燃煤电厂排渣输灰管道清垢器的设计

燃煤电厂输灰管道结垢问题影响发电机组的正常运行.设计研制一种输灰管道清垢器实现不停机除垢,避免传统酸洗对管道的腐蚀破坏和对环境的污染,同时大大降低了成本.设计过程中应用三维CAD建模,利用有限元方法对关键部件校验分析,缩短了设计周期,提高了清垢器的可靠性.     

农村小管径重力流灰水管道中生物膜细菌群落的特征

为探究农村小管径重力流灰水管道系统生物膜的细菌群落结构特征,建立了一套模拟真实农村环境条件下水量变化且具有3组坡度参数(5‰,10‰,15‰)的小管径灰水管道实验设备,利用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了连续运行60 d后的管道生物膜的细菌群落特征。结果表明:Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes为优势菌门,优势菌属为Paenarthrobacte、Ensifer和Spingopyxis,坡度变化会显著影响生物膜细菌群落组成;小管径重力流灰水管道生物膜中存在一定丰度的反硝化细菌和硝化细菌,具有生物脱氮功能。通过PICRUSt功能预测发现,高坡度(15‰)的灰水管道具有更高的硝化和反硝化基因丰度。进一步分析可知,小管径灰水管道采用高敷设坡度的设计方案可能具有更强的生物脱氮能力。     

冲击式除尘器结垢考查及酸化防垢

为控制沟下粉尘污染,鞍钢七号高炉安装有4台CCJ/A—60冲击式除尘器,经三年运行,发现除尘器与污水管道结垢堵塞越来越严重,使除尘系统处于半瘫痪状态.本文工作考查了结垢原因,经加酸除垢与稳定水质防垢的小型试验及生产性试验,探索到初步解决途径.     

灰窑余热锅炉好

绍兴钙塑建材厂有四只连在一起的灰窑和两只紧挨的灰灶(俗称漏窑),窑身之高都在十二公尺以上,窑顶有输送原燃料的提升设备,灰窑壁内均有余热锅炉设备装置。为了更好利用余热,又能延长盘旋原壁管道的使用寿命,必须选择好安装管道的位置。该厂实践证明,以灰窑的余热区和煅烧区之间为最佳位置。自一九六九年以来,石灰窑余热锅炉一直为该厂职工生活服务。从一九八一年起还     

连续微滤系统膜垢生长过程的模型与模拟

应用分形理论中DLA模型,建立了膜垢分形生长模型。通过改变边界条件和随机粒子产生的几率,得到不同条件下膜垢形成与生长过程的模拟图像;采用显微粒子图像技术,通过量子点荧光示踪剂对不同条件下连续微滤系统膜垢的形态和流场进行同时观测与分析。结果表明,模拟与实验所获得的分形维数相近,该模型能够较好地模拟膜垢形成与生长过程;运用该模型数值模拟分析了流场和悬浮物浓度对膜垢生长过程的影响及其动态变化规律。     

微波辅助疏水膜的清洗

针对膜蒸馏过程中膜表面常见的CaSO4垢和腐殖酸混合垢,对微波强化疏水膜清洗的效果进行了研究。结果表明,对于膜表面的CaSO4垢,微波辅助清洗效率高于常规清洗,且在清洗液的温度和流速较低时,微波的强化清洗效果更为明显;对于膜表面的腐殖酸混合垢,微波辅助清洗后的初始通量恢复率为88.4%,比常规清洗高出10.8%,同时可以相对缓解疏水膜的亲水化。     

城市垃圾焚烧底灰资源化处理的可行性研究

对天津某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂的垃圾焚烧底灰进行采样,测试评价了不同粒径焚烧底灰的工程特性及环境风险,并以焚烧底灰为骨料制备混凝土平板试件,分析了焚烧底灰中杂质组分对再生建筑材料的工程特性影响.研究发现,焚烧底灰的颗粒级配分布、主要元素成分及含量、砂当量、压实强度与天然建筑骨料相似,且不同粒径的焚烧底灰在使用过程中无毒性重...     

