浙北地区平原河网农村小流域面源污染调查与防治对策——以德清县武康镇新琪村为例

以浙江省德清县武康镇新琪村为例,通过污染源及水环境调查,分析平原河网农村小流域面源污染的产生来源与特点,并估算调查区域面源污染负荷及比例.研究结果表明,研究区面源污染的主要来源是水产养殖业、农村生活污水和种植业,水产养殖业氮、磷污染负荷占总污染负荷的31.73%和21.59%;农村生活污水对磷污染负荷贡献最大,占39.48%;氮、磷养分投入过高,导致种植业氮、磷污染负荷比例分别为27.69%和28.53%;畜禽养殖业氮、磷污染负荷比例分别为10.75%和10.40%,对区域氮、磷污染贡献率最低.建议将农业面源污染的控制重点从传统的粮食作物种植区转移到高投入密集型种植业,通过合理的工程和技术措施降低水产养殖业和农村生活污水的污染排放量.     

广东省农业源污染对水环境的影响及其空间分异格局

掌握农业农村面源污染现状和排放特征,对开展农业源污染防控、农业可持续发展和农村生态环境改善具有重要意义。基于2022年广东省276个农业农村面源污染控制断面的监测数据,分析广东省珠三角、粤东、粤西和粤北4个区域农村生活污染、种植业流失和养殖业污染对农村水环境的影响,在县域尺度上评价农业农村面源污染状况及空间分异格局。结果表明,1)水质COD、TN、TP、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-浓度最大值和内梅罗综合污染指数最高值均出现在农村生活污染监测断面,表明全省农村生活源污染对地表水环境污染的贡献最大。2)粤北地区监测断面水质指标浓度和污染指数显著小于其他区域(P<0.001);珠三角地区生活源和养殖源污染指数(I_i=2.59和1.97)最大,以及种植源和养殖源污染比例(37%和36%)最高;而粤东地区种植源污染指数最大(I_i=1.93),生活源污染比例最高(51%)。3)县域尺度农村生活源污染状况最严重,尤其珠三角和粤东地区重污染和严重污染区县较多,以珠海金湾区(I...     

苏北盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷估算初探

海岸带陆源氮磷污染输入是导致近海赤潮的主要原因,但目前尚缺乏系统的调查研究。文章采用野外实地调查和文献调研相结合的方法,从农田径流、养殖废水排放、居民生活污水和工业废水排放等几个方面,初步估算了盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷的分配情况。结果表明,盐城海岸带主要陆源污染源中,养殖水域氮磷排放总量为7641t和480t,分别占排放总量的75.1%、63.5%;其次为居民工矿的生活生产污水,其氮磷排放量为2083t和232t,占总排放量的20.5%、30.7%;农田目前看来不是盐城海岸带主要的陆源污染源,排放量仅占4.4%和5.8%。在当前海岸带陆源污染源治理中,除采取有力措施控制养殖水域养分流失外,农村和乡镇生活生产污水的排放也应引起重视。     

珠江三角洲地区典型农村土壤重金属污染现状分析

珠江三角洲地区农村土壤重金属污染状况不容忽视,除化肥农药、畜禽养殖等污染源外,还有工业污染等其他污染源。本研究以该地区工业型和种植型两类典型农村为例,通过对农田和菜地两种耕地以及企业周边、养殖场周边和垃圾点周边三类污染场地土壤重金属污染现状进行监测与评价,深入分析重金属污染成因。结果表明,该地区工业型农村耕地以铜超标为主(超标率22.2%),种植型农村耕地以镉超标为主(超标率16.7%),其余重金属超标率低或不超标;耕地中农田的重金属污染程度重于菜地。工业型农村污染场地以铜超标为主(超标率33.3%),其次是镉和锌(超标率均为11.1%),其余重金属不超标;种植型农村污染场地以镉、镍超标为主(超标率均为26.1%),其次为铜和砷(超标率分别为17.4%和8.7%),其余重金属不超标。三类污染场地中,工业型农村土壤重金属超标情况相对最重的是垃圾点周边,而种植型农村土壤重金属超标程度相对最重的是养殖场周边。高度集约化的农业生产方式是造成珠三角农村耕地土壤重金属污染的主要原因,同时,众多的制造业"三废"排放加剧了土壤重金属累积。此外,畜禽养殖废弃物、生活垃圾的无序堆放也是造成农村土壤重金属污染的原因。     

派河流域农村生活垃圾非点源污染负荷研究

运用生活垃圾非点源污染负荷估算模型估算派河流域农村生活垃圾及污染物的污染负荷量,并提出解决措施。2014年派河流域农村生活垃圾产生量为45 521.92 t,流失量为23 136.14 t,TN、TP、TOC和COD的污染负荷量分别为73.77、5.05、514.89和680.01 t。各乡镇(开发区)比较而言,上派镇农村生活垃圾污染负荷量最大,TN、TP、TOC和COD入河量分别为35.01、2.40、244.33和322.69 t,占派河流域农村生活垃圾总污染负荷量的47.45%;南岗镇污染负荷量最小,TN、TP、TOC和COD入河量分别为1.11、0.08、7.72和10.20 t,所占比例为1.50%。上派镇是派河流域农村生活垃圾非点源污染的主要来源,这是因为在派河流域农村生活垃圾收集率、污染物入河系数等相差不大的情况下,该镇农业人口数最多。     

农村生活垃圾分类模式及其存在的问题探析

通过对宁乡市生活垃圾分类模式进行了初步调查了解,总结了宁乡生活垃圾处理主要的分类模式,分析了现有模式中存在的问题,提出相应的解决对策,为解决农村生活垃圾污染提供参考.     

