暗处理对油菜子叶类囊体膜色素组成和荧光性质的影响

以蜀杂10号油菜为材料,播种7 d后分别置于自然光照条件和黑暗环境中进行暗处理,未处理油菜在d 5、d7、d 14、d 17、d 21、d 24和d 27时收集子叶,暗处理油菜于播种d 8、d 10、d 12和d 14时收集子叶.制备油菜子叶类囊体膜,分析色素含量,并进行类囊体膜丙酮抽提液窜温吸收光谱、叶绿素荧光发射和激发光谱以及蛋白质内源荧光光谱的分析.结果显示:与未处理油菜相比,暗处理引起油菜子叶类囊体膜光合色素Chl a和Chl b含量急剧减少,Chla/b比值和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素(Chl/Car)比值持续下降,类囊体膜对叶绿素的捕光能力和受激发能力降低,类囊体膜蛋白质内源荧光强度降低,以及色素蛋白复合物降解.上述结果表明,暗处理诱导油菜子叶快速进入衰老阶段,类囊体膜蛋白组成和色素的光合功能均发生了明显的变化.图10参23     

软脂酸和硬脂酸对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用

研究了软脂酸和硬脂酸对产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的抑制效应,比较了长链饱和脂肪酸抑藻的构效关系。选用的藻种是购于中国科学院水生生物研究所的产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912,且实验藻种处于对数生长期。软脂酸和硬脂酸在藻液中的4种最终质量浓度为：30、60、90和120mg·L-1。实验周期为6d,每天定时定量取藻液,测量A（650nm）,叶绿素a含量,藻蓝蛋白含量。实验结束后,采用SPSS（13.0版本）软件和DPS（7.05版本）分析加入这2种脂肪酸的藻液的3个指标与空白对照之间的差异显著性。结果表明,2种饱和脂肪酸的4种质量浓度对产毒铜绿微囊藻均有显著的抑制作用,浓度越大,抑藻效果越明显。其中,2种饱和脂肪酸在相同浓度的条件下,软脂酸比硬脂酸的抑制作用要明显。实验技术方面有2个创新点：①因为长链饱和脂肪酸无法溶于蒸馏水,实验采用乙醇来溶解脂肪酸。②因为溶于乙醇的长链饱和脂肪酸溶液无法用高压灭菌锅灭菌,实验采用微孔滤膜对脂肪酸溶液进行灭菌。     

海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜有机磷农药残留的降解作用

以小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的影响.试验结果表明,叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜中毒死蜱、氧化乐果、敌敌畏等有机磷农药残留具有明显的降解作用;对甘蓝中毒死蜱和氧化乐果的降解效果优于小白菜,但对芹菜中毒死蜱的降解效果远不及甘蓝和小白菜,表现出一定的作物选择性.叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对敌敌畏等磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解作用比毒死蜱、氧化乐果等硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解强烈,表现出一定的农药选择性;另外,喷水对叶片表面残存农药具有一定的冲洗作用,可减少叶面农药的残留量;叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对甘蓝和小白菜中有机磷农药的降解率远高于叶面喷水.以上结果表明海藻多糖稀土配合物确实具有降解有机磷农药残留的作用.在蔬菜生产中将海藻多糖稀土配合物作为农药残留降解制剂是可行的,有利于蔬菜安全生产和提高蔬菜产品的食用安全性。     

UV-B辐射对大豆和黄瓜幼苗某些生理特性的影响

在植物生长室中,ＵＶ－ Ｂ辐射明显降低黄瓜幼苗的根系活力,抑制程度随辐射时间的延长而增强．黄瓜和大豆幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量减少与ＵＶＢ辐射时间长短呈正相关,但是类胡萝卜素减少幅度不大．ＵＶＢ对Ｃｈｌｂ 的破坏较Ｃｈｌａ 严重,导致Ｃｈｌａｂ 比值增大．ＵＶＢ虽增加大豆幼苗的ＳＯＤ活性,但降低大豆幼苗的ＮＲ活性及其对温度变化的敏感性．分析认为,Ｃｈｌａｂ 比值和ＳＯＤ 活性升高,有助于植物对ＵＶＢ的适应     