用于粉煤灰排放的加湿卸灰设备

针对粉煤灰排放产生二次污染问题,经过分析比较,选用了科学的加湿排放工作原理,设计了用于粉煤灰排放的新型灰料加湿卸灰机。     

新型水泥立窑水除尘技术和设备的技术研究

介绍了新型水泥立窑水除尘技术和设备,该系统由除尘塔、灰水分离器、高温轴流风机等组成,它解决了立窑水除尘存在的烟气倒烟、污水二次污染、难达标排放等问题。同时介绍了系统中各设备的结构和工作原理。     

用于粉煤灰排放的加湿卸灰设备

针对粉煤灰排放产生二次污染问题，经过分析比较，选用了科学的加湿排放工作原理，设计了用于粉煤灰排放的新型灰料加湿卸灰机。     

Prediction and minimization of vertical migration of DNAPLS using surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation at neutral buoyancy

Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) had previously been thought to require a capillary barrier below the contaminated zone to prevent the vertical migration of a microemulsion containing solubilized DNAPL. This paper shows the vertical migration of the dense microemulsion is described and predicted by the value of three dimensionless scaling groups. Embedded within these scaling groups are four design parameters. The value of these parameters can be manipulated in order to reduce the amount of vertical migration anticipated for a given remediation design. Plots have been constructed that illustrate the relationship between vertical migration and the value of the scaling groups; such plots can be used to predict vertical migration and to determine appropriate screen intervals of extraction wells to ensure full capture of the contaminants. This predictive capability has been verified in laboratory experiments. Predicted migration of the microemulsion agreed within about 2% of that observed. Development of the scaling groups is presented, remediation design implications are discussed, and laboratory verification is shown. Additional discussion of the laboratory work is given in a companion paper [Kostarelos, K., Pope, G.A., Rouse, B.A., Shook, G.M., 1998. A new concept: the use of neutrally-buoyant microemulsions for DNAPL remediation, J. Contam. Hydro., this edition].     

The Development of a Charging/Collecting Device for High Resistivity Dust Using Cooled Electrodes

A charging/collecting device for high-resistivity fly ash has been developed which controls back ionization by cooling the collector electrode internally with water. The device consists of parallel 6.0 cm pipes with corona wires suspended between the pipes. The pipes provide a simple means of interfacing with a cooling water system and also minimizing the collector area needing to be cooled. By cooling the pipes with 38°C (100°F) water, back ionization is eliminated and average field strengths of 7 kV/cm can be achieved with fly ash having a resistivity > 10¹² ω-cm. Results of tests on an actual flue gas stream and plans for future testing are described. Initial tests using heated instead of cooled electrodes are described as well as other tests that lead to the present design. The results of tests with the heated electrode show the kind of improvements in performance that can be obtained when resistivity is controlled in only a small collection area.     

Scaling of spontaneous imbibition data with wettability included

Wettability is a dominant parameter governing spontaneous imbibition. However less attention has been paid to the effect of wettability on the scaling of spontaneous imbibition data. Actually few models can include wettability in scaling of spontaneous imbibition data. To this end, a scaling model has been developed for NAPL (oil)-saturated porous media with different wettability based on the fluid flow mechanisms in porous media. Relative permeability, capillary pressure, initial water saturation, and wettability are considered in the scaling model. Theoretically this scaling model is suitable for both cocurrent and countercurrent spontaneous imbibition. The experimental data of countercurrent spontaneous water imbibition at different wettability cannot be scaled using the frequently used scaling model but can be scaled satisfactorily using the scaling model developed in this study. An analytical solution to the relationship between recovery and imbibition time for linear spontaneous imbibition has also been derived in the case in which gravity is ignored. The analytical solution predicts a linear correlation between the recovery by spontaneous water imbibition and the square root of imbibition time, which has been verified against experimental data.     

Comparison of drinking water mutagenicity with leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water distribution pipes

The primary objectives of this study were to examine the changes in concentration of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the possibility of changes in mutagenic potential of treated waters as a result of their passage through commonly used distribution pipes. With the exception of the finished water taken at one treatment plant in which the total concentration of the six PAH was 138.5 parts per trillion (ppt), the total initial concentration in all other treated water ranged from 0 to 13.4 ppt. The corresponding total PAH concentration in water after passage through the distribution pipes varied from 0 to 61.6 ppt. This demonstrated that PAH concentration in water can increase as a result of their passage through coated distribution pipes. Mutagenic activity was also detected in many of the treated water samples, however, the levels of this activity did not correlate with either the transit of water through the distribution system or the levels of PAH in the water. There was some evidence to indicate that the water treatment process itself may have contributed to the mutagenicity observed in the finished water.     

