防止炸药装药和皮带输送药卷时发生传爆和殉爆的防范措施探讨

文章通过对三种工业炸药（乳化炸药、膨化硝铵炸药、改性铵油炸药）的径向殉爆距离的测试,提出了一种防止装药与包装工序皮带输送药卷发生传爆和殉爆的安全装置,并对影响殉爆距离的一些因素进行了讨论,对提高工业炸药装药与包装工序皮带输送药卷的本质安全条件,具有重要的现实意义。     

炸药的殉爆与殉爆安全距离

什么是炸药的殉爆 炸药A爆炸后,能够引起与其相距一定距离的炸药B爆炸,这种现象叫做炸药的殉爆(如图1所示)。先发生爆炸的炸药A称为主爆药,引起殉爆的炸药B称为从爆药。能引起从爆药百分之百殉爆的两炸药之间的最大距离L叫做殉爆距离;而百分之百不能引起从爆药殉爆的两炸药之间的最小距离R叫做最小不殉爆距离,或叫殉爆安全距离。殉爆安全距离大于殉爆距离。 主爆药爆炸后,其爆炸能量通过介质传递给从爆药。由于下列原因,可能引起从爆药殉爆: (1)主爆药的爆轰产物直接冲击从爆药。从爆药在炽热爆轰气团和冲击波的作用下达到起爆条件,于是…     

隔爆水幕对瓦斯爆炸传播规律影响的试验研究

为研究自制隔爆水幕抑制瓦斯爆炸的有效性,采用大直径瓦斯爆炸试验管道系统,在不同瓦斯浓度和不同水幕流量条件下进行瓦斯爆炸试验,利用数据采集系统测量瓦斯爆炸特性参数并对其变化规律和隔爆效果进行分析。结果表明:瓦斯浓度9.5%时经过隔爆水幕抑制作用,瓦斯爆炸压力峰值由64 kPa下降到39 kPa,衰减了39%;温度峰值由969 K下降到498 K,衰减了49%;速度最大值由136 m/s下降到73 m/s,衰减了15%。虽然隔爆水幕对不同浓度瓦斯产生的爆炸起到良好的抑制效果,但隔爆之后的传播规律依然受到瓦斯浓度影响。隔爆水幕对瓦斯爆炸的抑制效果取决于喷水流量的大小,随着流量的增加,水幕的隔爆效果增强,喷头最佳的工作流量为16.4 L/min。     

装药尺寸对传爆药传爆可靠性的影响

采用锰铜测压实验测定了强约束及弱约束条件下 ,不同装药直径的传爆药HMX/F2 64 1的爆压 ,实验混合炸药密度为 90 %的理论密度 ,研究的装药直径范围为 1.5～ 5 .0mm ,初步揭示出传爆序列小型化装药尺寸对传爆药传爆可靠性的影响。研究结果对传爆序列小型化装药尺寸的确定及其传爆可靠性的评价 ,具有重要的参考价值     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸阻隔爆技术现状及展望

煤矿主要采用隔爆水棚或岩粉棚来抑制瓦斯爆炸火焰传播,但此类技术仅针对一次性瓦斯爆炸,而缺乏对多次及连续瓦斯爆炸的有效阻隔爆手段。仅注重对燃烧波的淬熄作用,对造成很大破坏的冲击波的衰减效果不足。多孔介质的淬熄火焰和衰减冲击波的效能已得到国内外专家的重视,实验研究了多层丝网和多孔材料如泡沫铝和泡沫陶瓷的阻隔爆效果。泡沫陶瓷作为一种多孔介质,具有开孔率大、耐高温、抗冲击力强的优点。理论分析和实验研究表明,由于壁面的多次撞击效应,多孔介质可以有效地销毁瓦斯燃烧化学反应产生的自由基数量,抑制化学反应的放热,使化学反应不能自持进行,进而淬熄燃烧火焰传播;可以大幅衰减瓦斯爆炸的冲击波强度,起到同时淬熄燃烧火焰和衰减冲击波的作用。多孔介质有望成为煤矿井下一种新型的瓦斯爆炸阻隔爆材料和方法。     

防爆电气设备隔爆外壳最大试验安全间隙及其影响因素

在爆炸性气体环境中安装使用的电气设备应为防爆电气设备。本文扼要讲解了间隙隔爆的机制和最大试验安全间隙的概念。从实验和理论上阐述了影响隔爆外壳最大试验安全间隙的因素。提出了隔爆型电气设备设计、安装、使用应注意的方面。     

