基于高密度电阻率成像法的低渗黏土中轻非水相液体运移规律探索

为了实时掌握轻非水相液体 (LNAPL) 泄漏后在黏土中的动态分布及入渗时的运移规律,进行了室内模型箱实验,由上至下设置均一含水土层及含毛细水土层,采用高密度电阻率成像法对土体的电阻率变化进行监测,获得了加注过程中及加注结束后LNAPL的运移规律。实验结果表明：LNAPL渗入黏土提高了黏土的电阻率,质量含水率为10%的黏土可提高50 Ω·m左右,随黏土含水率的增加,该提高数值逐渐减小;0~9 h加注阶段,在质量含水率10%的土层中LNAPL水平扩散速度的峰值将近90 cm²·h⁻¹,运移至非饱和毛细带时,随土体含水率的增加,其水平扩散速度的峰值逐渐降低;停止加注后,LNAPL在黏土中的高浓度污染区位置逐渐下移,局部区域的污染羽锋面出现回缩,回缩速度可达0.15 cm²·h⁻¹。该研究可为探索沿海、沿江等低渗黏土污染区中LNAPL的运移规律及分布特征提供参考。     

多孔介质中轻非水相液体挥发过程的电阻率成像法监测

在含有细砂透镜体的三维非均质砂槽中进行了轻非水相液体(LNAPLs)的挥发实验,并应用电阻率成像法进行同步动态监测,尝试通过电阻率图像的变化反映砂槽中LNAPLs的挥发过程。结果表明,砂槽注油后电阻率明显上升,LNAPLs污染中心区域的电阻率大于边缘区域,由上往下电阻率减小,其图像近似半球形。注油结束后,污染物逐渐挥发,污染区域LNAPLs浓度不断减小,表现为电阻率逐渐降低。监测过程表明,应用电阻率成像法监测LNAPLs挥发过程是有效的。     

表面活性剂冲洗法治理非水相流体污染多相流研究进展

表面活性剂冲洗法是一种治理土壤与地下水非水相流体(NAPLs)污染的有效技术.在简要介绍表面活性剂冲洗法去除作用机理的基础上,总结了近些年来与表面活性剂冲洗法多相流相关的国内外试验研究和模型研究成果,主要包括表面活性剂作用所引起的混溶驱替和不混溶驱替多相流问题,并指出目前研究中存在的问题和进一步探讨的方向.     

基于活性炭的多孔介质水动力弥散系数测定

溶质在多孔介质运移过程中,水动力弥散系数不仅反映多孔介质的介质特性,同时也是描述溶质浓度随时空变化规律的重要参数。以颗粒状活性炭为研究对象,建立了水动力条件下的对流弥散方程进行溶质运移过程描述,并采用土柱扩散实验对其水动力弥散系数进行了测定。结果表明,借用反函数变化思路,可快速准确测定多孔介质的水动力弥散系数D;同时,变流速条件下D不为常量,且分子扩散的影响可忽略,其与渗流速度v之间满足D=9.328v1.796函数关系。由此建立的数学模型求解和D-v函数关系可为描述溶质在多孔介质中运移规律的研究提供一定的参考。     

颗粒层中非水相液体污染物冲洗排出速度的数值模拟简

在进行污染土壤的冲洗修复时,模型模拟是极具优势的预测净化效果的方法。本研究分别采用5种粒径的球形玻璃微珠模拟实际土壤,实验考察了玻璃微珠颗粒层中水和非水相液体的排出速度,给出了颗粒层中液含率分布函数,以及最大和最小颗粒层孔隙直径的定义,建立了一个描述颗粒层中水和非水相液体排出速度的多孔介质孔隙毛细管束模型。使用构建的模型模拟水和异辛烷在颗粒层中的排出速度,模拟结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,模型预测结果的平均相对误差小于6.4%,特别是对粒径较小颗粒层,预测的准确性更高。模型可作为进一步研究在非水相液体饱和土壤水冲洗修复时,水和非水相液体排出速度和修复效果的基础。     