Controlled Enrichment System for Experimental Fumigation of Plants in the Field with Sulfur Dioxide

A prototype Free-Air Controlled Enrichment (FACE) system was developed at Brookhaven National "Laboratory (BNL) for the experimental control of gas concentrations in an open field, without any form of enclosure. This FACE system consists of a toroidal plenum chamber, 15 m in diameter, with a series of 32 vertical vent pipes from which the release of a test gas can be controlled. Data on gas concentration at the center of the array and wind velocity are fed to a microprocessor where a proportional, integrative, differential (PID) algorithm is used to regulate a mass-flow controller. Data on wind direction are used to control the opening and closing of the vertical vent pipes to maintain an upwind release. In 72 hours of continuous operation during which wind velocity varied between 0.3 to 8 m sec^-1, the FACE prototype maintained 1 -min averaged concentrations within twenty percent of the 40 ppb set point 94 percent of the time.     

高负荷地下土壤法处理有机污水的模拟实验研究

针对传统地下污水渗滤系统的主要缺陷,提出了采用人工土壤提高系统的污水承载能力,采用多层过渡结构增大颗粒有机物的接触氧化表面积,采用高渗透性夹层增加氧气供应,以提高污水地下处理系统的水力负荷,延长其使用寿命.以我国南方典型的红壤土、砂和砾石为填充材料进行了实验室模拟实验,供试污水来自中国科学院广州地球化学研究所生活小区.结果显示,在25 cm/d的水力负荷下,系统没有被堵塞的迹象,采用每天2次投配污水的方式(每次12.5 cm),渗透系数为0.6 cm/min的土柱可以达到很好的出水效果,其COD、BOD5、SS、TN和TP去除率分别达到81.5%、84.6%、88.8%、82.6%和98%.     

Design, engineering, and construction of photosynthetic microbial cell factories for renewable solar fuel production

There is an urgent need to develop sustainable solutions to convert solar energy into energy carriers used in the society. In addition to solar cells generating electricity, there are several options to generate solar fuels. This paper outlines and discusses the design and engineering of photosynthetic microbial systems for the generation of renewable solar fuels, with a focus on cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms with the same type of photosynthesis as higher plants. Native and engineered cyanobacteria have been used by us and others as model systems to examine, demonstrate, and develop photobiological H(2) production. More recently, the production of carbon-containing solar fuels like ethanol, butanol, and isoprene have been demonstrated. We are using a synthetic biology approach to develop efficient photosynthetic microbial cell factories for direct generation of biofuels from solar energy. Present progress and advances in the design, engineering, and construction of such cyanobacterial cells for the generation of a portfolio of solar fuels, e.g., hydrogen, alcohols, and isoprene, are presented and discussed. Possibilities and challenges when introducing and using synthetic biology are highlighted.     

Design,Engineering, and Construction of Photosynthetic Microbial Cell Factories for Renewable Solar Fuel Production

There is an urgent need to develop sustainable solutions to convert solar energy into energy carriers used in the society. In addition to solar cells generating electricity, there are several options to generate solar fuels. This paper outlines and discusses the design and engineering of photosynthetic microbial systems for the generation of renewable solar fuels, with a focus on cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms with the same type of photosynthesis as higher plants. Native and engineered cyanobacteria have been used by us and others as model systems to examine, demonstrate, and develop photobiological H₂ production. More recently, the production of carbon-containing solar fuels like ethanol, butanol, and isoprene have been demonstrated. We are using a synthetic biology approach to develop efficient photosynthetic microbial cell factories for direct generation of biofuels from solar energy. Present progress and advances in the design, engineering, and construction of such cyanobacterial cells for the generation of a portfolio of solar fuels, e.g., hydrogen, alcohols, and isoprene, are presented and discussed. Possibilities and challenges when introducing and using synthetic biology are highlighted.