复合磷酸盐水氟吸附特性及其影响因素

采用静态吸附法研究了不同比例钙铝、铁铝、锰铝的磷酸盐共沉物的除氟性能,比较发现,铝与铁的磷酸盐共沉物除氟效果最好,锰离子对磷酸铝的除氟效果则有明显的抑制作用。以吸附性能较好的1∶100铁铝比例的磷酸盐共沉物为吸附剂,研究了接触时间、pH值、吸附剂量等对其除氟效果的影响,结果表明,在25℃、氟离子初始质量浓度为10 mg.L-1、pH值为6~8、振荡时间为90 m in、投加量为2.5 g.L-1条件下,1∶100铁铝比例的磷酸盐共沉物对氟的吸附量可达2.7 mg.g-1。     

生物遗态氧化锰基镁铝水滑石的制备及铅吸附性能

本文以棉花为模板,浸渍醋酸锰溶液进而再煅烧的方法制备出具有棉花生物遗态的氧化锰.以氧化锰为基底,采用水热合成法制备出氧化锰基镁铝水滑石.利用热重差热(TG-DTA)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其进行表征.将所得样品在500℃下煅烧,研究所得氧化物对铅离子的吸附性能,对吸附剂用量、初始浓度、温度、时间等对吸附有影响的因素进行了系统的研究.结果表明,在25℃下,50 mg生物遗态氧化锰基镁铝氧化物吸附浓度为50 mg·L-1的铅离子溶液,去除率可达99%以上,吸附可在120 min基本达到平衡,吸附动力学模型符合准二级动力学.吸附等温线符合D-R模型,吸附属于物理吸附,且升温有利于吸附.     

铝对茶叶叶片主要化学成分的影响

以茶树2个品种(雁荡毛峰和知仁早茶)为研究材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了铝对茶叶叶片主要化学成分(茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸和维生素C)的影响。结果表明,水培下,10～100mg·L-1质量浓度的铝可显著提高茶多酚的质量分数,与对照相比,50mg·L-1质量浓度下雁荡毛峰茶多酚的质量分数提高了180%,知仁早茶提高了100.6%;10～50mg·L-1质量浓度的铝可提高咖啡碱、氨基酸的质量分数,但100mg·L-1质量浓度下显著降低了咖啡碱和氨基酸的质量分数,雁荡毛峰降低了5.3%、25.8%,知仁早茶降低了2%、7.2%;不同质量浓度的铝对维生素C的质量分数影响不大;低质量浓度的铝处理降低茶树的丙二醛质量分数,而高质量浓度的铝处理(100mg·L-1)提高了丙二醛质量分数。结果证明水培条件下,10～50mg·L-1铝可明显提高茶叶品质,100mg·L-1质量浓度会降低茶叶品质。     

焙烧态镁铝铁类水滑石对磷酸根离子的吸附

用共沉淀法制备了镁铝铁三元类水滑石(LDH),在不同温度下对其焙烧4 h,得到焙烧态类水滑石(CLDH).采用XRD、FT-IR对材料进行分析,研究其对水中磷酸根的吸附性能和机制.结果表明,铁的掺杂量过大会破坏类水滑石的层状结构,且随着铁含量的增大,类水滑石对磷酸根的吸附量逐渐减小.当Mg/Al/Fe物质的量之比为2∶0.9∶0.1,在300℃下焙烧时,CLDH吸附磷酸根能力最好,吸附容量约27.03 mg.g-1,为焙烧前的1.32倍.在pH 4—11范围内,在竞争离子存在的条件下,CLDH-0.1-300都能表现出较好的吸附性能,对实际废水中的磷也有较强的吸附能力.CLDH-0.1-300对磷酸根的吸附符合二级反应动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温式.用浓度为0.5 mol.L-1的NaOH溶液可以对吸附磷酸根后的类水滑石CLDH-0.1-300实现解吸再生,"吸附-再生-再吸附"循环3次后吸附容量仍接近初始值的60%.     

可变电荷土壤对水体中磷酸根的吸附去除作用

采用一次平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究4种可变电荷土壤对磷的吸附容量,结果表明可变电荷土壤对磷有很强的吸附能力.4种土壤对磷吸附鲢的大小顺序为昆明砖红壤＞柳州红壤≈徐闻砖红壤＞鹰潭红壤,与土壤游离铁、铝氧化物的含量大小顺序一致.说明土壤铁、铝氧化物对磷酸根吸附有重要贡献.被土壤吸附的磷酸根在NO-3体系中的解吸量很小,一般不超过吸附量的10%,但在柠檬酸体系中磷酸根的解吸量量著增加,说明磷酸根主要通过非静电吸附机制被可变电荷土壤吸附.根据淋溶试验结果,昆明砖红壤、柳州红壤、徐闻砖红壤和江西红壤对磷的吸附量分别可达1 792、1 536、1 408和1 280 mg·kg-1,说明富铁可变电荷土壤可以用作水体中磷的有效吸附剂.从土柱淋溶试验获得的吸附量大于一次平衡试验所得值,说明由于磷吸附慢反应的贡献,磷的吸附量随平衡时间的增加而增加.     