基于参数敏感性分析的轻质非水相液体在非均质包气带中迁移模拟研究

利用TOUGH2程序构建室内实验尺度多相流数值模型,基于扰动分析法,对模型中的介质孔隙度、绝对渗透率、残余水饱和度(S_wr)、残余非水相(NAPL)饱和度(S_nr)、进气值参数(α)进行敏感性分析,在此基础上设计中砂夹粗砂层和夹细砂层两种非均质条件情景,探究轻质非水相液体(LNAPL)以不同速率泄漏以及地下水位波动时的迁移过程。结果表明：(1)模型参数敏感度呈绝对渗透率>S_nr>α>S_wr>孔隙度的规律,S_nr、α、S_wr与LNAPL稳定饱和度呈正线性相关,绝对渗透率与其呈负线性相关。(2)主要由于介质间绝对渗透率的差异,中砂介质中的细砂夹层阻滞、粗砂夹层促进LNAPL迁移,泄漏速率的增大致使细砂夹层阻滞作用更为显著。(3)地下水位波动扩大LNAPL横、纵向污染范围,降低夹层内LNAPL饱和度,水位上升,细砂夹层下界面、粗砂夹层上界面阻滞LNAPL抬升,主要由于介质绝对渗透率的差异,两种非均质情景对地下水位波动的响应特征不同。     

固定床厌氧反应器中有气体存在时液相非理想流态的研究

采用脉冲应答技术对模拟厌氧固定床反应器内的液相非理想流态进行了研究。实验的液体流速u=1.21×10-3～6.81×10-2m/s,气体流速为0.008～0.034m/s,该范围相对应的厌氧反应器处理的废水COD浓度大约为1100～4000mg/L。结果表明,在不同的气速条件下,Pe～Re曲线都呈一拱形,即有一最佳的Re数范围,在该范围内Pe数达到极大;一定量气体的存在会使得Pe数显著增大。     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.     

Large-scale effects on resistivity index of porous media

The estimation of humidity in the unsaturated zone of soils and NAPL saturation in contaminated aquifers may be based on the interpretation of electrical resistivity index logs. In the present work, concepts of the theory of the two-phase flow in pore networks are employed to interpret the form of the equilibrium and dynamic resistivity index curves of large porous samples. A resistivity cell is constructed to measure the capillary and electrical properties of large samples of unconsolidated porous media. The drainage capillary pressure and resistivity index curves of a sand column are measured by using the micropore membrane (porous plate) method, where a 0.5% wt/vol NaCl aqueous solution is displaced by n-dodecane. The dynamic resistivity index curves are measured by using the continuous injection technique for various orientations of the sand column. Based on concepts of the two-phase flow theory, concerning the dominant displacement growth pattern in a pore network and arising from the cooperative effects of capillary, buoyancy, and viscous forces, approximate relationships are developed for the resistivity index and saturation exponent as functions of the water saturation. The saturation exponent decreases as the displacement advances and the fluid distribution across the sand column tends to be homogenized after oil breakthrough. Both the resistivity index and saturation exponent increase as the displacement pattern tends to become compact and stable. In the destabilized flow pattern, as the Bond number decreases, the resistivity index may increase respectably within a narrow range of values of the Bond number. This happens when the thickness of the unstable capillary finger exceeds the lateral dimension of the porous sample and becomes a fractal percolation cluster. The saturation exponent becomes almost constant and independent of water saturation only over the destabilized displacement pattern at high values of the Bond number.     

The influence of system complexity on bacterial transport in saturated porous media

A series of miscible-displacement column experiments were conducted under saturated flow conditions to systematically investigate the influence of physical and biological complexity on bacterial activity and fate in the presence and absence of a non-sorbing growth substrate, salicylate. Bacterial elution was monitored for three different systems; System I--a sterilized, inoculated, well-sorted sand, System II--a sterilized, inoculated, heterogeneous loamy sand (Hayhook), and System III--two different unsterilized loamy sands (Hayhook and Vinton) each with their associated indigenous microbial community. Results show that System I behaved ideally with respect to both cell and substrate transport, wherein: (1) growth occurred in response to substrate addition, (2) cell elution increased in response to the substrate pulse, and (3) breakthrough curves were reproducible for both substrate and cell elution. In contrast, System II showed ideal behavior with respect to substrate transport but showed variable behavior for cell transport. Further, there was no measurable growth in response to substrate addition and no increase in cell elution during the salicylate pulse. System III exhibited non-ideal behavior for both substrate and cell transport. Of particular interest is the fact that the indigenous communities of the two soils behaved differently. Specifically, for the Hayhook soil, an increased elution response was observed for the heterotrophic population while the salicylate-degrading community was preferentially retained in the column. In contrast for the Vinton soil, the substrate pulse did not elicit an elution response from either the heterotrophic or salicylate-degrading community from the culturable, indigenous Vinton microorganisms. For Systems II and III, the observed variability appears to be associated with the biological component of the system, since sterile controls were reproducible. This type of systematic study is critical for understanding cell and substrate transport behavior in complex, heterogeneous systems, and illustrates the potential uncertainty associated with measurements in such systems.     

