美国环境保护局使用新的空气质量模式

经过25年后,美国环境保护局(EPA)推荐各州和地方管理人员使用一种新的空气质量模式,此事登在联邦记录上(Federal Register,2005,70,68,218-68,261).新引入的AERMOD模式作为一种工具,用以评价清洁大气(CAA)减少基准大气污染物的进展.AERMOD的设计满足由EPA和美国气象学会(AMS)科学家组成的委员会定出的一些要求.委员会认为要“引入最新的模式概念用于EPA的地方尺度空气质量模式”.AERMOD是一种稳态烟羽模式,基于行星边界层涡流结构和放大概念纳入空气扩散.据联邦记录记载,AERMOD比1980年以来EPA采用的“工业源组合模式”(I…     

小风条件下大气扩散模式发展回顾研究

由于小风对污染事件的潜在影响,以及与中等风速和大风条件相比边界层结构、湍流和扩散的特殊性,常规的稳态高斯烟流模式在这种条件下具有局限性,建立适用于小风条件的大气扩散模式具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文回顾了近年来小风条件下大气扩散模式的建立和发展,从较简单的解析模式到复杂的数值模式,并对不同模式的参数化方案、与示踪物实验的比较结果、适用性和不足之处进行了总结。综合考虑不同模式的优劣,在应用方面有利于根据实际情况选择合适的模式,在模式开发方面,有助于建立更加完备的大气扩散模式。     

尘粒蘑菇烟云扩散地面浓度模式的建立

本文通过静风条件和重力沉降对尘粒在大气中扩散的影响分析,指出高架孤立点源尘粒在静风条件下扩散呈现蘑茹状烟云;建立相应的正态分布地面浓度扩散模式,并确定其扩散参数表达式。应用该模式可简便地预测地面浓度及扩散范围。     

法尘蘑菇烟云扩散地面浓度模式的建立

本文通过静风条件和重力沉降对尘粒在大气中扩散的影响分析，指出高架孤立点源尘粒在静风条件下扩散呈现蘑菇状烟云，建立相应的正态分布地面浓度扩散模式，并确定其扩散参数表达式，应用该模式可简便地预测地面浓度及扩散范围。     

大气扩散模式在环境管理信息系统中的应用

本文根据常州市环境管理信息系统(CZEMIS)合理选择大气扩散模式的基本原则,概述了大气扩散的基本模式,并对基本模式进行有效的合成。利用软件工程思想对大气扩散模式进行结构化设计,形成大气环境质量预测软件。      

复杂地形大气扩散模式在环境影响评价中的应用

基于HJ2.2-2008《环境影响评价技术导则-大气环境》对复杂地形大气扩散模式的规定,对比研究AERMOD、CALPUFF、ADMS模式在流场模拟、地形处理思路和浓度预测方法等方面的异同,系统地提出了复杂地形条件下大气环境影响评价的技术要点,结合案例分析三模式预测的区域最大落地浓度及分布的差异,进一步探讨复杂地形大气环境影响评价存在的问题及解决方案,对做好大气环境影响评价工作具有重要的指导意义。     

风速与烟源有效高度、地面浓度的关系

本文研究了平均风速对烟源有效高度和地面浓度的影响。在大气边界层内,平均风速随高度而变化。以不同方法进行计算的结果表明,在大气扩散参数、风速廓线指数、烟源条件和抬升公式确定的条件下,不同算法的地面浓度可相差2.6倍以上,应引起注意。     

小风和静风状态下TSP大气扩散模式的理论推导

以移动烟团积分模式为基础,采用数学模型分析法,从理论上导出了小风和静风状态下的TSP大气扩散模式。该模式描述了重力沉降和地面不完全反射对颗粒物大气扩散过程的影响;与现有的大气扩散模式体系完全相容,可以方便地应用于小风和静风状态下TSP地面浓度的预测计算     

开发区外场中距离大气扩散模式对城区影响研究

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》中提出了对规划 (含开发区 )要进行环境影响评价 ,而开发区建设大多在城市近郊 ,与城区一般相距十几公里以上 ,大气环境影响评价中属中距离范围。本文分析了在复杂地形条件下中距离大气扩散模式的计算方法及其对城区的影响。     

