600MW机组湿法脱硫吸收塔溢流原因分析及对策

阐述了火电厂600MW机组石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫系统吸收塔浆液溢流的危害,分析了吸收塔浆液溢流的原因,主要是石膏浆液品质差、氧化风量不合理、浆液循环泵、浆液喷淋的影响,溢流管接口位置布置不合理等。通过适当降低运行液位、合理布置吸收塔溢流管道等措施解决了吸收塔浆液溢流问题,确保脱硫系统稳定运行。     

FGD系统中吸收塔浆液起泡溢流的原因分析及解决办法

在石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫（FGD）工艺系统中,吸收塔浆液溢流是较为常见的现象,它对FGD系统的稳定运行非常不利。通过分析产生吸收塔浆液溢流的各种原因,提出解决吸收塔浆液溢流的办法,保证脱硫系统的稳定运行。     

石灰石-石膏法脱硫浆液起泡研究

在石灰石一石膏法脱硫中,吸收塔浆液溢流是较为常见的现象,它会对脱硫系统的正常运行造成较大危害,如果不采取适当的预防和处理措施,甚至会导致诸如增压风机叶片损坏等重大事故.通过分析石灰石一石膏工艺中吸收塔浆液产生溢流现象的各种原因,提出防止和解决吸收塔浆液溢流的方法,以保证脱硫系统的正常运行.     

湿法脱硫吸收塔浆液pH值异常情况处理

针对钱清发电公司石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫吸收塔浆液pH值异常现象,进行了向浆液中加入Ca(OH)2、查找石灰石粉、工艺水、烟气成分等影响因素的试验.确定了本次吸收塔浆液pH值异常的真正原因是由于系统中缺少足够的石膏晶种或晶种未长大.试验中发现:石膏晶种在pH值为4.2左右时,经过2～3天的培养,也同样可获得石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫系统正常运行所需的石膏晶种.     

石灰石／石灰-石膏湿法脱硫浆液溢流问题研究

在火电厂石灰石／石灰一石膏湿法脱硫系统中,吸收塔浆液溢流是运行过程中常见的问题之一,它对FGD系统的稳定运行非常不利。分析了吸收塔浆液溢流的成因,介绍了浆液溢流对FGD系统运行的危害,提出了吸收塔浆液溢流的预防和处理措施。     

湿法脱硫吸收塔在线监测系统常见问题及解决办法

在线监测装置是运行人员的＂眼睛＂,能否正常运行,对整套脱硫系统的可靠、经济、甚至安全运行均有十分重要的影响。脱硫系统所属的关键在线监测装置包括压降测量装置、吸收塔浆液密度和液位测量装置、吸收塔浆液pH值测量装置,堵塞是三者所存在的共性问题,后两者还存在其他方面的常见问题,分析了某厂湿法脱硫吸收塔在线监测系统产生上述常见问题的原因,提出了相应的解决办法。     

湿法脱硫多因素引起的浆液恶化原因分析及处理措施

在石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫系统中,吸收塔浆液恶化是系统运行经常出现的问题,浆液恶化不仅易影响浆液pH值,降低系统的脱硫效率,还会造成脱硫副产物石膏脱水困难。为此,结合2×600 MW机组湿法脱硫系统浆液恶化问题,通过检测与分析探讨了引起浆液品质变差的原因,并提出了解决措施。     

脱硫浆液供给系统稳定性提升的策略及实践

在石灰石湿法脱硫工艺中,浆液供给系统是整个脱硫系统中重要的组成部分.该系统向FGD吸收塔提供石灰石浆液,其稳定性直接影响到脱硫系统的安全运行.分析了影响高井热电厂脱硫浆液供给系统安全运行的各个因素,研究提高其稳定性的技术改造方案,实施最佳方案并对方案实施的效果进行评估.为提升脱硫浆液供给系统稳定性找出了新的思路和方法.     

添加剂在630MW机组湿法脱硫系统上的应用

在湿法脱硫系统吸收塔浆液中加入少量添加剂,可以促进浆液中石灰石的溶解和SO2的吸收,提高系统的脱硫率1.5%～2.0%。同时也可在浆液较低的pH值下,防止脱硫设备结垢堵塞,增加系统运行的稳定性。加入添加剂后,系统在保证脱硫效率的前提下可少开1台浆液循环泵,降低了运行成本。     

脱硫吸收塔在线pH计的技术改造

介绍了脱硫系统在线pH计的测量原理和吸收塔浆液的特性,分析了湿法烟气脱硫系统浆液pH值测量不准的原因,具体讲解了改造过程中遇到的难点和实施方案的要点.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.