Transport of a non-volatile contaminant in unsaturated porous media in the presence of colloids

Stable colloidal particles can travel long distances in subsurface environments and carry particle-reactive contaminants with them to locations further than predicted by the conventional advective-dispersive transport equation. When such carriers exist in a saturated porous medium, the system can be idealized as consisting of three phases: an aqueous phase, a carrier phase, and a stationary solid matrix phase. However, when colloids are present in an unsaturated porous medium, the system representation should include one more phase, i.e. the air phase. In the work reported, a mathematical model was developed to describe the transport and fate of the colloidal particles and a non-volatile contaminant in unsaturated porous media. The model is based on mass balance equations in a four-phase porous medium. Colloid mass transfer mechanisms among aqueous, solid matrix, and air phases, and contaminant mass transfer between aqueous and colloid phases are represented by kinetic expressions. Governing equations are non-dimensionalized and solved to investigate colloid and contaminant transport in an unsaturated porous medium. A sensitivity analysis of the transport model was utilized to assess the effects of several parameters on model behavior. The colloid transport model matches successfully with experimental data of Wan and Wilson. The presence of air-water interface retards the colloid transport significantly counterbalancing the facilitating effect of colloids. However, the retardation of contaminant transport by colloids is highly dependent on the properties of the contaminant and the colloidal surface.     

One-dimensional simulation of solute transfer in saturated–unsaturated porous media using the discontinuous finite elements method

A one-dimensional transport model for simulating water flow and solute transport in homogeneous–heterogeneous, saturated–unsaturated porous media is presented. The model is composed of a combination of accurate numerical algorithms for solving the nonlinear Richard's and advection–dispersion equations (ADE). The mixed form of Richard's equation is solved using a standard finite element method (FEM) with primary variable switching. The transport equation is solved using operator splitting, with the discontinuous finite element method (DFE) for discretization of the advective term. A slope limiting procedure for DFE avoids numerical instabilities but creates very limited numerical dispersion for high Peclet numbers. An implicit finite differences scheme (FD) is used for the dispersive term.The unsaturated flow and transport model (Wamos-T) is applied to a variety of rigorous problems including transient flow, heterogeneous medium and abrupt variations of velocity in magnitude and direction due to time-varying boundary conditions. It produces accurate and mass-conservative solutions for a very large range of grid Peclet numbers. The Wamos-T model is a good and robust alternative for the simulation of mass transport in unsaturated domain.     

多孔硅酸钙滤料吸附床除磷试验研究

以多孔硅酸钙滤料为吸附载体处理含磷的二沉池出水.通过静态吸附试验和动态吸附试验,研究了滤料粒径及投加量、初始pH、反应时间、温度以及滤料填充高度对除磷效果的影响.在静态吸附试验中,取初始磷质量浓度为4.98 mg/L的含磷废水100 mL,当多孔硅酸钙滤料粒径为4～14目,投加量为1.0g,吸附时间为2.5h,温度为25℃,溶液初始pH为7.0～9.0时,磷的去除率可达95％以上,出水磷满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准(≤0.5 mg/L).动态吸附试验表明,在长期运行条件下,多孔硅酸钙滤料吸附床能持续有效地去除污水中的磷,综合考虑吸附率和运行费用,选择水力停留时间为30 min,滤料填充高度为60 cm为宜.     

