的同化作用下转化为复杂的大分子有机物.     

二氧化硫对作物游离氨基酸浓度的作用

观察了四种作物接触二氧化硫后游离氨基酸,特别是十种昆虫必需氨基酸含量的变化.二氧化硫引起油菜、大豆和小麦叶片中昆虫必需氨基酸浓度明显增加,非必需氨基酸中,增加或减少趋势不一.玉米没有这种反应.二氧化硫熏气的大豆上叶螨生长繁殖快于对照.讨论了植物中氨基酸浓度的增加和大气污染诱发虫害加剧的关系.     

厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸源谱特征分析

对厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸的可能来源,如烹调油烟、生物质燃烧颗粒、汽车尾气和土壤/路面扬尘等4种不同排放源,采用再悬浮混合箱得到PM10样品.采用BF3/正丁醇衍生-GC/MS分析方法,测定了包括二元羧酸、脂肪酸和芳香酸共15种有机酸.结果表明,烹调油烟中有机酸的含量远高于其它颗粒物,最高可达53%,其中亚油酸和油酸的含量最高,为24%±14%;而汽车尾气颗粒物中乙二酸的含量最高,其次为邻苯二甲酸Ph;汽油燃烧颗粒物中己二酸与壬二酸的比值显著高于其它样品,可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的人为和生物来源的定性判断.除发电机排放样品外,其它样品中丙二酸与丁二酸的比值(0.07～0.44)远低于环境样品中该比值范围(0.61～3.93),表明丙二酸与丁二酸的比值可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的一次/二次来源的定性判断.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Benefits and risks associated with consumption of Great Lakes fish containing omega-3 fatty acids and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

正Introduction Assessment of environmental health effects arising from exposure to multiple substances is often very challenging.This is particularly true when humans are exposed to a mixture that contains both beneficial and harmful substances.A good example relates to the risk and benefits of fish consumption.     

Global warming contributions from wheat,sheep meat and wool production in Victoria,Australia – a life cycle assessment

This paper compares the life cycle global warming potential of three of Australia’s important agricultural production activities – the production of wheat, meat and wool in grazed subterranean clover (sub-clover) dominant pasture and mixed pasture (perennial ryegrass/phalaris/sub-clover/grass and cape weed) systems. Two major stages are presented in this life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis: pre-farm, and on-farm. The pre-farm stage includes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural machinery, fertilizer, and pesticide production and the emissions from the transportation of these inputs to paddock. The on-farm stage includes GHG emissions due to diesel use in on-farm transport and processing (e.g. seeding, spraying, harvesting, topdressing, sheep shearing), and non-CO₂ (nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄)) emissions from pastures and crop grazing of lambs.The functional unit of this life cycle analysis is the GHG emissions (carbon dioxide equivalents – CO₂ -e) from 1 kg of wheat, sheep meat and wool produced from sub-clover, wheat and mixed pasture plots. The GHG emissions (e.g. CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ emission) from the production, transportation and use of inputs (e.g. fertilizer, pesticide, farm machinery operation) during pre-farm and on-farm stages are also included. The life cycle GHG emissions of 1 kg of wool is significantly higher than that of wheat and sheep meat. The LCA analysis identified that the on-farm stage contributed the most significant portion of total GHG emissions from the production of wheat, sheep meat and wool. This LCA analysis also identified that CH₄ emissions from enteric methane production and from the decomposition of manure accounted for a significant portion of the total emissions from sub-clover and mixed pasture production, whilst N₂O emissions from the soil have been found to be the major source of GHG emissions from wheat production.     

森林地区PM2.5中氨基酸的水平、来源及转化

在春季采集了南昌森林地区(28.75°N,115.71°E)大气PM_2.5样品,测定了其结合氨基酸(CAAs)和游离氨基酸(FAAs)的浓度以及甘氨酸(Gly)的氮同位素.结果表明,大气气溶胶中总CAAs的浓度为272.8~4761.5pmol/m³,总FAAs浓度为56.4~494.0pmol/m³.通过分析PM_2.5中氨基酸的百分比组成,得出CAAs中Pro、Gly、Glu、Leu和Ala为主要氨基酸,分别占总CAAs的(19.5±12.0)%, (19.4±10.6)%, (15.3±4.9)%, (12.8±5.4)%和(9.1±1.6)%.在FAAs中,Gly为最丰富的氨基酸,占总FAAs的(71.1±9.2)%,其他单个FAAs的百分比却很小(占比范围为0.1%~14.3%).FAAs中的中性氨基酸百分占比明显高于其在CAAs中的百分占比,这可能与远距离传输过程中氨基酸的光化学反应有关.通过氨基酸浓度与O₃、NO₂和温度的相关性分析,发现森林地区气溶胶中FAAs形成与大气光化学过程和热反应有关.气溶胶中δ¹⁵N_C-Gly值(-1.0‰~+17.5‰)和δ¹⁵N_F-Gly值(-5.5‰~+13.0‰)均接近于土壤源的δ¹⁵N_Gly值,说明森林地区PM_2.5中氨基酸可能主要来源于土壤源.     