Binding of manganese by Antarctic Phaeocystis pouchetii and the role of bacteria in its release

The growth of Antarctic Phaeocystis pouchetii and associated bacteria in culture, and the binding and release of manganese were investigated using cultures derived from three clonal isolates collected from Prydz Bay, Antarctica, in November and December 1982. The cultured strains accumulated manganese from the culture medium. The concentration of Mn²⁺ in the alga was up to 58 times that of the medium. The Mn²⁺ apparently binds to the mucilage secreted by the cells and gives the alga its characteristic brown colour. Oxidation or complexing of Mn²⁺ by P. pouchetii was also indicated. Bacterial growth on the mucilage is inhibited in rapidly growing cultures by acrylic acid produced in the mucilage. Once the growth of P. pouchetii and production of ccrylic acid slow, bacterial numbers increase, leading to the solubilization of the mucilage and the release of Mn²⁺. In cool-temperate, subpolar and polar seas where P. pouchetii may form dense blooms, the binding and subsequent release of manganese may have important consequences for competing phytoplankton.     

神农架林区不同类型植物的叶片特征与光合性能研究

以神农架林区木鱼镇茶山上生长的8种不同类型植物为试验材料,于晴天选择其植株上东南朝向的顶部成长叶,采用LI-COR6400便携式光合测定系统、调制叶绿素荧光成像系统(IMAGING-PAM M-Series)及双通道PAM-100测量系统(Dual-PAM-100)和常规方法研究了其叶片特征、光合性能及相互间的关系,将有助于了解神农架植物的光合生产力及其植被管理。结果表明,不同类型植物叶片的叶片特征和光合性能存在明显的物种差异。比叶重(SLW)为乔木灌木草本;气孔参数以气孔导度(Cond)差异最大;草本植物的光合能力明显高于灌木和乔木,而灌木和乔木间的差异不大;叶绿素含量(Chl)及其组分的差异较小,类胡萝卜素(Car)和花青素含量(Ant)及其与Chl的比值差异极大。不同类型植物叶片特征和光合性能指标的变异系数在7.3%～73.0%间,Chla/Chlb最小,Car/Ant最大;Chla/Chlb、基于叶温的蒸汽压亏缺(VpdL)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)小于15%,Cond、单位鲜重Car、PSII实际量子产量和PSI非光化学能量耗散的量子产量为40%～50%,单位干重Car、Ant、Chl/Ant和Car/Ant则大于60%,其他指标在20%～40%。相关分析显示,Pn受Cond、叶片含水量和单位干重Chl的正向调控,Ant和Car对Pn无决定性作用;PSII和PSI的实际量子产量依赖于Ci和Chl,Car过高导致其降低;PSI的光保护受SLW的负调控及单位鲜重Chl和单位干重Car的正调控;光合机构的光损伤受Ci的负调控和Chl/Car的正调控。     

Grazer avoidance may explain the invasiveness of the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla in Scandinavian waters

The invasive red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has quickly spread across Europe, but it is unclear whether its success is based on a high tolerance to variations in environmental conditions or to the absence of native grazers that feed on this alga. We tested whether native invertebrate grazers prefer native algae to G. vermiculophylla. Feeding preferences of three common herbivores were quantified when offered G. vermiculophylla and native Fucus vesiculosus, Ceramium virgatum, and Ulva intestinalis in no-, two- and multiple-choice trials. Herbivore growth was measured when fed each of the algae separately. Grazers consumed G. vermiculophylla in no-choice trials, but avoided generally this alga when having a choice. U. intestinalis was always preferred over G. vermiculophylla, and grazers fed with U. intestinalis grew faster than those fed with G. vermiculophylla. We conclude that grazers avoid G. vermiculophylla to most native algae, which may benefit G. vermiculophylla in northern European estuaries.     

