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1.
Guerenstein PG A Yepez E Van Haren J Williams DG Hildebrand JG 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2004,91(7):329-333
As part of a study of the roles of the sensory subsystem devoted to CO2 in the nectar-feeding moth Manduca sexta, we investigated CO2 release and nectar secretion by flowers of Datura wrightii, a preferred hostplant of Manduca. Datura flowers open at dusk and wilt by the following noon. During the first hours after dusk, when Manduca feeds, the flowers produce considerable amounts of nectar and emit levels of CO2 that should be detectable by moths nearby. By midnight, however, both nectar secretion and CO2 release decrease significantly. Because nectar production requires high metabolic activity, high floral CO2 emission may indicate food abundance to the moths. We suggest that hovering moths could use the florally emitted CO2 to help them assess the nectar content before attempting to feed in order to improve their foraging efficiency.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 相似文献
2.
There is huge knowledge gap in our understanding of many terrestrial carbon cycle processes. In this paper, we investigate
the bounds on terrestrial carbon uptake over India that arises solely due to CO
2
-fertilization. For this purpose, we use a terrestrial carbon cycle model and consider two extreme scenarios: unlimited CO2-fertilization is allowed for the terrestrial vegetation with CO2 concentration level at 735 ppm in one case, and CO2-fertilization is capped at year 1975 levels for another simulation. Our simulations show that, under equilibrium conditions,
modeled carbon stocks in natural potential vegetation increase by 17 Gt-C with unlimited fertilization for CO2 levels and climate change corresponding to the end of 21st century but they decline by 5.5 Gt-C if fertilization is limited
at 1975 levels of CO2 concentration. The carbon stock changes are dominated by forests. The area covered by natural potential forests increases
by about 36% in the unlimited fertilization case but decreases by 15% in the fertilization-capped case. Thus, the assumption
regarding CO2-fertilization has the potential to alter the sign of terrestrial carbon uptake over India. Our model simulations also imply
that the maximum potential terrestrial sequestration over India, under equilibrium conditions and best case scenario of unlimited
CO2-fertilization, is only 18% of the 21st century SRES A2 scenarios emissions from India. The limited uptake potential of the
natural potential vegetation suggests that reduction of CO2 emissions and afforestation programs should be top priorities. 相似文献
3.
Integral quantities, wind run, S, and recirculation factor, R, useful for describing air flow, are calculated and combined with CO2 mixing ratios. Meteorological observations were obtained from a RASS sodar and CO2 mixing ratios from a continuous analyzer installed at a rural site in the upper Spanish plateau. The measuring campaign spread
over 3 years and two approaches were followed. The first approach considered integral quantities on a daily basis and two
classifications of air flow, to date scarcely used. The first classification distinguished among stagnation, recirculation,
and ventilation, the second considering synoptic, meso-, and local scales. Moreover, 52.94% of daily values handled in this
paper corresponded to ventilation and 49.70% to synoptic scale. The main goal of this approach is the subsequent link between
the two classifications: the synoptic scale was associated with ventilation, mesoscale with recirculation and local scale
partially with recirculation. CO2 observations were distributed in air flow groups following these classifications and mesoscale processes were satisfactorily
described since noticeable evidence of transport from nearby cities was observed. In the second approach, S and R pairs were used and CO2 mixing ratios were distributed following percent intervals of ventilation, calculated by binning these pairs. The main goal
of the second approach is to consider only three groups of mixing ratios. In the first group, with high ventilation, mixing
ratios were low. With intermediate ventilation, mixing ratios were medium, and with low ventilation mixing ratios were high.
A contrast of 21 ppm between the third and first groups was obtained at the 95th percentile. Finally, the second group provided
a contrast of 3 ppm between north and south directions and also between east and west attributed to transport from nearby
cities. 相似文献
4.
CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New Appraisal 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Mark E. Huntley Donald G. Redalje 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):573-608
The only major strategy now being seriously considered for biological mitigation of atmospheric CO2 relies entirely on terrestrial plants. Photosynthetic microbes were the focus of similar consideration in the 1990s. However,
two major government-sponsored research programs in Japan and the USA concluded that the requisite technology was not feasible,
and those programs were terminated after investing US$117 million and US$25 million, respectively. We report here on the results
of a privately funded US$20 million program that has engineered, built, and successfully operated a commercial-scale (2 ha),
modular, production system for photosynthetic microbes. The production system couples photobioreactors with open ponds in
a two-stage process – a combination that was suggested, but never attempted – and has operated continuously for several years
to produce Haematococcus pluvialis. The annually averaged rate of achieved microbial oil production from H. pluvialis is equivalent to <420 GJ ha -1 yr-1, which exceeds the most optimistic estimates of biofuel production from plantations of terrestrial ``energy crops.' The
maximum production rate achieved to date is equivalent to 1014 GJ ha-1 yr-1. We present evidence to demonstrate that a rate of 3200 GJ ha-1 yr-1 is feasible using species with known performance characteristics under conditions that prevail in the existing production
system. At this rate, it is possible to replace reliance on current fossil fuel usage equivalent to ∼300 EJ yr-1 – and eliminate fossil fuel emissions of CO2 of ∼6.5 GtC yr-1 – using only 7.3% of the surplus arable land projected to be available by 2050. By comparison, most projections of biofuels
production from terrestrial energy crops would require in excess of 80% of surplus arable land. Oil production cost is estimated
at $84/bbl, assuming no improvements in current technology. We suggest enhancements that could reduce cost to $50/bbl or less. 相似文献
5.
CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission and economic growth of Iran 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Amin Yousefi-Sahzabi Kyuro Sasaki Hossein Yousefi Yuichi Sugai 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(1):63-82
This research investigates the relationship between CO2 emission and economic growth of Iran over 14 years from 1994 to 2007 using a national panel data set. The statistical and
emission intensity methodologies are used for analyzing the data series. The study finds evidence supporting parameters which
conclude the stability of significant correlation between CO2 emission and economic development over time during the years under investigation in Iran. This relationship is investigated
and discussed for the energy sectors of the country as well. The results confirm that in all sectors except of agricultural,
there is a positive strong correlation between CO2 emission and economic growth throughout the study period. In most sectors, CO2 emission intensity (the emission per unit of GDP) doesn’t show increasing trends while the absolute emission is rapidly increasing
by the economic growth. 相似文献
6.
Suvi Monni Paula Perälä Kristiina Regina 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):545-571
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries
have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is
one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland),
due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this
paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement,
and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural
CH4 and N2O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH4 emissions are more reliable than those of N2O. N2O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available
national measurement data of N2O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more
accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils,
2) climate-specific methods for N2O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH4 estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible
systems of animals in more detail. 相似文献
7.
Andreas Oberheitmann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(2):137-168
Climate change is one of the most severe global problems in the 21st century. Main drivers are the combustion of fossil fuels,
the emissions of industrial gases, emissions from agricultural sites and animal husbandry as well as deforestation. A new
cooperative climate regime is necessary to meet the World’s energy and environmental problems against the background of China’s
and India’s energy consumption growth. For the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012, a successor regime
has to be agreed on. The current approaches, however, have a common weakness. They at the same time (a) do not acknowledge
the historical responsibilities of the industrialized countries for the historical greenhouse gas emissions and the responsibility
of developing countries for a large fraction of the current future emissions, and (b) do not provide for a fair distribution
of emission rights. Against this background, this article aims at forecasting China’s and India's CO2-emissions up to 2050 and developing a new suggestion for a post Kyoto climate regime based on a cumulated per capita CO2-emission rights taking the weaknesses of the currently discussed post Kyoto approaches into account. 相似文献
8.
The mechanical properties of spider dragline fibres are altered by CO2 exposure under anaesthetizing conditions during the spinning process. In order to relate these macroscopic changes to a microscopic model, the extrusion of dragline silk was studied by synchrotron radiation microdiffraction. A brief exposure of a female Nephila senigalensis spider to CO2 results after an incubation time of less than 7 min in the extrusion of a thread (two fibres) swollen with water. The data are interpreted for a model of crystalline -sheet domains containing nanofibrils, which reinforce a network of protein chains. The protein network absorbs water, leaving the nanofibrils unaffected. A continuous flow of CO2 results in a co-extrusion of a dragline thread and an isotropic silk fraction, which probably has a glycine-rich sequence. Long CO2 exposure reduces the axial alignment of nanofibrils, presumably due to a partial destruction of the amorphous network. 相似文献
9.