利用废弃蛋白质制备氨基酸螯合微肥的研究进展

复合氨基酸螯合微肥是一种高效、无公害环境友好的绿色肥料，开发前景广阔，综述了废弃蛋白质水解制备复合氨基酸螯合微肥的研究现状，展望了氨基酸螯合微肥研究领域的发展。     

重庆主城区PM2.5中羧酸的季节变化和来源分析

本文针对重庆主城区4个采样点PM2.5中羧酸开展研究,通过GC-MS分析,定量分析了16种饱和脂肪酸、21种不饱和脂肪酸和8种二元羧酸等多种物质的浓度水平,进而对羧酸的季节变化及来源进行了探讨.羧酸日均总浓度为130.42~1953.79 ng·m~(-3),一元脂肪酸和二元羧酸在各采样点浓度差异显著.一元脂肪酸呈明显的季节变化,夏季最高(961.97 ng·m~(-3)),冬季最低(49.24 ng·m~(-3)).饱和脂肪酸中偶数碳优势明显,以C_(16)(棕榈酸)和C_(18)(硬脂酸)最为丰富.二元羧酸也呈明显的季节变化,在冬季最高(432.04 ng·m~(-3)),春季最低(64.57 ng·m~(-3)).二元羧酸以丙二酸、丁二酸和戊二酸为主.细菌活动和烹饪油烟对一元脂肪酸具有较大的贡献,光化学氧化作用则对二元羧酸贡献较大.     

岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃、脂肪酸分布特征及来源分析

为探究重庆青木关岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)和脂肪酸的含量组成、分布特征、来源及污染水平,2013年雨季和旱季分别于地下河中进行水样采集,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对水样中PAHs和脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量范围分别为77.3~702 ng·L~(-1)和3 302~45 254 ng·L~(-1).组成上,PAHs以2~3环为主,其比例高于90%,脂肪酸碳数范围为C10~C28,以饱和直链脂肪酸为主,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸.分布特征上,雨季:地下河水中各采样点PAHs的含量差异较小,脂肪酸的含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现依次降低的趋势,其中出露处和出口脂肪酸的含量较为接近;旱季:地下河水中PAHs含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现先降后升的趋势,脂肪酸含量在各采样点较为接近.总体上,地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量都表现为雨季显著高于旱季.来源分析表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs主要来源于该河流域煤和木材、农作物秸秆等生物质的燃烧;脂肪酸主要来自该河流域内硅藻、绿藻等水生藻类和细菌,其中以水生藻类的贡献占主导.地下河水受到PAHs中轻度污染,相对于旱季,雨季污染更严重.     

典型南方水源氨基酸浓度变化与去除

氨基酸是天然水体中含氮有机物的重要组成部分,为明晰氨基酸在水库原水中的浓度变化及去除情况,于2015年5~10月利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对我国南方某市3个主要水库原水中20种常见氨基酸浓度进行连续监测,分析该市水库原水中氨基酸的空间分布与变化趋势,同时研究了不同处理工艺对氨基酸的去除情况.结果表明,不同水库原水中氨基酸组成有所差异,但主要氨基酸为天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、亮氨酸.水库C原水中各氨基酸含量没有明显季节性变化趋势,但夏季含量相对较低,秋季相对较高.此外,常规工艺与BAC-UF工艺对氨基酸的主要去除单元为混凝沉淀单元,O_3-BAC工艺对氨基酸的主要去除单元为主臭氧.常规工艺、BAC-UF工艺、O_3-BAC工艺对氨基酸总量的总去除率分别为94.42%、66.04%、49.75%.     