Evaluation and sensitivity of cyanobacteria,Nostoc muscorum and Synechococcus PCC 7942 for heavy metals stress – a step toward biosensor

This study attempted to determine the effects of heavy metals on the photosynthetic blue-green algae for their potential to use as a biosensor. The bioaccumulation of metals and its effects on pigments of Nostoc muscorum and Synechococcus PCC 7942 were assessed. The culture was grown in BG 11 liquid medium supplied with different metals like mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) and incubated (µM 20 concentrations) for 10 days under optimal conditions. The accumulated amounts of metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The stress effects on photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a (Chl a) were monitored by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Bio-concentration factor (BCF) reached a peak in cells on the 2nd day of incubation followed by a gradual reduction. The highest reduction in the pigment concentrations (Chl a and β carotene) was observed at 20?µM?L^?1 Hg treatment. The results indicate that, cyanobacteria may serve as both potential species to be used as a biosensor and used to clean up heavy metals from contaminated water. These changes were analyzed with the long-term goal of exploiting cyanobacterial cells as biosensors.     

Biofouling attractants from a brown marine alga Ecklonia cava

In recent years, industrial pollutants and the mountain forest fire ashes released into seawater cause damage to the marine environment, mainly it reduces the algal productivity in the inter tidal region. To get recover from the stress due to pollutants and to increase the growth and development of biofouling algae (benthic organisms), Ecklonia cava extract was investigated for its biofouling attracting efficiency. Bioactive guided fractions of E. cava extract derived from column chromatography were tested against spore attachment of a fouling alga, Ulva pertusa. Fraction B showed increased spore attachment rate with a maximum of 92 +/- 5%. This fraction was further analysed on HPLC, GC-Mass and NMR, deduced as pentadecanoic acid.     

Demography and phenology of the intertidal green algaCodium setchellii: The enigma of local scarcity on sand-influenced rocky shores

Demographic and phenological attributes that characterize rare and scarce species have not been extensively investigated for marine benthic organisms. From 1984 to 1987, 1 investigated the population ecology of the low intertidal, psammophytic green algaCodium setchellii Gardner that forms low-density populations on sand-influenced rocky benches on N.E. Pacific shores. To address why the alga is not more common in the habitat in which it is most abundant, I quantified sand fluctuations and population dynamics ofC. setchellii at several sites along the central coast of Oregon, USA. Sand movement was highly unpredictable both spatially and temporally on a local scale. AlthoughC. setchellii became fertile in late autumn to winter, the alga and rocky surfaces were often deeply buried by sand in these seasons. Algal recruitment was also spatially and temporally variable, and mortality of small thalli was high. Thallus growth was generally slow, and the alga had the capacity to persist at a given size for long periods. On sand-influenced rocky shores, mortality of largethalli was low, with some thalli persisting for several years. In laboratory experiments,C. setchellii lost substantial biomass during 4 to 5 wk sand burials, whereas two sympatric species of psammophytic algae lost little to no biomass. The within-site scarcity ofC. setchellii may be a consequence of (1) largely unpredictable environmental conditions that reduce algal recruitment and survival, and (2) apparent lack of specialized anatomical or reproductive adaptations to persist on sand-scoured rocky shores. The alga's persistence may be due to its slow growth and long lifespan.     

