涪陵地区农村径流水体中氮磷含量及分布特征

在涪陵地区大面积和定点采集了农村降雨径流水样品，测定了径流水体中总磷、总氮含量。用统计方法探讨了径流氮、磷平均含量及氮、磷在径流水体中的时空变化，计算出涪陵地区降雨径流氮、磷流失量。结果表明，土壤氮、磷资源流失严重，流失的氮、磷进入水体，造成水体富营养化。     

农业非点源污染对太湖水质的影响:发展态势与研究重点

太湖水污染的主要症结是水体中氮、磷不断富集导致的富营养化，而随着区内化肥用量的不断增加和集约化畜禽殖业的发展，流域内农业非点源营养物质的排放将保持持续上升的势头。要实现使太湖水变清的目的，必须把农业非点源营养物的排放控制在最低的水平，为了达到这一目标，今后应加强：（1）农业养分流失的定量化研究；（2）非点源污染物的转移转化特征研究；（3）农业非点源污染高风险区的识别；（4）农业非点源污染的控制与管理对策研究。     

常见沉水植物对东湖重度富营养化水体磷的去除效果

采用人工模拟方法,选取武汉市东湖的春季优势种金鱼藻、伊乐藻和菹草,夏季优势种类金鱼藻、狐尾藻和苦草,在春夏两个季节分别对东湖重度富营养化水体磷的去除效果进行了比较研究。结果显示：5种沉水植物在春夏季节生长良好,其中金鱼藻生物量增长率最高（春季为12888％,夏季为5833％）。5种沉水植物均能较好地吸收上覆水中的磷,其中金鱼藻在春夏两季对水体总磷的去除率均为最高（春季为9175％,夏季为9244％）。同时5种沉水植物还可抑止底泥中磷的释放,均使上覆水中各形态磷浓度保持较低水平。结果表明,金鱼藻在春夏季节均表现出较好的生长和净化水体磷的能力,且其耐污能力强,有可能成为以东湖为代表的重度富营养浅水湖区植物修复的先锋种之一。     

农业面源污染现状与防治进展

通过对国内外农业面源污染研究资料的分析,认为农业面源污染的形式主要有:化肥污染、农药污染、农膜污染、秸秆燃烧污染、养殖业污染及水土流失等。农业面源污染导致了土地退化,在全世界不同程度退化的12亿hm2耕地中,约12%由农业面源污染引起;是河流和湖泊的重要污染源,导致美国40%的河流和湖泊水质不合格;是引起地表水氮、磷富营养化的主要因素,欧洲国家由农业面源污染排放的磷为地表水污染总负荷的24%-71%;中国的农业面源污染造成的水体氮、磷富营养化也显著超过来自城市的生活点源污染和工业点源污染。提出目前比较好的防治措施有:最佳农田管理措施、植被过滤带和人工湿地。建议我国控制农业面源污染必须从政策和法律上对农业生产活动进行规范,采用先进的理论和技术实行源头控制,并辅助以过程控制和末端控制。     

浙江北部低洼田湿地农业种养结合模式的环境效应

浙江北部地区地势低洼，种粮易涝，严重制约当地农业的发展。2010年以来，作为湿地农业农作制度的创新，“水生作物 鱼类”种养结合模式在当地得到迅速发展。为了完善种养高效综合配套技术，在嘉兴市秀洲区3个农场开展了不同种养模式（藕 鱼和菱 鱼模式）的对比试验，对池塘水质、底质特征以及大气负氧离子浓度进行了分析。结果表明种养结合模式对池塘水质有一定改善作用。虽然养殖鱼类后水体有机污染有一定程度加重，但由于水生作物的吸收作用，使得水体氮磷含量明显降低。与菱 鱼模式相比，鱼塘种植莲藕后，对水质的改善效果更为明显。对底质的分析表明，鱼塘种植水生作物后，底泥中速效钾含量增加明显，尤其是在种植莲藕后。另外，由于施用化肥以及当年不收割引起的藕叶、茎杆等腐烂分解，使得藕 鱼模式池塘底泥中速效磷和总氮含量大幅增加，分别增加329.1% 和361.9%。对种养结合区域大气负氧离子浓度测定结果表明，种养结合开发利用有利于改善周边区域空气质量     

