农用地重金属污染植物提取修复技术研究进展

农用地重金属污染具有污染范围广、风险筛选值和风险管制值相对较低等特点,使常规土壤修复技术如客土法、化学淋洗法、固化稳定化等的应用受到限制,植物提取技术是修复农用地重金属污染的有效手段。介绍了富集植物种类、超富集植物的评判依据、富集植物对重金属提取机制,重点分析了植物提取技术在农用地修复应用中的效果、影响因素、存在的问题及强化措施,最后对植物提取技术修复重金属污染农用地的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术与其他技术联用的进展与前景

随着工业和经济的发展,土壤重金属污染越来越严重,因此重金属污染土壤的修复迫在眉睫.植物修复技术因其经济、环保等优点已经成为国内外研究的热点,但存在修复植物稀少的问题.将其他技术与植物修复技术联用可能是突破植物修复这一局限性的关键举措之一.介绍了基因工程技术与植物修复技术联用的研究进展;总结了微生物技术与植物修复技术联用...     

污泥耐受性草本植物的筛选及其对重金属Cu、Zn的富集

为探索植物修复污泥中重金属污染的可行性,配制不同污泥含量的介质土开展盆栽实验,对从河南、云南和上海等地收集的抗逆性强的19种草本植物进行污泥适应性筛选；研究了植物对污泥的生理响应及其对重金属Cu、Zn的吸收和分布.结果表明,上海市浦东新区白龙港污水处理厂污泥农用是可行的,农用时污泥比例应控制在60％以下；筛选出三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥和金叶马兰4种污泥耐受性植物；三叶鬼针草具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的潜力；稗子具有修复重金属Zn污染土壤的能力；金叶马兰具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的能力.     

植物修复重金属污染土壤的强化措施

植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色环保技术,有着高效、经济和生态协调等特点而成为当前研究的热点领域,而且由于其修复的彻底性和环境友好性而在治理污染土壤实地过程得到广泛应用.概述了当前植物修复研究的基本类型和修复机理,并着重从生物技术、农艺措施和物理化学等强化手段上阐述了利用超富集植物修复污染土壤,以进一步提高超富集植物的修复效率,为大规模治理重金属污染土壤和商业化应用提供技术途径和科学依据.     

磷矿粉修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

重金属污染土壤的化学钝化修复技术可以有效控制重金属对植物及环境的危害。不同的改良剂对重金属污染土壤的改良效果不同,已有的研究表明难溶性磷矿粉是较好的选择。磷矿粉是一种性价比很高的改良剂,而且不会对环境造成破坏。总结了磷矿粉修复重金属污染土壤的化学机制和影响因素,重点综述了近年来不同粒径磷矿粉、改性磷矿粉修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展,旨在为重金属污染土壤的修复研究提供参考。     

立体式植物修复受重金属污染农田土壤的探讨

农田土壤遭受重金属污染是江西省乐平市乐安河沿岸的重要环境问题。采用实验小区的方法,研究了乔、灌、草多层次植物对重金属污染地区土壤的修复作用。结果表明,利用木本植物和对重金属吸收较好的草本植物组成立体模式来净化污染面积较大的土壤,效果明显,简便易行,经济效益大,是治理重金属Cu、Cd复合污染的一条新途径。     

土壤-植物系统中磷对重金属生物有效性的影响机制

磷对植物吸收重金属元素的影响作用属于植物营养和重金属污染生态研究的前沿。污染土壤中施入磷是否能够降低重金属离子的生物有效性，除了与重金属离子本身特性有关外，还与含磷化合物的性质及土壤环境条件有关。在分析中，就土壤中磷与重金属离子间交互作用机制、土壤中影响磷降低重金属离子生物有效性的环境因子及磷与重金属交互作用的国内外研究进展作了简要综述，并对今后的研究提出了展望。     

锑矿区土壤重金属污染及优势植物对重金属的富集特征

通过野外调查采样,分析了冷水江锑矿区4个采样点土壤和优势植物中重金属含量,以及矿区生长的5种优势植物对Sb、As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的的吸收与富集能力及其富集特性。结果表明,矿区土壤中6种重金属元素的平均含量均超出湖南省土壤背景值和全国土壤背景值,土壤受Sb污染最严重,其次是Cd、As的污染。5种优势植物淡竹叶、苎麻、芒草、狗尾草和白背叶体内Sb、As的含量都超过正常范围,具有修复矿区土壤Sb、As污染的潜力。其中苎麻对Sb的富集系数和转运系数均大于1,满足Sb超富集植物的基本特征,可作为生态恢复的先锋植物;芒草对Cd的富集系数和转运系数都大于1,对重金属有较强的耐性,作为重金属污染的修复植物具有较好的应用前景。     