Photoacclimation in phytoplankton: implications for biomass estimates, pigment functionality and chemotaxonomy

Chl a and C-normalized pigment ratios were studied in two dinophytes (Prorocentrum minimum and Karlodinium micrum), three haptophytes (Chrysochromulina leadbeateri, Prymnesium parvum cf. patelliferum, Phaeocystis globosa), two prasinophytes (Pseudoscourfieldia marina, Bathycoccus prasinos) and the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, in low (LL, 35 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) and high light (HL, 500 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). Pigment ratios in LL and HL were compared against a general rule of photoacclimation: LL versus HL ratios ≥1 are typical for light-harvesting pigments (LHP) and <1 for photoprotective carotenoids. Peridinin, prasinoxanthin, gyroxanthin-diester and 19′-butanoyloxy-fucoxanthin were stable chemotaxonomic markers with less than 25% variation between LL versus HL Chl a–normalized ratios. As expected, Chls exhibited LL/HL to Chl a ratios >1 with some exceptions such as Chl c ₃ in P. globosa and MV Chl c ₃ in C. leadbeateri. LL/HL to Chl a ratios of photosynthetic carotenoids were close to 1, except Hex-fuco in P. globosa (four-fold higher Chl a ratio in HL vs LL). Although pigment ratios in P. globosa clearly responded to the light conditions the diadinoxanthin-diatoxanthin cycle remained almost unaltered at HL. Total averaged pigment and LHP to C ratios were significantly higher in LL versus HL, reflecting the photoacclimation status of the studied species. By contrast, the same Chl a-normalized ratios were weakly affected by the light intensity due to co-variation with Chl a. Based on our data, we suggest that the interpretation of PPC and LHP are highly dependent on biomass normalization (Chl a vs. C).     

Influence of marine alga against mercury-induced biochemical changes,structural destabilization,and genotoxicity in marine tiger fish,Therapon jarbua

This study elucidated the protective role of alga against mercury (Hg)-induced toxicity in marine fish. Bath immersion with mercury chloride (HgCl) [0.125 and 0.25?ppm] in combination with the algal extract (3?ppm) to Therapon jarbua offered a significant protection against Hg only induced disturbed liver function, damaged histoarchitecture, elevated oxidative stress, and DNA fragmentation of tissues. Mercury exposure decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and the level of nonprotein-soluble thiol (NPSH, GSH), with a concomitant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the gill, kidneys, liver, and blood. Algal supplementation diminished the rise in TBARS restoring CAT, SOD, and GSH levels to control. Reduced generation of free radicals may be correlated to protect DNA stability and morphology. This study indicates the ability of alga to ameliorate Hg-mediated injuries. In conclusion, Kappaphycus alvarezii extract did not show any toxicity and its safety is suggestive for using as a supplement in fish food.     

Biosorption of Direct Yellow 12 from aqueous solution using green alga Ulva lactuca

The potential of commonly available green alga Ulva lactuca was investigated as viable biomaterials for removal of synthetic azo dye (Direct Yellow 12, DY-12) from aqueous solution. The results obtained from the batch experiments revealed that the ability of the U. lactuca to remove DY-12 from its aqueous solution was dependent on the dye concentration, pH, and algal biomass but less dependent on the particle size of the U. lactuca. The equilibrium conditions and kinetics of adsorption were investigated, and the adsorption kinetic was consistent with the pseudo-second-order model (R²=1). The adsorption isotherm followed only the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient R²=0.99. This study demonstrated that the U. lactuca could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of DY-12 from its aqueous solution.     

Dynamics of nitrogen,phosphorus, algal biomass,and suspended solids in an artificial lentic ecosystem and significant implications of regional hydrology on trophic status