北京密云水库上游太师屯镇非点源污染损失估算

选取密云水库上游太师屯镇为研究区,在利用输出系数法计算非点源污染负荷的基础上,运用环境经济学方法,定量估算了非点源污染损失.研究结果表明:本区养殖污染负荷最高,总氮占全镇总氮污染负荷的53.0%.其中规模化养殖占畜禽排泄污染负荷的66.5%;总磷占全镇总磷污染负荷的73.9%,其中规模化养殖占畜禽排泄污染负荷的66.5%.农村生活污染的总氮负荷占全镇总氮污染负荷的31.3%,总磷占全镇总磷污染负荷的15.8%.土地利用污染负荷最低,总磷和总氮分别占全镇总负荷的15.7%和10.3%.区域非点源污染损失折合人民币约407.57万元,其中畜禽养殖污染损失最大,约占总损失的40.7%;土地利用流失次之,占33.5%,其中63.2%的损失是耕地污染造成的;农村生活污染损失最小,但总氮损失达总损失的25%.氮、磷养分流失是主要的非点源污染形式,损失约占79.5%.土地废弃和泥沙淤积造成的污染对水库存在长期影响,也不可忽视.     

串联式垂直流生态滤池处理农村生活污水的试验研究

对串联式垂直流生态滤池处理农村生活污水进行了为期5个月的现场试验研究。结果表明：通过该工艺,污水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等污染物均得到了有效去除,在进水COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷平均质量浓度为73.19、25.08、48.55、0.55 mg·L-1时,平均去除率依次为65.6%、71.6%、58.7%、86.9%。COD、氨氮和总磷的去除主要发生在第一级生态滤池的进水0～40 cm阶段,而总氮浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势。串联式生态滤池对各污染指标较好的去除效果也证明了其是一种适合农村分散式污水处理、解决农村污水肆意排放的新途径。     

不同类别粪便堆肥中微塑料赋存特征及区域差异

土壤中微塑料污染问题越来越受到公众关注。施用畜禽粪便堆肥被认为是土壤中微塑料积累的重要途径。但是,对粪便堆肥中微塑料污染程度的了解仍然处于起步阶段。该研究调查了来自中国4个省份的商品化鸡粪、牛粪、羊粪和猪粪堆肥中微塑料的赋存特征。通过筛分和Fenton试剂消解提取粪便堆肥中的微塑料,进一步分析其颜色、粒径、形状、聚合物种类和丰度。结果表明：粪便堆肥中透明、黑色、红色和蓝色微塑料含量较高;粪便堆肥中微塑料形状为纤维、碎片、薄膜和颗粒,以纤维为主;在粒径上以<1 mm的微塑料为主(27.6%～69.5%),粪便堆肥中微塑料的聚合物种类以聚酯(PES)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚乙烯(PE)为主(87.8%～97.0%);微塑料丰度为(2 054.8±493.9)～(9 131.0±600.7)个·kg^-1。该研究证实了粪便堆肥是农用地土壤微塑料的重要来源,其对中国农田土壤微塑料的年贡献量可高达1.1×10¹⁴个。研究结果为揭示粪便堆肥中微塑料污染特征和区域分布差异以及农田土壤中微塑料的溯源提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

基于有价废品收购调查的农村生活垃圾管理机制初探:以广东省为例

通过基于问卷的访谈式调研,深入广东省10个城市的91个村镇进行农村有价废品收购现状研究,以期为农村生活垃圾源头分类管理提供对策。调查结果表明,大部分村镇已实现生活垃圾统一清运,但无害化处理水平较低。废品收购从业群体组织规模小,但超过70%的受访者具有5 a以上的从业时间,显示出良好的从业稳定性。基于行为学调查(收购方式、范围、工具和存储方式),总结了有价废品物质流的回收模式。由于有价废品价格和种类地域差异大,其价格持续走低和行业利润日趋微薄可能会对从业人员组成的稳定性和长期性造成冲击,进而降低农村垃圾的资源化率。设置3种特色方案研究有价废品收购人员参与农村垃圾分类收集工作的意愿,其满意比例分别为72.4%、56.3%和51.3%,今后应重点考虑突出有价废品收购从业人员的工作特色,予以适当的政策倾斜或经济补贴,提升其工作积极性。     