四川省畜禽粪便排放时空分布及污染防控

掌握畜禽粪便的时空分布，有利于高效防控其污染环境的可能。采用排污系数法，估算出2000～2015年间四川省畜禽粪便、COD及氮磷产生量，在此基础上，分析了2015年四川省畜禽粪便的排放时空分布特征与畜禽粪便、氮、磷污染情况。结果表明：（1）2000～2015年，四川省畜禽粪便平均产生量约2.10亿t猪粪当量，其中猪、牛、家禽是当地环境威胁的主要畜禽种类；（2）2015年四川省产沼气潜力可观，但大部分地区受到畜禽粪便污染，其中德阳市、雅安市两地预警级别达Ⅵ级，对环境影响严重；（3）2015年四川省氮、磷耕地负荷的平均值分别为78.45 kg/hm2和13.57 kg/hm2，均低于欧盟的限量标准（氮170 kg/hm2、磷35 kg/hm2），但大部分地区面临氮、磷污染风险。其中成都市、德阳市、雅安市氮、磷污染风险均较高，自贡市、泸州市等氮、磷污染风险整体不高，但畜禽养殖量近50%环境容量，这些地区应做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染物消减措施。 关键词： 畜禽养殖；粪便污染；时空分布；污染防控；四川     

底泥悬浮对营养盐释放和水华生长影响的模拟

通过室内模拟实验研究了扰动引起的太湖底泥悬浮对水体氮磷营养盐和蓝藻水华的影响，其中底泥和上覆水均来自太湖，扰动强度以悬浮物浓度表示。实验监测了底泥扰动过程中以及扰动停止后48 h之内水体氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a的变化，采样间隔为6 h。实验结果表明，扰动明显增加了水体中总氮、总磷、活性磷等含量，但是可溶性无机氮的增加不明显，叶绿素a含量没有出现明显的增长。水华没有出现明显增长很可能是氮限制的原因。由此推测太湖一次风浪扰动过程引起的底泥营养盐释放不一定就能够加剧蓝藻水华的暴发。底泥中释放的营养盐对蓝藻水华的影响需要进一步研究     

丹江口库区坡耕地柑桔园不同覆盖方式下地表径流氮磷流失特征

以坡耕地柑桔园为研究对象，地表覆盖方式采用对照、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3个处理，实验采用完全方案。结果表明，在本实验条件下，坡地地膜覆盖处理一定程度增加了径流量，而秸秆覆盖处理与对照每次降雨径流量基本相当；各处理土壤氮磷养分均有一定程度的流失，以氮素流失量较高，磷素流失量相对较低；在地膜覆盖条件下，柑桔园地表径流中N、P流失量较高，其总氮和总磷流失系数分别达0054%和0064%，而秸秆覆盖总氮和总磷流失系数最低；对不同地表覆盖方式柑桔园地表径流水体氮素形态特征分析表明，可溶性氮素占总氮的比例较高，可溶性氮素中又以NO-3 N为主，而NH+4 N所占的比重较低。以上结果说明，在丹江口库区，氮素污染风险要高于磷，防控的主要矛盾是氮，而秸秆覆盖是减少坡耕地养分流失较好的管理措施     

三种水华藻类在振荡条件下的磷吸收动力学及生长预测研究

为了探讨水动力对不同水华发生和演替的影响,以3株常见水华藻类,铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、普通小球藻(绿藻)和汉氏冠盘藻(硅藻)为材料,研究了不同流速条件下(0,0.38m/s)3种水华藻类的磷吸收动力学行为,并根据磷吸收动力学参数对3种水华的生长进行预测。结果表明,振荡(0.38m/s)能显著降低铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和汉氏冠盘藻(Stephanodiscus hantzschii)的磷吸收速率和亲和力(p<0.05),但显著提高普通小球藻(Chlorella vulga)的磷吸收速率和亲和力(p<0.05)。根据Monod模型预测,水体扰动能不同程度的抑制铜绿微囊藻和汉氏冠盘藻的生长而促进普通小球藻的生长。3种水华藻对扰动条件的不同生理响应可能是导致河流中优势藻规律性分布与演替的原因之一。因此随着河流水体流速的减慢和磷浓度的升高,可能出现硅藻水华向蓝绿藻水华演替的风险。     