Jing-Li Fan Qian Wang Shiwei Yu Yun-Bing Hou Yi-Ming Wei 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(8):1229-1248
Employing global multi-regional input–output models, this paper revisits the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission trade (including exports and imports) and assesses their positions in the national emissions of 14 major countries with large national emissions or large emission trades during 1995–2009. It especially explores the evolution of the emission trades of these countries from both continuous time series and comparative perspectives, in order to provide an explanation for CO2 emission spillovers across countries. The main findings obtained were as follows: (1) China was the largest CO2 exporter to other countries, accounting for over 20 % of global exports since 2005; the CO2 exports of the United States of America (USA), Germany, and Japan varied slightly over this time period, but overall, their proportions had decreased. (2) The CO2 imports of the USA were the largest, occupying around 20 % of the global CO2 imports; meanwhile, China’s CO2 imports increased rapidly and ranked the second largest. (3) For Chinese Taiwan, its proportion of CO2 exports in production-based emissions ranked the highest while that of the USA ranked the lowest; highly CO2 import-dependent countries with an over 40 % proportion of CO2 imports in its consumption-based emissions included France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, while China, India, and Russia remained the lowest, distinguished from their physical energy imports. These results suggested that the global policy makers should take the CO2 emissions in trade into consideration when carefully accounting for national emissions inventories. 相似文献
10.
Sahin N 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2004,91(10):498-502
The present work was aimed at the isolation of additional new pure cultures of oxalate-degrading Streptomyces and its preliminary characterization for further work in the field of oxalate metabolism and taxonomic studies. Mesophilic, oxalate-degrading Streptomyces were enriched and isolated from plant rhizosphere and forest soil samples. Strains were examined for cultural, morphological (spore chain morphology, spore mass colour, diffusible and melanin pigment production), physiological (antibiosis, growth in the presence of inhibitory compounds, assimilation of organic acids and enzyme substrates) and chemotaxonomic characters (cellular lipid components and diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid). The taxonomic data obtained were analysed by using the simple matching (SSM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients, clustering was achieved using the UPGMA algorithm. All strains were able to utilize sodium-, potassium-, calcium- and ammonium-oxalate salts. Based on the results of numerical taxonomy, isolates were grouped into five cluster groups with a 70% SSM similarity level. Streptomyces rochei was the most common of the cluster groups, with a Willcox probability of P>0.8. Streptomyces antibioticus, S. anulatus, S. fulvissimus, S. halstedii and S. violaceusniger are newly reported as oxalate-utilizing Streptomyces.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material. 相似文献
11.
Explanations for the evolution of multiple mating by social insect (particularly honey bee) queens have been frequently sought. An important hypothesis is that multiple mating is adaptive because it increases intracolonial genetic diversity and thereby reduces the likelihood that parasites or pathogens will catastrophically infect a colony. We tested one assumption of this model: that honey bee worker patrilines should differ in disease resistance. We used American foulbrood (caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae) as a model pathogen. We found that patrilines within colonies do indeed vary in their resistance to this disease. 相似文献
12.
Cecilia M. Armas-Herrera Juan Luis Mora Carmen D. Arbelo Antonio Rodríguez-Rodríguez 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(7):1073-1092
Because volcanic soils store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC), they play a far more important role in the carbon (C) cycle than their limited global coverage suggests. We analysed the C released as CO2 from a range of volcanic soils under natural conditions and analysed the influence of environmental variables (moisture and temperature), substrate availability (as assessed from the contents of various SOC fractions and the inputs of plant residues from litterfall), respiratory agents (roots, microorganisms and decomposing enzymes) and other pedological features of the topsoils (0–30 cm depth) on the CO2 efflux rates over a 2-year experimental period. High CO2 efflux rates (419 g C-CO2 m?2 y?1 as the average for Andisols) were obtained that were related to significant decreases in the amount of SOC stored. CO2 release was strongly controlled by soil moisture, although it was inhibited in the Andisols with the highest moisture levels (above 50 kg m?2 in topsoil). It was not responsive to the availability of decomposing microorganisms or enzymes and appeared more related to the inputs of easily decomposable plant residues than to the amount of either labile or recalcitrant SOC. Among the SOC pools, only the water-soluble C in saturated paste extracts (WSCse) of air-dried soil samples was consistently correlated with the CO2 efflux rates. The desiccation of Andisols appeared to induce the release of previously stabilised SOC, which was readily mineralised when the moisture conditions became favourable. The results of this study indicate that SOC storage in Andisols is highly vulnerable to drying-wetting processes even in unmanaged natural ecosystems and that microclimate conditions can be critical for successful C sequestration in these soils. 相似文献
13.