糖矿浆尿素复合秸杆处理剂的应用研究

用处理造纸废液的资源化产品──精矿浆与尿素混合处理秸杆,可提高秸杆作为家畜饲料的利用率。本实验用绵羊瘤胃内４８ｈ干物质消失率（ＤＭｄｐ）作为对家畜可利用程度的指标。用河北涿州市造纸厂的糖矿浆处理的稻草干物质消失率提高了４０％,中性洗涤纤维含量降低了２２．６％。稻草和玉米杆经糖矿浆尿素混合处理后饲喂绵羊日增重较氨化秸杆分别提高了２２．８％和９．２５％。     

土壤有效态微量元素含量与不同地貌单元关系的研究─—以河南省新乡地区卫辉市和辉县市为例

选择上自太行山下至黄河故道的一个具有不同地貌类型的典型区域,研究了土壤中６种对植物生长发育必需的微量元素有效态含量与地貌变化的关系。水溶态硼随地形下降而含量增加;易还原态锰含量与地形高低呈一致变化;钼含量以山地及低地最低;锌含量多偏低;铜在不同地貌土壤中的含量均在中等以上。     

餐饮排放有机颗粒物的质量浓度、化学组成及排放因子特征

餐饮废气是大气有机颗粒物的重要排放源.本研究基于模拟实验,研究了烹饪方式、食材以及油品等因素对餐饮废气排放有机颗粒物浓度、组成以及排放因子的影响.结果表明,餐饮排放有机颗粒物的特征受烹饪方式、烹饪食材与烹饪油品等因素影响较大.在所有模拟实验条件下,餐饮废气中可定量的有机颗粒物中,正构烷烃、甾醇和脂肪酸(包括饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸)所占的平均质量分数分别为68. 9%、20. 3%和4. 2%,其余的有机物还包括二元羧酸、多环芳烃、单糖以及藿烷类化合物等.有机颗粒物的平均食材排放因子为0. 013 1 g·kg~(-1),变化范围为0. 001 4～0. 027 1 g·kg~(-1).肉类烹饪过程的食材排放因子远大于蔬菜烹饪过程.基于油品的平均排放因子为1. 823 0 g·kg~(-1),变化范围为0. 001 9～10. 173 0 g·kg~(-1).铁架烧烤烹饪方式的油品排放因子大于其他烹饪方式.     

磁性LDH/PU材料提取SCFAs作为碳源的性能

以蛋壳为原料采用超声辅助法将超顺磁性铁氧体材料与制备的水滑石（LDH）进行复合改性合成磁性LDH,采用一步发泡法将磁性LDH与聚氨酯（PU）进行复合制备得磁性LDH/PU复合材料,研究以其作为支架从污泥发酵液中吸附提取短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）,并将其作为外部碳源用于生物脱氮过程.XRD、SEM和TEM分析显示,所制备的磁性LDH具备典型水滑石层片状结构,所制备的磁性LDH/PU复合材料不仅具备PU泡沫疏松多孔比表面积大的特点,同时将LDH吸附材料均匀分散在整个体系中.结果表明：磁性LDH/PU复合材料对污泥发酵液中SCFAs的提取效率最大达到79.3%,经提取后的磁性LDH/PU-SCFAs作为碳源较葡萄糖作为碳源在反硝化作用中碳源利用率提升了6.7%,并且该碳源具备明显缓释效果,表明磁性LDH/PU-SCFAs可以作为生物脱氮过程中的一种新型高效外加缓释碳源.     

城市生活有机垃圾各组分的厌氧消化产甲烷能力

通过生化产甲烷能力(BMP)测定实验确定了葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜、纸张、动物油、植物油和瘦肉等7种城市生活有机垃圾(BOFMSW)组分的生化产甲烷能力,并研究了抑制动物油、植物油和瘦肉厌氧消化过程的影响因素.实验结果表明,葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜和纸张在发酵过程中没有消化抑制发生,4种原料的生化产甲烷能力分别为241、210、147和244mL·g-1,相应地占理论产甲烷能力的64.5%、56.3%、32.6%和67.9%.瘦肉的厌氧消化过程停止产气后,消化液的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度为15800mg·L-1,其中丙酸浓度为2509mg·L-1;消化液中氨氮浓度为13892mg.L-1;较高的VFAs和氨氮浓度共同作用形成消化过程的"抑制型稳态",抑制了产甲烷菌的产甲烷代谢,导致酸化率较高而生物气转化率却很低.猪油和花生油等脂类原料的厌氧消化,由于水解和酸化细菌受到长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)的抑制而影响了原料的降解和酸化,酸化率仅分别为11.5%和10.O%.     

AMS方法在大气气溶胶来源研究中的应用

在我国自己建立的加速器质谱计（ＡＭＳ）技术的基础上,利用＾１４Ｃ的特征的生物来源示踪性能,将ＡＭＳ技术运用于我国大气气溶胶来源的研究,我们建立了大气气溶胶采样－－石墨碳制备－ＡＭＳ测定的全部样品处理过程,对北京市中关村地区、东单地区在采暖期和非采暖期的气溶胶样品和湖南南岳、山东青岛的气溶胶及这些地区的地表土进行了ＡＭＳ测定,将多元统计方法与ＡＭＳ方法相结合,从中分析这些样品中微量元素组分和含碳 分