盘锦地区大气扩散实用模式的优选

用SO2大气环境实测值、污染源排放浓度与大气扩散实用模式和高斯模式分别模拟计算SO2日均浓度及年均浓度，并与实测浓度进行了相关对比分析。结果表明：大气扩散实用模式的模拟结果好于高斯模式。     

第二代空气质量模式HPDM的分析改进

对第二代空气质量模式一混合烟气扩散模式ＨＰＤＭ进行了分析，通过与ＰＰＳＰ、ＡＭＳ、ＧＢ等模式的对比和工程验算，提出了ＨＰＤＭ在计算混合层高度和处理烟气穿透方面的缺陷，并提出了相应的改进方案。计算结果表明：改进以后的模式性能更加完善，其预测结果总体上与改进前相当，但在夜间不出现浓度值的大幅度跃变，在部分局部穿透情况下不出现极端高浓度。     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—II. Dynamics of a buoyant line source

We consider a large-eddy simulation of a buoyant line source in a convective boundary layer. The motion of the line source as a function of time is influenced by two contributions: internal buoyancy (plume rise) and ambient turbulence. The advantage of large-eddy modelling with respect to laboratory and atmospheric experiments is that the simulations allow us to distinguish between these two contributions. For the part due to internal buoyancy we formulate an integral model for plume rise. A new feature in this model is the fact that plume looping, which is characteristic for plume dispersion in a convective boundary layer, promotes entrainment and therefore reduces plume rise. The contribution by ambient turbulence to plume motion is modelled in terms of the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations. The results of these models are consistent with our large-eddy simulations.     

A computational model for the rise and dispersion of wind-blown,buoyancy-driven plumes—I. Neutrally stratified atmosphere

A multi-dimensional computational model for the rise and dispersion of a wind-blown, buoyancy-driven plume in a calm, neutrally stratified atmosphere is presented. Lagrangian numerical techniques, based on the extension of the vortex method to variable density flows, are used to solve the governing equations. The plume rise trajectory and the dispersion of its material in the crosswind plane are predicted. It is found that the computed trajectory agrees well with the two-thirds power law of a buoyancy-dominated plume, modified to include the effect of the initial plume size. The effect of small-scale atmospheric turbulence, modeled in terms of eddy viscosity, on the plume trajectory is found to be negligible. For all values of buoyancy Reynolds number, the plume cross-section exhibits a kidney-shaped pattern, as observed in laboratory and field experiments. This pattern is due to the formation of two counter-rotating vortices which develop as baroclinically generated vorticity rolls up on both sides of the plume cross-section. Results show that the plume rise can be described in terms of three distinct stages: a short acceleration stage, a long double-vortex stage, and a breakup stage. The induced velocity field and engulfment are dominated by the two large vortices. The effect of a flat terrain on the plume trajectory and dispersion is found to be very small. The equivalent radii of plumes with different initial cross-sectional aspect ratios increase at almost the same rate. A large aspect-ratio plume rises slower initially and then catches up with smaller aspect-ratio plumes in the breakup stage. The Boussinesq approximation is found to be valid if the ratio of the density perturation to the reference density is less than 0.1.     

Improvement of the modelling of daytime nitrogen oxide oxidation in plumes by using instantaneous plume dispersion parameters

The effect of concentration fluctuations on the modelling of non-linear chemical reactions in the atmosphere will be considerable when hourly mean dispersion parameters are used. This effect can be reduced by introducing instantaneous dispersion parameters, as will be shown in this paper for the modelling of the oxidation of NO emited into an O₃ containing atmosphere.We used the results of atmospheric tracer gas experiments to derive the dimensions of the instanteneous plume. With these results model calculations were carried out for the NOO₃ reaction. Results were compared with airborne measurements of NO oxidation in the plumes of Dutch power plants.The introduction of the instantaneous plume leads to better agreement between model calculations and measurements. It is also found that the deviation from photochemical equilibrium in the plume is considerably smaller when instantaneous, instead of hourly, mean dispersion parameters are used. The dimension of the instantaneous plume did not show a dependence on atmospheric stability.     