硅藻土基复合除磷剂的制备及其吸附性能

以硅藻土为原料,通过引入钢渣复合的方法制备硅藻土基复合除磷剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合除磷剂进行表征,并研究投加浓度、吸附时间、pH值和温度对复合除磷剂吸附效果的影响.结果表明,与钢渣复合后,复合除磷剂中部分基团可能发生变化,晶体结构可能发生改变,出现新的晶相.静态除磷试验表明复合除磷剂的最佳反应条件:投加质量浓度2g·L-1,吸附时间1h,水样pH值为5,温度25℃.硅藻土基复合除磷剂对磷的吸附动力学行为符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich、Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson吸附等温方程均能较好地描述复合除磷剂对磷的等温吸附特征.硅藻土基复合除磷剂对磷的理论饱和吸附量为1 428 mg·kg-1,是一种潜在的高效环保型吸附材料.     

膨润土负载壳聚糖修复土壤镉污染的效果

随着重金属污染土壤日益加剧,污染土壤修复和控制技术的研究越来越迫切.为利用膨润土原位修复土壤镉污染提供理论依据,采用平衡吸附试验研究了Cd2 在膨润土负载壳聚糖上的吸附行为.以90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖为原料,制备了膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂,用于吸附溶液中Cd2 .试验探讨了壳聚糖质量浓度对负载率的影响,结果表明,质量浓度3%的壳聚糖负载量最大,壳聚糖最大负载率达32.6%.吸附Cd2 最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与膨润土质量比为1∶20,膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为15 g·L-1,溶液中Cd2 含量不大于200 mg·L-1, pH 值为6～8,吸附平衡时间为8 min,Cd2 去除率为99%.动态吸附Cd2 试验结果表明:质量浓度为 200 mg·L-1的含Cd2 溶液,流速为4～6 m(h-1,经壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂一次处理后,溶液中Cd2 的残留量为0.7 mg(L-1.     

pH和添加有机物料对3种酸性土壤中磷吸附-解吸的影响

研究了pH和添加有机物料对红壤、砖红壤和水稻土中磷吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,砖红壤和水稻土中磷的吸附量和解吸量均随pH的升高而降低,pH对红壤中磷吸附和解吸的影响很小。土壤阳离子交换量(CEC),铁、铝氧化物含量和有机质含量是影响磷吸附的主要因素。红壤的CEC和有机质含量很低,铁、铝氧化物含量高,因而对磷的吸附量最高。砖红壤和水稻土CEC较高,土壤表面对磷的排斥作用较大,而且较高含量的有机质覆盖了土壤表面的磷吸附位,因此这2种土壤对磷的吸附量低于红壤。添加稻草并进行恒温培养可使红壤和水稻土对磷的吸附量显著减少,但对砖红壤中磷吸附的影响较小。添加稻草使土壤磷的解吸量和解吸率增加,从而增加了土壤中吸附性磷的活性。     

NaCl改性人造沸石去除废水中氨氮的性能及其影响因素

采用NaCl溶液对人造沸石进行改性处理,考察NaCl溶液浓度对改性效果的影响.通过表面特征分析、静态吸附试验及吸附等温分析,进一步比较了人造沸石和改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附去除性能.由X射线衍射(XRD)分析可知,沸石经改性后表面变粗糙,同时出现NaCl晶体特征衍射峰.试验结果表明,1.0 mol·L-1NaCl溶液对人造沸石的改性效果最佳;在沸石用量为1.0 g(50 mL废水)、氨氮浓度为10 mol·L-1、反应时间为40 min、反应温度为25℃和pH值为6.52条件下,改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附效果最佳,去除率为96.02％.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程均可较好地拟合2种沸石对氨氮的吸附过程.改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附饱和容量(21.46 mg·g-1)远大于人造沸石(9.03 mg·g-1).     

镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷吸附特征

采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行改良,通过吸附试验分析镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷酸盐吸附特征.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对水体中较高浓度磷酸盐(1～15 mg·L-1)的吸附平衡,根据Langmuir吸附方程,未改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量为791 mg·kg-1,镧改性沸石添加量为10、25和50 g·kg-1的改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量分别为937、1 037和1 505mg.kg-1.准二级动力学模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程.太湖底泥对磷酸盐的去除能力随pH值增加而降低,其对磷酸盐的吸附属于自发和吸热过程.改良太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于未改良太湖底泥,并且其吸附能力随镧改性沸石添加量的增加而增加.镧改性沸石添加量为10～50 g · kg-1的改良太湖底泥的磷吸附-解吸平衡浓度为0.129～0.241 mg·L-1,明显低于未改良太湖底泥(0.386 mg·L-1).被改良底泥中镧改性沸石所吸附的磷以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较稳定的形态存在,厌氧状态下不易释放.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.