Chemical and biological parameters were analyzed to examine how regional hydrological fluctuations influence water quality of a artificial lentic ecosystem over a two-year period The intensity of seasonal monsoon rain accounted for most of annual inflow and discharge and influenced flow pathway (interflow vs. overflow), resulting in a modification of chemical and biological conditions. Sharp contrasting interannual hydrology of intense vs. weak monsoon occurred during the study. The intense monsoon disrupted thermal stratification and resulted in ionic dilution, high TP and high inorganic solids (NVSS) in the headwater reach. The variation of NVSS accounted 75% of TP variation (slope = 4.14, p < 0.01, n = 48). Regression analysis of residual chlorophyll-a (Chl) versus flushing rate indicated that short hydraulic retention time and high mineral turbidity affected algal growth in the headwater reach during summer monsoon. In contrast, severe drought during weak monsoon produced strong thermal stratification, low inorganic solids, high total dissolved solids (TDS), and low TP in the entire system. In addition, Chl concentrations were controlled by phosphorus. Based on the physical, chemical and biological parameters, riverine conditions, dominated during the intense monsoon, but lacustrine conditions were evident during the weak monsoon. The interannual dynamics suggest that monsoon seasonality is considered the main forcing factor regulating overall functions and processes of the waterbody and this characteristic has an important implication to eutrophication of the system.     

Food ingestion by the marine planktonic copepod Paracalanus in relation to abundance and size distribution of food

Juveniles and adult females were presented a food spectrum of three algae of different sizes (4.5, 12 and 20 m cell width). The increase in rate of ingestion of the medium-sized alga with an increase in copepod size was significantly greater than the increase in rate of ingestion of the small alga. It is hypothesized that the perception of chemical signals from the small alga by a copepod decreases as the copepod moults from stage to stage. The rate of ingestion of the large alga by copepod stage V (CV) and adult females was lower than the rate of ingestion of the medium-sized alga at mid- and high phytoplankton concentrations. The amount of nitrogen ingested when the medium-sized alga alone was offered was either higher than (stage C II) or not significantly different from that when the three algae were offered together (stage C IV). Ingestion rates are reduced when there is a multialgal food source. This implies that there is increased stability in the ocean because multiparticle food sources are more slowly depleted than unialgal foods. Weight-specific ingestion rates of copepods fed the three algae simultaneously increased from nauplius to stage C III and then decreased as adulthood approached. The contribution of the small alga to the total amount of nitrogen ingesied was greatest for naupliar stages while the contribution of the medium-sized cells was greater for later stages. The largest alga was readily ingested by stage C V and adult females but never contributed more than 25% of the nitrogen ingested. Eight to 12% of the nitrogen ingested by adult females was from the small alga. It is hypothesized that the algal cell size for maximum nitrogen ingestion in upwelled waters is relatively small, round or square and close to the size threshold below which adult females do not sense individual cells.     

盐胁迫对油菜幼苗生长和光合特征的影响

采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200、300mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫10和30d对油菜(Brassica napus)幼苗干质量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间CO2浓度(xi)、蒸腾速率(Rt)、水分利用效率(Ew,u)和气孔限制值(Ls)等的影响.结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,油菜幼苗植株干质量显著降低,长期高盐胁迫下油菜干质量降低更显著;随NaCl浓度的增加,Chl含量、Chl a/Chl b比值均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,处理10d,Chl含量、Chl a/Chl b比值在NaCl浓度为200mmol·L-1条件下达最大值,处理30d,在NaCl浓度为100mmol·L-1条件下达最大值.在50～100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,油菜叶片的Pn、xi和Ls所受影响均很小;高盐胁迫下,其Pn、Gs、xi和Rt均显著下降,而Ew,u和Ls则显著上升.相关分析显示,植株干质量与Chl含量、Chl a/Chl b比值间无相关性,与Na+、Cl-含量,Ew,u和Ls间呈显著负相关(P＜0.01),与根冠比,K+、Ca2+含量,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值,K+与Na+的选择性比率[S(K+,Na+)],Ca2+与Na+的选择性比率[S(Ca2+,Na+)],Pn,Gs,xi和Rt间呈显著正相关(P＜0.01).上述结果表明,200mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫10和30d、300mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫10d,油菜幼苗光合抑制主要来自气孔限制,而300mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫30d,气孔限制和非气孔限制在油菜幼苗光合抑制中均具有重要作用.Na+、Cl-、K+、Ca2+含量,Ew,u,Ls,根冠比,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值,S(K+,Na+),S(Ca2+,Na+),Pn,Gs,xi和Rt均可作为油菜生长盐适应性的评价指标.     