三峡库区消落带农用坡地磷素径流流失特征

消落带是三峡库区重要的生态交错带，但自发农用和无序开发可能会造成更多的氮磷流失，进而加剧三峡库区水体富营养化。通过对库区连续3 a的定位监测（2011~2013年），研究了三峡库区消落带农用坡地的磷素流失特征。结果表明：次降雨事件中常规施肥处理的地表径流、壤中流总磷平均浓度分别为0.848±0.153、0.140±0.006 mg/L，其中地表径流中磷的形态以颗粒态为主，壤中流以溶解态的生物可利用磷为主。常规施肥下，地表径流、壤中流磷素年均流失通量分别为0.236±0.004、0.100±0.003 kg·hm 2，地表径流、壤中流磷素流失通量分别占总流失通量的70.2%、29.8%，地表径流是坡地磷素流失的主要途径，但壤中流也是不可忽视的重要途径。与常规施肥处理相比，减量施肥处理地表径流、壤中流磷素流失量分别降低了45.3%、40.0%。建议采取减量施肥的方式，以降低营养盐负荷，保护水环境。     

长江中下游地区畜禽承载力评估与预警分析

为评估长江中下游地区畜禽养殖的环境风险和承载潜力，以《畜禽养殖业产污系数与排污系数手册》和《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》中的相关参数为基础，采用2016年的统计数据，测算了长江中下游地区的畜禽粪便总量、耕地畜禽粪污氮磷负荷和耕地畜禽养殖环境容量。结果表明：（1）2015年长江中下游地区畜禽粪便总量为44 784.09万t，单位耕地畜禽粪污氮、磷负荷分别为71.18、12.71 kg/hm2，畜禽养殖环境容量76 561.60万头猪当量（N）、106 208.50万头猪当量（P），环境风险指数为0.68（N）、0.84（P），养殖风险中等，具有一定发展潜力，增量规模分别为实际养殖总量的47%（N）、19%（P）；（2）分省域来看，畜禽粪便资源丰富程度由高到低依次为湖南、湖北、安徽、江西、江苏、浙江和上海；耕地氮负荷由大到小依次为湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、上海和浙江；耕地磷负荷由大到小依次为湖南、湖北、江西、江苏、安徽、上海和浙江；上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北和湖南畜禽养殖环境风险中等，具有发展潜力，可适当增加养殖数量；江西畜禽养殖环境风险较严重，不具有发展潜力，需要进行总量控制；（3）分市域来看，约59%的市畜禽养殖环境风险中等，约28%的市畜禽养殖环境风险较严重，约10%的市畜禽养殖环境风险较小，仅3%的市畜禽养殖环境风险严重。需按照重点调控区、约束发展区、适度发展区、潜力增长区和重点发展区进行优化，并根据区域种植业结构进行动态调整。     

Climate change and South Africa’s commercial farms: an assessment of impacts on specialised horticulture,crop, livestock and mixed farming systems

South Africa, a main food exporter in SADC, is characterised by a dual agricultural economy consisting of a well-developed commercial sector and smallholder, often subsistence, farming. Using the Ricardian cross-sectional framework, we examine the impact of climate change on a nationwide sample of crop, horticulture, livestock and mixed commercial farming systems. We find that a simultaneous decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperature will reduce productivity; and that an increase in temperature alone negatively affects farm output more than a decrease in precipitation. One of the most robust findings is the difference in the extent to which different commercial production systems will be impacted. That is, the results indicate that the strongest impact will be amongst specialised commercial crop farming system. In contrast, mixed farming systems appear to be the least vulnerable. This finding is consistent with studies on small-holder farms in sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, it appears that despite the likely benefits derived from economies of scale, commercial farms are, somewhat, equally vulnerable to climate change. Further, a province-wise assessment revealed that areas that already face disadvantageous climatic conditions will become even less productive. Overall, the findings suggest that practicing mixed farming methods will strengthen the resilience of commercial farms to climate change and that access to extensions—insurance and irrigation—is likely to reduce the risks.     