重金属污染废弃地修复植物种类的筛选与评价

基于修复被重金属污染土壤的优良植物的特征，并结合前人的研究成果，对修复被Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn污染土壤的植物进行了罗列与分析，筛选出了一些可以应用于修复因重金属污染而废弃土地的、且生态恢复生长快、生物量大、抗逆性强、富集重金属多的植物。     

土壤——植物系统重金属污染研究现状与展望

土壤植物系统与人类生产生活密切相关，本文对土壤———植物系统重金属背景值、环境容量、迁移转化及污染的生态效应等方面的研究现状进行了论述，并结合国情提出了今后这一领域研究工作重点     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-plant system amended with biogas slurry in Taihu basin,China

Biogas slurry is a product of anaerobic digestion of manure that has been widely used as a soil fertilizer. Although the use for soil fertilizer is a cost-effective solution, it has been found that repeated use of biogas slurry that contains high heavy metal contents can cause pollution to the soil-plant system and risk to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of biogas slurry on the soil-plant system and the human health. We analyzed the heavy metal concentrations (including As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd) in 106 soil samples and 58 plant samples in a farmland amended with biogas slurry in Taihu basin, China. Based on the test results, we assessed the potential human health risk when biogas slurry containing heavy metals was used as a soil fertilizer. The test results indicated that the Cd and Pb concentrations in soils exceeded the contamination limits and Cd exhibited the highest soil-to-root migration potential. Among the 11 plants analyzed, Kalimeris indica had the highest heavy metal absorption capacity. The leafy vegetables showed higher uptake of heavy metals than non-leafy vegetables. The non-carcinogenic risks mainly resulted from As, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn through plant ingestion exposure. The integrated carcinogenic risks were associated with Cr, As and Cd in which Cr showed the highest risk while Cd showed the lowest risk. Among all the heavy metals analyzed, As and Cd appeared to have a lifetime health threat, which thus should be attenuated during production of biogas slurry to mitigate the heavy metal contamination.     

土壤-植物系统中磷对重金属生物有效性的影响机制

磷对植物吸收重金属元素的影响作用属于植物营养和重金属污染生态研究的前沿.污染土壤中施入磷是否能够降低重金属离子的生物有效性,除了与重金属离子本身特性有关外,还与含磷化合物的性质及土壤环境条件有关.在分析中,就土壤中磷与重金属离子间交互作用机制、土壤中影响磷降低重金属离子生物有效性的环境因子及磷与重金属交互作用的国内外研究进展作了简要综述,并对今后的研究提出了展望.     

Heavy metals in plants and phytoremediation

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: In some cases, soil, water and food are heavily polluted by heavy metals in China. To use plants to remediate heavy metal pollution would be an effective technique in pollution control. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants and the role of plants in removing pollutants should be understood in order to implement phytoremediation, which makes use of plants to extract, transfer and stabilize heavy metals from soil and water. METHODS: The information has been compiled from Chinese publications stemming mostly from the last decade, to show the research results on heavy metals in plants and the role of plants in controlling heavy metal pollution, and to provide a general outlook of phytoremediation in China. Related references from scientific journals and university journals are searched and summarized in sections concerning the accumulation of heavy metals in plants, plants for heavy metal purification and phytoremediation techniques. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Plants can take up heavy metals by their roots, or even via their stems and leaves, and accumulate them in their organs. Plants take up elements selectively. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the plant depends on the plant species, element species, chemical and bioavailiability, redox, pH, cation exchange capacity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and secretion of roots. Plants are employed in the decontamination of heavy metals from polluted water and have demonstrated high performances in treating mineral tailing water and industrial effluents. The purification capacity of heavy metals by plants are affected by several factors, such as the concentration of the heavy metals, species of elements, plant species, exposure duration, temperature and pH. CONCLUSIONS: Phytoremediation, which makes use of vegetation to remove, detoxify, or stabilize persistent pollutants, is a green and environmentally-friendly tool for cleaning polluted soil and water. The advantage of high biomass productive and easy disposal makes plants most useful to remediate heavy metals on site. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Based on knowledge of the heavy metal accumulation in plants, it is possible to select those species of crops and pasturage herbs, which accumulate fewer heavy metals, for food cultivation and fodder for animals; and to select those hyperaccumulation species for extracting heavy metals from soil and water. Studies on the mechanisms and application of hyperaccumulation are necessary in China for developing phytoremediation.     