非均质多孔介质对水平潜流人工湿地水力效率的影响

对比以不同粒径(4～9、8～12、11～17mm)非均质多孔介质(玻璃珠)作为基质的水平潜流人工湿地(以有机玻璃板材模拟)的水力效率、水力停留时间等参数,并参照其流态变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)均以上端为进水口、下端为出水口,水流流经不同粒径玻璃珠的水平潜流人工湿地会产生不同的流态。(2)玻璃珠粒径小(4～9mm)的水平潜流人工湿地中,染料在其中运动并最终能够迁移到出水口的有效空间最大,空间利用率最大,则有效体积比最大,染料流经区域面积最大;转角处染料呈圆角流过,死区范围小。(3)当玻璃珠粒径为4～9mm时,水平潜流人工湿地具有最长的平均水力停留时间(0.437 8h)和最小的水流散度(标准方差为0.052 5),使得水平潜流人工湿地的有效体积比最高(0.495 7),水力效率也最高(0.469 6)。随着粒径的增大,平均水力停留时间缩短,水流散度增大,而有效体积比和水力效率均呈减小趋势。(4)合理的水力停留时间分布能够提高有效体积比,而有效体积比越高,即污水在水平潜流人工湿地中运动并最终能够迁移到出水口的有效空间越大,污染物与基质以及附着在基质上的微生物的接触越充分,从而提高污染物的去除率。     

The effect of entrapped nonaqueous phase liquids on tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media: laboratory experiments at the intermediate scale

This work considers the applicability of conservative tracers for detecting high-saturation nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) entrapment in heterogeneous systems. For this purpose, a series of experiments and simulations was performed using a two-dimensional heterogeneous system (10x1.2 m), which represents an intermediate scale between laboratory and field scales. Tracer tests performed prior to injecting the NAPL provide the baseline response of the heterogeneous porous medium. Two NAPL spill experiments were performed and the entrapped-NAPL saturation distribution measured in detail using a gamma-ray attenuation system. Tracer tests following each of the NAPL spills produced breakthrough curves (BTCs) reflecting the impact of entrapped NAPL on conservative transport. To evaluate significance, the impact of NAPL entrapment on the conservative-tracer breakthrough curves was compared to simulated breakthrough curve variability for different realizations of the heterogeneous distribution. Analysis of the results reveals that the NAPL entrapment has a significant impact on the temporal moments of conservative-tracer breakthrough curves.     

Colloid transport in unsaturated porous media: the role of water content and ionic strength on particle straining

Packed column and mathematical modeling studies were conducted to explore the influence of water saturation, pore-water ionic strength, and grain size on the transport of latex microspheres (1.1 microm) in porous media. Experiments were carried out under chemically unfavorable conditions for colloid attachment to both solid-water interfaces (SWI) and air-water interfaces (AWI) using negatively charged and hydrophilic colloids and modifying the solution chemistry with a bicarbonate buffer to pH 10. Interaction energy calculations and complementary batch experiments were conducted and demonstrated that partitioning of colloids to the SWI and AWI was insignificant across the range of the ionic strengths considered. The breakthrough curve and final deposition profile were measured in each experiment indicating colloid retention was highly dependent on the suspension ionic strength, water content, and sand grain size. In contrast to conventional filtration theory, most colloids were found deposited close to the column inlet, and hyper-exponential deposition profiles were observed. A mathematical model, accounting for time- and depth-dependent straining, produced a reasonably good fit for both the breakthrough curves and final deposition profiles. Experimental and modeling results suggest that straining--the retention of colloids in low velocity regions of porous media such as grain junctions--was the primary mechanism of colloid retention under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The extent of stagnant regions of flow within the pore structure is enhanced with decreasing water content, leading to a greater amount of retention. Ionic strength also contributes to straining, because the number of colloids that are held in the secondary energy minimum increases with ionic strength. These weakly associated colloids are prone to be translated to stagnation regions formed at grain-grain junctions, the solid-water-air triple point, and dead-end pores and then becoming trapped.     

填料在净化污水过程中渗透性能变化趋势的研究

选取腐殖垃圾和砂以及两者质量比分别为4:1、3:2、2:3的混合物共5种填料,在1.0 m/d的水力负荷下,进行人工快速渗滤系统净化生活污水的试验,研究填料在进水过程中渗透性能的变化趋势.结果表明,腐殖垃圾的初始饱和水力渗透系数(K)最大,为3.32×10-2cm/s,而砂的初始K只有5.14×10-3cm/s,腐殖垃圾含量越大的混合物其仞始K也越大.在净化污水的过程中,5种填料的K逐渐减小,腐殖垃圾含量越大的混合物其K降幅也越大.随着进水时间的延长,各个填料柱填料层50～250 mm处的水头损失占总水头损失(填料层50～450mm处)的比例均逐渐增加,最终各个填料柱均发生堵塞,堵塞均发生在填料层50mm以上范围内.