Dynamics and sustainability of urban agriculture: examples from sub-Saharan Africa

Urban agriculture can have many different expressions, varying from backyard gardening to poultry and livestock farming. This article focuses on crop production on larger open spaces in cities of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and investigates the sustainability and dynamics of this type of land use, which is common on undeveloped plots particularly in lowlands, such as in inland valleys, or along urban streams or drains. An adapted version of the Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was used to assess the sustainability of urban agriculture. As an example for dynamics, the spatio-temporal changes of open-space agriculture in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, are analyzed for the period from 1992 to 2005, and compared with data from other cities. Crop production on urban open spaces appears as a market-driven, highly productive and profitable phenomenon. However, it is often constrained by tenure insecurity and non-agricultural land demands. Also, the common use of polluted water limits the official support of irrigated urban farming. However, despite these constraints, the phenomenon of urban farming appears persistent and resilient to its changing environment, although individual farmers might have to shift to other sites when their plots are needed for construction. Open-space vegetable production in urban areas is a dynamic, viable and largely sustainable livelihood strategy, especially for poor urban dwellers. Spatio-temporal analysis shows that it is not a short-lived or transitional phenomenon—probably as long as it can maintain its comparative market advantage. However, its informal nature and resulting lack of political recognition need to be addressed.     

湖北省畜禽养殖污染现状及总量控制

通过畜禽产排污系数以及2011年湖北省的统计数据,估算出湖北省2011年畜禽养殖业畜禽粪便总量及COD、氮、磷的产生量,分析了污染物对环境污染的情况,并对湖北省畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2011年湖北省畜禽的粪便总量为8 479.8万t,主要分布在襄阳市、黄冈市、孝感市。全省粪便耕地负荷为16.2 t/hm~2/a,警报值为0.54,分级级数为II,对环境构成污染的威胁为"稍有"。全省氮、磷的耕地负荷分别为157.9 kg/hm~2/a、24.5 kg/hm~2/a,其中,鄂州市、黄冈市均超过欧盟限量标准(氮170 kg/hm~2/a、磷35 kg/hm~2/a)。2011年湖北省的实际养殖总量分别为7 868.5万头猪当量(N)、9 725.3万头猪当量(P),都超过畜禽50%环境容量(为4 599.4万头猪当量(N),7 161.1万头猪当量(P)。除了荆州市外,其他大部分地区的实际养殖数量都超过50%环境容量,这些地区应该严格控制畜禽的养殖数量并同时做好污染物消减措施。     

Extractable soil nutrient effects on feed quality traits of crop residues in the semiarid rainfed mixed crop–livestock farming systems of Southern India

In the mixed crop–livestock systems, while general relation among feed quality, productivity and soil nutrient management have been reported, information on the effects of extractable soil nutrients on crop residue (CR) feed quality traits is scarce (e.g. in semiarid regions of Karnataka, India). In view of the increasingly important role of CR as feed components, in these farming systems, generating such information is a relevant research issue for sustainable development. Here, we report the occurrence and strength of relationships among extractable nutrients in soils and CR feed quality traits, and the effects of improved nutrients input on feed availability and feed quality of CR. Soil samples were collected from farmers’ fields in the semiarid zone of Karnataka and analyzed for available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using standard laboratory methods. Soil test results were clustered as low, medium or high based on the level of nutrient concentration. Four major farming systems involving nine crops and 419 farms were selected for on-farm trials. Under every sample farm, a plot with farmer’s practice (control) and improved fertilizer inputs (combined application of nutrients found deficient by soil testing) were laid. Performance of crops was recorded. Samples were collected for CR feed quality trait analysis using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. The result showed that for cereal and oil crops, extractable soil S was significantly negatively associated with anti-feed quality traits such as neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) (P < 0.01), but significantly positively related to metabolizable energy (ME) and in vitro digestibility (P < 0.01). Extractable B and K levels were associated positively and significantly with NDF, ADF and ADL for oil crops and cereals. Crop level associations, for most crops, showed similar trend. Improved fertilizer inputs affected CR yield much more than it did the quality. It increased ME productivity (ME ha^?1) and thereof the potential milk yield ha^?1 by as high as 40 % over the control. Therefore, balanced nutrient inputs on crop land positively impact productivity of the livestock compartment of mixed crop–livestock farming system, and this knowledge can build on the currently perceived need and benefits of balanced nutrient replenishment in crop–livestock system.     