Effects of Heavy metals on plants and resistance mechanisms

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: As one of the consequences of heavy metal pollution in soil, water and air, plants are contaminated by heavy metals in some parts of China. To understand the effects of heavy metals upon plants and the resistance mechanisms, would make it possible to use plants for cleaning and remediating heavy metal-polluted sites. METHODS: The research results on the effects of heavy metals on plants and resistant mechanisms are compiled from Chinese publications from scientific journals and university journals, mostly published during the last decade. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Effects of heavy metals on plants result in growth inhibition, structure damage, a decline of physiological and biochemical activities as well as of the function of plants. The effects and bioavailability of heavy metals depend on many factors, such as environmental conditions, pH, species of element, organic substances of the media and fertilization, plant species. But, there are also studies on plant resistance mechanisms to protect plants against the toxic effects of heavy metals such as combining heavy metals by proteins and expressing of detoxifying enzyme and nucleic acid, these mechanisms are integrated to protect the plants against injury by heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: There are two aspects on the interaction of plants and heavy metals. On one hand, heavy metals show negative effects on plants. On the other hand, plants have their own resistance mechanisms against toxic effects and for detoxifying heavy metal pollution. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: To study the effects of heavy metals on plants and mechanisms of resistance, one must select crop cultivars and/or plants for removing heavy metals from soil and water. More highly resistant plants can be selected especially for a remediation of the pollution site. The molecular mechanisms of resistance of plants to heavy metals should be studied further to develop the actual resistance of these plants to heavy metals. Understanding the bioavailability of heavy metals is advantageous for plant cultivation and phytoremediation. Decrease in the bioavailability to farmlands would reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in food. Alternatively, one could increase the bioavailability of plants to extract more heavy metals.     

Migration of heavy metals in soil as influenced by compost amendments

Soils contaminated with heavy metals can pose a major risk to freshwaters and food chains. In this study, the success of organic and inorganic intervention strategies to alleviate toxicity in a highly acidic soil heavily contaminated with As, Cu, Pb, and Zn was evaluated over 112 d in a mesocosm trial. Amelioration of metal toxicity was assessed by measuring changes in soil solution chemistry, metal leaching, plant growth, and foliar metal accumulation. Either green waste- or MSW-derived composts increased plant yield and rooting depth, reduced plant metal uptake, and raised the pH and nutrient status of the soil. We conclude that composts are well suited for promoting the re-vegetation of contaminated sites; however, care must be taken to ensure that very short-term leaching pulses of heavy metals induced by compost amendment are not of sufficient magnitude to cause contamination of the wider environment.     

宝应县土壤重金属的污染调查

以宝应县农田土壤重金属调查为依据，采用污染指数法对土壤质量进行评价，分析土壤重金属污染原因，提出防治措施。     

Field effects of pollutants in dynamic environments. A case study on earthworm populations in river floodplains contaminated with heavy metals

In industrialized countries river floodplains can be strongly polluted with heavy metals. Published studies on effects of heavy metal pollution on soil invertebrates in floodplains, however, are inconclusive. This is unexpected since studies in other less dynamic environments reported clear effects at even lower levels of pollution. Flooding induces extra variation in invertebrate biomass and abundance which may reduce the probability to detect heavy metal effects. In this paper we combine reported data from studies on river floodplains in The Netherlands and Belgium and statistically analyze the effect of heavy metals on species composition, biomass, density and individual weight of earthworms. Interaction effects of heavy metal stress and flooding are also considered. The results suggest clear effects of zinc and copper on all variables and interaction of heavy metals and flooding for individual weight.     

重金属污染土壤中提高植物提取修复功效的探讨

随着对重金属超积累植物研究的加深 ,用植物提取修复技术来改良重金属污染的土壤已逐步进入实用阶段。本文所探讨的提高此技术功效的方法基于两个方面 :提高土壤溶液中重金属的浓度 ,促进植物对重金属的吸收 ;根据已了解的超积累的生理机制可能采取的一些措施     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China

Assessing the concentration of potentially harmful heavy metals in the soil of urban parks is imperative in order to evaluate the potential risks to residents and tourists. To date, little research on soil pollution in China's urban parks has been conducted. To identify the concentrations and sources of heavy metals, and to assess the soil environmental quality, samples were collected from 30 urban parks located in the city of Beijing. Subsequently, the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the samples were analyzed. The investigation revealed that the accumulations of Cu and Pb were readily apparent in the soils. The integrated pollution index (IPI) of these four metals ranged from 0.97 to 9.21, with the highest IPI in the densely populated historic center district (HCD). Using multivariate statistic approaches (principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis), two factors controlling the heavy metal variability were obtained, which accounted for nearly 80% of the total variance. Nickel and Zn levels were controlled by parent material in the soils, whereas Cu, Pb and, in part, Zn were accounted for mainly by anthropogenic activities. The findings presented here indicate that the location and the age of the park are important factors in determining the extent of heavy metal, particularly Cu and Pb, pollution. In addition, the accumulation of Zn did not appear to reach pollution levels, and no obvious pollution by Ni was observed in the soils of the parks in Beijing.