HNIW/HTPB传爆药的制备及性能研究

以HNIW为高能填料,以HTPB为粘结剂,采用真空浇注法制备了HNIW/HTPB传爆药。为研究HNIW基浇注型传爆药的爆炸特性,通过实验制备了HNIW/HTPB传爆药,并对其撞击感度、临界直径和爆速等性能进行了分析研究。结果表明,HNIW/HTPB传爆药对撞击作用较钝感,当HTPB的含量为12%时,其特性落高h50为51.68cm,临界直径小于0.6mm,它的实测爆速为8248m/s,接近其理论爆速8320m/s,且HNIW/HTPB传爆药各组分之间具有良好的相容性,因此该传爆药具有良好的安全性能和传爆性能,适合于微尺寸装药,从而具有广阔的应用前景。     

连通器内预混气体泄爆过程的数值模拟

连通器内预混爆炸性混合气体被点燃后，随着气体燃烧火焰的传播，而发展成爆轰，压力急剧上升，故研究连通器安装爆破片后，泄爆过程的数值模拟有其重要价值。采用有限元的方法，对连通器内预混气体的火焰传播和泄爆过程进行数值模拟。通过模拟获得了不同时刻燃爆的速度场、密度场、浓度场、温度场，为工程上防爆、抑爆、泄爆提供了理论基础和数据。     

雷管包装中防殉爆措施的分析

对包装件中雷管的防殉爆问题进行了分析.从包装材料和包装结构上进行考虑,提出了几个防殉爆措施,并进行了一定的分析.     

粉尘爆炸技术的最新发展

系统论述了爆炸防护技术的最新发展，为了选择最佳防护措施必须恰当鉴定和评估，包括材料的性质。借助一些经验公式，可估算温度对各种材料操作参数的影响。用情化法不仅可防止可爆混合物的形成还可防止其着火。对设备的“结构防爆”措施，近年来已制造出买用的容器。可以确信，工业爆炸防护领域必将拥有足够的技术以有效地战胜爆炸危险。     

无起爆药雷管内管装药密度对燃烧转爆轰的影响研究

起爆药雷管生产中产生大量有毒废水,且其运输、贮存存在安全隐患。为克服这些困难,笔者自行制备无起爆药雷管。采用圆筒式金属内管中装填超细PETN(季戊四醇四硝酸酯),作为起爆元件,代替起爆药部分,研究装药密度对内管燃烧转爆轰(DDT)的影响。研究结果表明,在内管壁厚1～2 mm,内径Φ4.0 mm,长25 mm,装压密度为0.8～1.14 g/cm3的范围内,内管能可靠实现燃烧转爆轰。     

模具中雷管爆炸的冲击波防护距离研究

为了研究模具中雷管爆炸产生的冲击波超压对雷管生产线传输皮带周围操作人员的伤害范围,测量了模具中单发到50发雷管同时爆炸后不同距离的空气冲击波超压峰值,并拟合了超压衰减曲线;根据空气冲击波超压与人员伤害程度的最小压力关系,得到了避免传输皮带周围操作人员出现"轻微"、"中等"、"严重"、"极严重"伤害时的安全防护距离。利用空气冲击波峰值超压公式定量分析了模具对其中雷管爆炸产生冲击波的吸收,表明模具具有良好的冲击波吸收作用。     

基于试验的工业雷管传输皮带殉爆距离的安全评价

由于目前对于殉爆问题没有从理论上精确地定量描述这种复杂现象的模型,因此针对工业雷管生产线中传输皮带上雷管殉爆的问题,采用升降试验的方法分别确定了100发DDNP起爆药纸壳雷管、100发DDNP起爆药铝壳雷管、100发无起爆药纸壳雷管和100发无起爆药矿用纸壳雷管殉爆安全距离,对试验方法选择的合理性进行了分析评价,对试验条件下得出的结果用于指导工业雷管生产线中传输皮带上雷管摆放的合理性进行了分析。结果表明,文章得出的雷管发生殉爆概率为0．01％时的距离值可以用于确定工业雷管生产线传输皮带上雷管之间的殉爆安全距离。对于工业雷管生产线中存在的殉爆安全问题,采用试验的方法进行评价是合理的,得出结论在工业雷管生产线实际生产过程中有推广应用价值,对提高工业雷管生产线安全性有指导意义。     

烟火药猛度测试研究

参照炸药猛度测试标准GB12440—90,制定了烟火药猛度测试实验方案,并对5种烟火药进行了测试.从点火方式、烟火药类型及烟火药颗粒度三方面人手,分别研究了其对猛度的影响.研究结果表明,装药密度较低的情况下可以通过电雷管起爆来减少实验中的安全隐患;被测烟火药中,雷药的猛度最大,红光剂和笛音剂猛度相对最小;随着同种烟火药...     