Determinants of the marginal willingness to pay for improved domestic water and irrigation in partially electrified Rwandan villages

Access to water for domestic and irrigation uses remains limited across Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in rural areas. While the technical feasibility of implementing innovative technologies to improve water supply has been often evaluated, less is known about the drivers that motivate users to pay for obtaining the inherent benefits of improved water supply. In this article, the determinants of the marginal willingness to pay (mWTP) for improved domestic and irrigation water are investigated. For this purpose, a contingent valuation study is performed in rural Rwanda. This study uses survey data from 316 households situated in 8 villages, in which ~20% of the households receive electricity thanks to microgrids powered by solar energy. It is found that the mWTP for improved domestic water supply is influenced by the proportion of children in the household, business ownership, and satisfaction with water quantity and quality. The mWTP for irrigation is determined by respondent education, business ownership and crop area planted. This paper contributes to the literature by allowing a comparison of the determinants of the mWTP for improved domestic water supply to the determinants of the mWTP for irrigation. Another contribution is to examine the mWTP for improved water infrastructure in partially electrified villages. Identifying areas with high marginal benefits from water can guide infrastructure investment and electrification efforts while improving well-being and increasing revenues in rural areas.     

日本农村循环经济系统磷代谢分析——以北海道中札内村为例

在介绍日本农村循环经济模式特征的基础上,采用物质流分析方法,选取日本典型农村循环经济模式进行磷代谢分析。结果表明,大量的堆肥和直接还田改善了畜禽排泄物和农村生活对水体环境的影响,但对于减少种植业引起的磷排放未起到关键作用。建议在建设新农村的同时,有必要考虑农村生活-种植业-畜牧业一体化循环经济模式,扩大农村生活废弃物的再资源化量,以减少对系统外环境的污染。     

城市河道生态环境需水研究--以湖南省常德市穿紫河为例

在系统归纳总结国内外河道生态环境需水理论研究成果的基础上，结合穿紫河作为一条城市河流的实际情况，应用生态学、环境学和水文学理论，系统分析了穿紫河河道生态环境需水的研究范畴和影响因素，对穿紫河不同时段下的河道生态环境需水进行定量研究。研究得出穿紫河河道生态环境需水平均为2．92m^3／s，城市河道生态环境需水与来水水质和河道沿岸的污染物排放情况关系最为密切。一方面，为穿紫河流域水资源的合理调配提供科学依据，有利于穿紫河生态环境的稳定和良性循环；另一方面，对城市河道生态环境需水理论进行一些探索。     

农村面源污染治理的政策与管理服务体系优化——以上海郊区农村为例

农村面源污染控制不仅是技术问题,也是管理体制与机制问题,探讨并完善农村面源污染治理的政策、管理与服务体系已成为当前研究的热点与难点。以上海郊区农村为例,梳理总结农村面源污染及其控制现状;在肯定当前治理效果的同时,识别其局限性,指出农业政策与环境保护政策的不协调、农村发展模式转变下制度与服务体系的相对滞后是根本原因;针对当前农村面源污染重要的贡献者——化肥、农药、畜禽粪便以及农村生活污水,分别从改革农业补贴制度、重构实现农村多重价值的制度以及完善农业生产服务体系等方面给出了治理的对策与建议。     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water

Increasing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors necessitates exploitation of water either in the form of groundwater or from natural resources. To safeguard the long-term sustainability of water resources and their utilization, the quality of water has to be periodically monitored and determined for various characteristics, especially when the sources are polluted, such as Damodar river. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, is carrying out research work on coal and its utilization and associated environmental concerns. The blood stream of life for the whole Jharia Coalfield is none other than the river Damodar. CIMFR's campus also depends exclusively on river Damodar for meeting its demand of drinking water. This study is a general survey toward the characteristics of Damodar river water, with special emphasis on the pollutant parameters, and evaluation of the treatment process being carried out at the institute for potability. Damodar river water is indeed affected by the disposal of the wastes without any pre-treatment by different coal-based industries established in its basin. The quantity of dissolved and suspended solids, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, and coliform bacterial count are higher in Damodar water due to the disposal of the waste/effluents from coal-washing plants, coke ovens, cement, and other industries, but well within the permissible limit which is probably attributable to the high-carrying capacity of the river. The river is still not that much affected as it is usually apprehended, and it can be well utilized for potable and domestic purposes after simple treatment.     

A comparative hydrobiological study of a few ponds of Barak Valley, Assam and their role as sustainable water resources

A hydrobiological study conducted in nine different ponds of a rural area of Barak Valley, Assam, showed that the concentrations of chemical parameters like dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, conductivity alkalinity nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc are within the permissible levels of drinking water quality standard of WHO and ISI. However iron content was higher in most of the ponds. A clear indirect relationship between iron concentration and euglenoids has been observed. Major phytoplankton taxa present in the ponds are Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The study reveals that rural ponds can be a very good source of water for drinking, domestic use and fishery and should be conserved at any cost.