Among the mitigation strategies to prevent nitrogen (N) losses from ureic fertilizers, urease inhibitors (UIs) have been demonstrated to promote high N use efficiency by reducing ammonia (NH3) volatilization. In the last few years, some field experiments have also shown its effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) losses from fertilized soils under conditions of low soil moisture. An incubation experiment was carried out with the aim of assessing the main biotic mechanisms behind N2O emissions once that the UIs N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamid (NBPT) and phenil phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) were applied with Urea (U) under different soil moisture conditions (40, 60 and 80 % water-filled pore space, WFPS). In the same study we tried to analyze to what extent soil WFPS regulates the effect of these inhibitors on N2O emissions. The use of PPDA in our study allowed us to compare the effect of NBPT with that of another commercially available urease inhibitor, aiming to see if the results were inhibitor-specific or not. Based on the results from this experiment, a WFPS (i.e. 60 %) was chosen for a second study (i.e. mesocosm experiment) aiming to assess the efficiency of the UIs to indirectly affect N2O emissions through influencing the pool of soil mineral N. The N2O emissions at 40 % WFPS were almost negligible, being significantly lower from all fertilized treatments than that produced at 60 and 80 % WFPS. When compared to U alone, NBPT+U reduced the N2O emissions at 60 % WFPS but had no effect at 80 % WFPS. The application of PPDA significantly increased the emissions with respect to U at 80 % WFPS whereas no significant effect was found at 60 %. At 80 % WFPS, denitrification was the main source of N2O emissions for all treatments. In the mesocosm study, the application of NBPT+U was an effective strategy to reduce N2O emissions (75 % reduction compared to U alone), due to a lower soil ammonium (NH4 +) content induced by the inhibitor. These results suggest that adequate management of the UI NBPT could provide, under certain soil conditions, an opportunity for mitigation of N2O emissions from fertilized soils. 相似文献
14.
Kohko Tokushige Keigo Akimoto Toshimasa Tomoda 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1237-1251
CO2 geological storage will be one of the cost-effective options for global warming mitigation, and this technology is under
development widely in the world. However, the technology may face the challenge of public acceptance before its implementation.
In order to evaluate the public acceptance, questionnaire surveys were conducted among Japanese university students. A cognitive
map of geological storage, together with other major global warming mitigation options, everyday life activities, etc., was
constructed by means of a statistical analysis of the responses to the questionnaire. The risk-benefit cognitive map consists
of the following factors: “risk perception,” “benefit perception,” and “public acceptance.” The risk perception is further
disaggregated into “dread risk” and “unknown risk.” Additionally, a second survey was conducted after providing the students
with additional information on global warming and CO2 geological storage, and the effects of the information on their perceptions were evaluated. The effects of risk and benefit
perceptions on public acceptance were evaluated and discussed based on the cognitive maps representing the perceptions before
and after providing the information. The analyses revealed that the benefit perception was more influential than the risk
perception on the public acceptance of CO2 geological storage. The benefit perception increased greatly after providing the information; however, the unknown risk remained
considerably large. Further, RD&D relating unknown risk, for example, the monitoring technology for stored CO2 and the risk assessment of CO2 leakage, and the supply of related information to the public would be beneficial for increasing the public acceptance. 相似文献
15.
Biological invasions can affect the structure and function of ecosystems and threaten native plant species. Since most weeds
rely on mutualistic relationships in their new environment, they may act as new competitors for pollinators. Pollinator competition
is likely to be density dependent, but it is often difficult to disentangle competition caused by flower quality from effects
caused by flower quantity. In order to test the effects of the presence and number of flowers of the invasive weed Bunias orientalis on the insect visitation rates in a native species (Sinapis arvensis), we performed two replacement experiments using plants with standardised flower numbers. The visitation rates in S. arvensis were significantly higher than in B. orientalis and the number of insect visits dropped significantly with increasing density of S. arvensis flowers. These results suggest that intraspecific competition among flowers of S. arvensis is stronger than the competitive effect of alien flowers. As flowers of B. orientalis do not seem to distract visitors from S. arvensis, it is unlikely that pollinator competition between these two plant species plays a crucial role. However, it cannot be excluded
that mass blossom stands of B. orientalis may distract flower visitors from native species. 相似文献
16.
In order to determine the feeding preference of Aegla platensis in streams and the importance of microorganisms in its detritivore diet, we carried out two experiments designed to evaluate
the food preferences of A. platensis (1) among leaves with different levels of microbial colonization and (2) among insect larvae (Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Hydropsychidae)
and microbially conditioned leaves. A. platensis preferred animal over plant food items; when only leaves were offered, this aeglid preferred the leaves with higher levels
of microorganism conditioning. 相似文献
17.