江苏太湖地区农业耕作制度变化及其对地表水土环境的影响

农业耕作制度变化及其环境效应是国内外广泛关注的学术前沿问题。近60 a来，江苏太湖地区农业耕作制度发生较大变化，主要表现在种植制度从偏重粮食生产转向粮经作物协调发展，用地作物增多而养地作物减少，作物品种经历了改进与优化过程，作物熟制经历了从“双三制”恢复到两熟制。施肥种类从有机肥为主转变为完全施用化肥，氮磷钾肥投入比例从长期严重失调发展到逐渐趋于协调。在总结近60 a来江苏太湖地区农业耕作制度变化特征的基础上，〖JP2〗分析了农业耕作制度变化对地表水土环境的影响，并提出了今后需要进一步关注的研究方向     

涝渍地种植制度与高效农业模式研究

采用了系统工程，生态农业，农业气象，作物栽培，技术经济等管理，通过对江汉平原涝渍地农田生态系统生产性能解析，现有种植制度与新拓高效农业模式分析评价，高效优化机理的探讨，从适应国内外市场需求，有利于农业结构调优，保护资源环境，促进农业可持续发展出发，筛选归纳了四类适宜的高效种植（养）模式，即“稳粮兴油”增值型；“稳棉机动”增值型；“粮经，粮饲兼顾”饲养型；“种地与养地”结合型。上述高效农业模式具有产品优化功能，结构优化功能，缓和大范围洪涝和自我调控补偿功能，它们既自成体系，各显特色，又互成体系，构成粮，经，饲，肥“四元”种植结构。必须实行有序高效模式自身水旱轮作，高效模式与传统耕作制度之间轮作换荐，使之动态优化，保持可持续发展。4种模式在我国南方涝渍地域具有广阔的推广前景，各地可因地制宜进行推广。     

A guide towards climate change adaptation in the livestock sector: adaptation options and the role of robust decision-making tools for their economic appraisal

Economic appraisal and technical effectiveness of adaptation options are key criteria for judging climate change adaptation investment decisions in all sectors. Yet relatively little methodological guidance exists for determining the most appropriate appraisal techniques for different adaptation options. This paper provides adaptation options and scopes relevant appraisal methods in agriculture focussing on livestock production specifically. We find that for many adaptation options for livestock agriculture, standard (expected) cost-benefit analysis is an appropriate tool. For adaptation options requiring long lead times or those with long lifetimes, techniques incorporating uncertainty (‘robust’ methods) are more suitable, including real options analysis, portfolio analysis and robust decision-making. From a comprehensive list of adaptation options in the livestock sector, we identify the most appropriate appraisal technique for each option and describe how the robust appraisal tools could be applied to heat stress, flood risk and water management.

     

Protein futures for Western Europe: potential land use and climate impacts in 2050

Multiple production and demand side measures are needed to improve food system sustainability. This study quantified the theoretical minimum agricultural land requirements to supply Western Europe with food in 2050 from its own land base, together with GHG emissions arising. Assuming that crop yield gaps in agriculture are closed, livestock production efficiencies increased and waste at all stages reduced, a range of food consumption scenarios were modelled each based on different ‘protein futures’. The scenarios were as follows: intensive and efficient livestock production using today’s species mix; intensive efficient poultry–dairy production; intensive efficient aquaculture–dairy; artificial meat and dairy; livestock on ‘ecological leftovers’ (livestock reared only on land unsuited to cropping, agricultural residues and food waste, with consumption capped at that level of availability); and a ‘plant-based eating’ scenario. For each scenario, ‘projected diet’ and ‘healthy diet’ variants were modelled. Finally, we quantified the theoretical maximum carbon sequestration potential from afforestation of spared agricultural land. Results indicate that land use could be cut by 14–86 % and GHG emissions reduced by up to approximately 90 %. The yearly carbon storage potential arising from spared agricultural land ranged from 90 to 700 Mt CO₂ in 2050. The artificial meat and plant-based scenarios achieved the greatest land use and GHG reductions and the greatest carbon sequestration potential. The ‘ecological leftover’ scenario required the least cropland as compared with the other meat-containing scenarios, but all available pasture was used, and GHG emissions were higher if meat consumption was not capped at healthy levels.