Hot surfaces generated by sliding metal contacts and their effectiveness as an ignition source

Frictional processes caused by malfunctions may lead to hot surfaces and mechanical sparks. Whenever mechanical sparks occur due to friction, there are also hot surfaces. The time until the ignition source becomes effective is largely dependent on the thermal conductivity of the friction partners. Based on this, it was examined whether classification into the explosion groups and temperature classes of IEC 60079-0 is possible and useful. This research therefore focuses on the development of hot surfaces and their effectiveness. To assess the formation of hot surfaces, tests for temperature development according to the applied power density and the different materials were performed in a friction apparatus. The experimental setup is realised via a friction pin which is pressed onto a rotating friction disc. The variation of the power density was carried out by changing the velocity and load per area. The temperature distribution was detected by thermocouples, two pyrometers and an infrared camera. For the investigation of the incendivity of hot surfaces, the ignition curves were determined by characteristic reference gases and vapours of the IEC explosion groups and temperature classes. Tests have been carried out with hydrogen, ethylene, diethyl ether, propane and pentane. The experiments have shown that a larger thermal conductivity of the steel used can lead to slow down heating of the pin material. With an increasing wear rate the maximum temperature decreases. It was possible to determine the maximum temperatures at specific power inputs. The ignition tests show that ignitions are possible even at low velocities. The effective ignition source was thereby always the hot surface. The result was a graduation of the explosion limits analogous to the order of Maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) values. In contrast, no significant relationship between the ignition limits and the temperature class of the respective substances was revealed.     

雷管内部爆轰波压力测量技术

利用锰铜压阻法对雷管内部不同截面的爆压直接进行测量 ,通过实验实测 ,得到了 8#雷管内部 3个截面处的爆轰压力数据。最后对实验中出现的问题及误差产生的原因进行了较为详细的分析     

Experimental study of recycling lightweight concrete with aggregates containing expanded glass

The focus is on the issue of waste management when constructing and recycling lightweight concrete (LWC) with aggregates containing expanded glass. The paper analyses the recycling of concrete from lightweight aggregates, and on the important issue of environmental and waste management. The characteristics of recycling LWC such as density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity are investigated, and compared with normal existing concrete from lightweight aggregates. The results indicate that it is possible to recycle lightweight concrete construction waste. The described method shows great possibilities for increasing the use of construction waste materials from LWC containing expanded glass, in order to benefit from better use of the available capacity from existing construction waste. The characteristics of density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity from the new recycled material were compared with normal existing concrete from lightweight aggregates, such as changes in dependency on the type and parts of waste as well as its new binding components. Thus, a new recycled material has been created with new characteristics of density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity, which is conform to the compressive strength class and rules on heat protection and energy efficiency use in buildings (SI OJ RS No. 42/2002). Laboratory density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity tests results showed that LWC can be produced by the use of waste LWC with aggregates containing expanded glass. However, the use of waste LWC with aggregates containing expanded glass seems to be necessary for the production of cheaper and environmentally friendly LWC.     

Determination of the performance limits of flame arresters at increased oxygen concentrations

This investigation shows how an increased oxygen concentration influences the performance limits of crimped ribbon deflagration flame arresters at elevated pressures. An evaluation of the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) as reliable criterion for describing the performance limits under non-atmospheric conditions is given. Measurements of MESGs and flame arrester performance tests were performed. Various fuel/oxygen/air mixtures containing ethylene and propane were used as testing gases. Former studies on the pressure dependence and the influence of oxygen on the MESG were initially confirmed. Furthermore, performance tests using a commercial deflagration flame arrester revealed that such a flame arrester may prevent flame transmission also at non-atmospheric conditions within a limited range. For various oxygen concentrations the performance limits were reached at the same MESG. Hence, it can be assumed that a flame arrester possesses a device- and fuel-specific maximum experimental safe gap for a specific gas mixture in different concentrations and at different pressures. This performance-related maximum safe gap can be used as a parameter for estimating and describing the performance limits of a flame arrester. It offers an attempt to simplify the testing and qualification of deflagration flame arresters for non-atmospheric conditions.     

羟基锡酸锌阻燃聚氯乙烯电缆材料及其潜在火灾危险性评价

采用氧指数、成炭率、烟密度、垂直燃烧(UL 94)、热重分析、环境扫描电镜和锥形量热的方法测试了羟基锡酸锌(ZHS)对PVC的阻燃抑烟作用。ZHS用量为15%时即可以满足对PVC电缆材料燃烧烟密度的要求,燃烧等级可以达到UL94 V0级。PVC/ZHS电缆材料的热稳定性能、成炭性能和燃烧性能表明,ZHS在PVC电缆材料燃烧时,可以促进PVC交联成炭,生成的炭具有较好的隔氧、隔热及抑制可燃性气体逸出的作用,提高了PVC电缆材料的热稳定性能,有效降低了PVC电缆材料的潜在火灾危险性。