Most of the oxalotrophic bacteria are facultative methylotrophs and play important ecological roles in soil fertility and
cycling of elements. This study gives a detailed picture of the taxonomy and diversity of these bacteria and provides new
information about the taxonomical variability within the genus Methylobacterium. Twelve mesophilic, pink-pigmented, and facultatively methylotrophic oxalate-oxidizing strains were included in this work
that had been previously isolated from the soil and some plant tissues by the potassium oxalate enrichment method. The isolates
were characterized using biochemical tests, cellular lipid profiles, spectral characteristics of carotenoid pigments, G+C
content of the DNA, and 16S rDNA sequencing. The taxonomic similarities among the strains were analyzed using the simple matching
(S
SM) and Jaccard (S
J) coefficients, and the UPGMA clustering algorithm. The phylogenetic position of the strains was inferred by the neighbor-joining
method on the basis of the 16S rDNA sequences. All isolates were Gram-negative, facultatively methylotrophic, oxidase and
catalase positive, and required no growth factors. Based on the results of numerical taxonomy, the strains formed four closely
related clusters sharing ≥85% similarity. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences demonstrated that oxalotrophic, pink-pigmented,
and facultatively methylotrophic strains could be identified as members of the genus Methylobacterium. Except for M. variabile and M. aquaticum, all of the Methylobacterium type strains tested had the ability of oxalate utilization. Our results indicate that the capability of oxalate utilization
seems to be an uncommon trait and could be used as a valuable taxonomic criterion for differentiation of Methylobacterium species. 相似文献
18.
Neville Millar G. Philip Robertson Peter R. Grace Ron J. Gehl John P. Hoben 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(2):185-204
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) product of intensive agriculture. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) rate is the best single predictor
of N2O emissions in row-crop agriculture in the US Midwest. We use this relationship to propose a transparent, scientifically robust
protocol that can be utilized by developers of agricultural offset projects for generating fungible GHG emission reduction
credits for the emerging US carbon cap and trade market. By coupling predicted N2O flux with the recently developed maximum return to N (MRTN) approach for determining economically profitable N input rates
for optimized crop yield, we provide the basis for incentivizing N2O reductions without affecting yields. The protocol, if widely adopted, could reduce N2O from fertilized row-crop agriculture by more than 50%. Although other management and environmental factors can influence
N2O emissions, fertilizer N rate can be viewed as a single unambiguous proxy—a transparent, tangible, and readily manageable
commodity. Our protocol addresses baseline establishment, additionality, permanence, variability, and leakage, and provides
for producers and other stakeholders the economic and environmental incentives necessary for adoption of agricultural N2O reduction offset projects. 相似文献
19.
Lan-Cui Liu Qi Li Jiu-Tian Zhang Dong Cao 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(2):191-207
China encourages the demonstration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. In an effort to identify gaps and provide suggestions for environmental risk management of carbon dioxide (CO2) geological storage in China, this article presents a concise overview of potential health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks and environmental management regulations for CO2 geological storage in Australia, Japan, the United States (USA), the European Union (EU), and the United Kingdom (UK). The environmental impact assessment (EIA) experience of Shenhua Ordos Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Project and PetroChina Jilin Oil Field enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is subsequently analyzed in light of our field investigation, and gaps in current EIA guidelines that are applicable to CO2 geological storage projects are identified. It is found that there are no specific environmental risk regulations suitable for CO2 storage in China, and environmental risk management lags behind the development of CCS technology, which presents a challenge to demonstration enterprises in terms of assessing environmental risk. One major challenge is the overestimation or underestimation of this risk on the part of the enterprise, and another is a lack of applicable regulations for government sectors to supervise the risk throughout CCS projects. Therefore, there is a pressing need for China to formulate environmental management regulations that include environmental risk assessment, mandatory monitoring schemes, environmental emergency plans, and related issues. 相似文献
20.
Several immunosuppressive factors are associated with parasitism of an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) encodes a large number of putative protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which may play a role in inhibiting
host cellular immunity. To address this inhibitory hypothesis of CpBV-PTPs, we performed transient expression of individual
CpBV-PTPs in hemocytes of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and analyzed their cellular immune responses. Two different forms of CpBV-PTPs were chosen and cloned into a eukaryotic
expression vector under the control of the p10 promoter of baculovirus: one with the normal cysteine active site (CpBV-PTP1)
and the other with a mutated active site (CpBV-PTP5). The hemocytes transfected with CpBV-PTP1 significantly increased in
PTP activity compared to control hemocytes, but those with CpBV-PTP5 exhibited a significant decrease in the PTP activity.
All transfected hemocytes exhibited a significant reduction in both cell spreading and encapsulation activities compared to
control hemocytes. Co-transfection of CpBV-PTP1 together with its double-stranded RNA reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) level
of CpBV-PTP1 and resulted in recovery of both hemocyte behaviors. This is the first report demonstrating that the polydnaviral
PTPs can manipulate PTP activity of the hemocytes to interrupt cellular immune responses. 相似文献