N2 fixation (nitrogenase activity) attributable to a specific Prochloron (Prochlorophyta)-ascidian association in Palau,Micronesia

Light-mediated nitrogenase activity (NA) consistently occurred in one of four species of tropical marine ascidians (sea squirts) hosting the symbiotic alga Prochloron (prochlorophyta) among reef habitats located in Palau, Micronesia. NA was limited to intact colonies of Lissoclinum patella exclusively colonized by cells of Prochloron. Neither isolated viable cells of Prochloron nor ascidians free of Prochloron revealed NA, indicating a strong dependence on the intact symbiosis for creating conditions conductive to N₂ fixation. The confinement of NA to L. patella may be related to both the oligotrophic habitat and the large colony size of this protochordate species. This is the first report of NA attributable to symbiotic alga residing in either an aquatic or a terrestrial animal.     

Effects of diurnal variations in phytoplankton photosynthesis obtained from natural fluorescence

Effects of diurnal variation in phytoplankton photosynthesis on estimating daily primary production (DPP) were examined using field data from Sagami Bay, Japan. DPP at 5 m depth was calculated from the continuous data of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and light intensity monitored by a natural fluorescence sensor with and without considering time-dependent changes in the photosynthesis–irradiance (P–E) relationship. Chl a could be estimated from natural fluorescence examining the variations in the quantum yield of fluorescence (φ _f) and Chl a-specific light absorption coefficient (a*_ph), and relating them to Chl a. The P–E relationship was determined by water sampling three times daily. A distinct diurnal pattern was observed for the maximum photosynthetic rate (P*_max), being maximal at noon, while periodicity of the maximum light utilization coefficient (α*) was less obvious. The actual DPP was calculated by interpolating the P–E parameters from those obtained at dawn, noon, and dusk. For comparison, DPP was calculated by fixing the P–E parameters as the constants measured at dawn, noon or dusk for a day. The difference from the actual DPP was small when the P–E parameters measured at dawn (3% on average) and noon (5%) were used as the constants for a day. The difference was largest when the values at dusk were used (−43%). The medium values of P*_max at dawn, its low values at dusk, and the fact that a major part of the DPP was produced around noon were responsible for these results. The present study demonstrates that measurement of the P–E parameters at dawn or noon can give a good estimation of DPP from natural fluorescence.     

Exploring the influence of lake water chemistry on chlorophyll a: A multivariate statistical model analysis

A multivariate statistical approach integrating the absolute principal components score (APCS) and multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR), along with structural equation modeling (SEM), was used to model the influence of water chemistry variables on chlorophyll a (Chl a) in Lake Qilu, a severely polluted lake in southwestern China. Water quality was surveyed monthly from 2000 to 2005. APCS-MLR was used to identify key water chemistry variables, mine data for SEM, and predict Chl a. Seven principal components (PCs) were determined as eigenvalues >1, which explained 68.67% of the original variance. Four PCs were selected to predict Chl a using APCS-MLR. The results showed a good fit between the observed data and modeled values, with R² = 0.80. For SEM, Chl a and eight variables were used: NH₄-N (ammonia-nitrogen), total phosphorus (TP), Secchi disc depth (SD), cyanide (CN), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), fluoride (F), and temperature (T). A conceptual model was established to describe the relationships among the water chemistry variables and Chl a. Four latent variables were also introduced: physical factors, nutrients, toxic substances, and phytoplankton. In general, the SEM demonstrated good agreement between the sample covariance matrix of observed variables and the model-implied covariance matrix. Among the water chemistry factors, T and TP had the greatest positive influence on Chl a, whereas SD had the largest negative influence. These results will help researchers and decision-makers to better understand the influence of water chemistry on phytoplankton and to manage eutrophication adaptively in Lake Qilu.