AERMOD大气扩散模型研究综述

AERMOD模型是美国环保局和美国气象学会联合开发的一种大气扩散模型,它采用了最新的大气边界层和大气扩散理论,替代ISC(Industrial Source Complex)模型成为美国的新一代法规模型,该模型已被列入我国环境影响评价技术导则--大气环境(HJ/T2.2-2008)推荐模型之一。国内外针对该模型开展了很多研究,主要集中在:AERMOD模型与其它大气扩散模型的对比研究和评价;AERMOD模型运行所需气象数据的模拟以及AERMOD模型在某些领域中的具体应用。AERMOD模型较我国旧版环境影响评价技术导则--大气环境(HJ/T2.2-93)推荐模型更能反映污染物的实际扩散规律,但由于目前该模型系统在国内的应用不算广泛,而且该模型本身也一直在不断完善当中,因此,为验证它的可靠性、合理性及实用性并确定其预报准确率,建议在该模型推广应用到一个新的地区或城市之前应当经过模型评估过程。     

Plume rise,entrainment and dispersion in turbulent winds

This paper describes a new analytical model which combines within one theoretical framework several aspects of the phenomena of plume rise, dispersion, thermal stratification and ambient turbulence. The model is based in part on knowledge gained from recent investigations of flow within free shear layers. The observations suggest a simple model for the turbulent mixing process, which accounts for the known entrainment of air into smoke plumes by plume-generated turbulence. More importantly, the model also predicts a path by which ambient turbulence causes reverse entrainment of plume material into the surrounding fluids. This gives rise to a new ‘extrainment’ term in each of the plume momentum and buoyancy equations.These equations are solved for a turbulent atmosphere of arbitrary thermal stability, and yield plume trajectories which gradually level off at final rise heights that depend on the degree of thermal stratification and on the scale and intensity of ambient turbulence. A link between plume rise and dispersion is identified by means of the concentration species equation, which is solved to show that the plume acts along its length as a distributed source of passively dispersing material.The new theory, specialized for an adiabatic atmosphere, plus the familiarx^2/3 law and a semi-empirical final rise theory from the literature, are all compared against full-scale data on plume rise in turbulent winds. The new theory significantly improves the accuracy of estimates of plume trajectory and final plume height. The price for this improved predictive ability is the need to evaluate the air temperature and its gradient at plume level, and the corresponding intensity and scale of turbulent air movement. This is no longer a technical obstacle since recently developed SODAR and RASS remote sensors have this capability.     

A meso-scale plume dispersion model. Preliminary evaluation in a heterogeneous area

A plume dispersion model for meso-γ-scale applications is developed. The model is formulated with the aim to study plume spreading in moderately complex terrain. An eddy diffusivity analogue is used in order to facilitate future inclusion of chemical transformations. The full diffusivity tensor, obtained from a second-order closure turbulence model, is used to described the dispersion process. The model is driven with simulated meteorological fields, obtained by means of a second-order turbulence closure model. An initial model evaluation has been undertaken using model predictions for an area featuring horizontally inhomogeneous dispersion conditions. Comparison with measurements, as well as with predictions of several other model types for distances out to 40 km, shows that the model is able to describe realistically plume widths and concentration in areas with strongly varying dispersion conditions. Non-negligible errors in plume position were however found for all models compared.     

烟羽在夜间雾天状况下的扩散数值研究

用夜间雾的数值模式研究了高架源在雾形成前后的扩散特征。模拟结果表明，雾的出现影响了大气近地层结，使原来很稳定的大气变成不稳定大气，但雾顶以上仍是逆温状态，这样导致雾顶附近的高浓度污染物向地面输送加剧，造成地面污染。这种情况非常类似于日出后出现的地面熏烟。研究结果从大气扩散方面解释了近年来在雾天临测中发现的地面高浓度污染现象，说明雾天是造成地面严重污染的重要天气之一。